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| − | {{Other uses2|Hazel}}
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| | {{automatic taxobox | | {{automatic taxobox |
| | |name = Hazel | | |name = Hazel |
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| | |synonyms = ''Lopima'' <small>Dochnahl</small> | | |synonyms = ''Lopima'' <small>Dochnahl</small> |
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| − | [[File:Catkins Corylus avellana-Mont Bart-5124~2015 12 26.JPG|thumb|right|Young male catkins of ''[[Corylus avellana]]'']]
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| − | The '''hazel''' (''Corylus'') is a [[genus]] of [[deciduous]] [[tree]]s and large [[shrub]]s native to the [[temperateness|temperate]] Northern Hemisphere. The genus is usually placed in the [[birch]] family [[Betulaceae]],<ref name=grin>Germplasm Resources Information Network: [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?2962 ''Corylus'']</ref><ref name=chen>Chen, Z.-D. et al. (1999). Phylogeny and evolution of the Betulaceae as inferred from DNA sequences, morphology, and paleobotany. ''Amer. J. Bot''. 86: 1168–1181. Available [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/86/8/1168?ck=nck#F5 online.]</ref><ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins {{ISBN|0-00-220013-9}}.</ref><ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.</ref> though some botanists split the hazels (with the [[hornbeam]]s and allied genera) into a separate family [[Corylaceae]].<ref name=bean1>Bean, W. J. (1976). ''Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles'' 8th ed., vol. 1. John Murray {{ISBN|0-7195-1790-7}}.</ref><ref>Erdogan, V. & Mehlenbacher, S. A. (2002). Phylogenetic analysis of hazelnut species (Corylus, Corylacae) based on morphology and phenology. ''Sist. Bot. Dergisi'' 9: 83–100.</ref> The fruit of the hazel is the [[hazelnut]].
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| − | Hazels have simple, rounded [[leaf|leaves]] with double-serrate margins. The [[flower]]s are produced very early in spring before the leaves, and are [[plant sexuality|monoecious]], with single-sex [[catkin]]s, the male catkins are pale yellow and 5–12 cm long, and the female ones are very small and largely concealed in the buds, with only the bright-red, 1-to-3 mm-long [[Carpel|styles]] visible. The fruits are [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]] 1–2.5 cm long and 1–2 cm diameter, surrounded by an involucre (husk) which partly to fully encloses the nut.<ref name=rushforth/>
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| − | The shape and structure of the involucre, and also the growth habit (whether a tree or a suckering shrub), are important in the identification of the different species of hazel.<ref name=rushforth/>
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| − | The pollen of hazel species, which are often the cause for allergies in late winter or early spring, can be identified under magnification (600X) by their characteristic granular [[exine]]s bearing three conspicuous pores.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v10/n253/abs/010355b0.html Nature 10, 355-355 (03 September 1874) | doi:10.1038/010355b0] (Letters to the Editor). Retrieved 23 February 2014.</ref>
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| − | ==Species==
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| − | ''Corylus'' has 14–18 species. The circumscription of species in [[eastern Asia]] is disputed, with ''WCSP'' and the ''Flora of China'' differing in which taxa are accepted; within this region, only those taxa accepted by both sources are listed below.<ref name=rushforth/><ref name=kew>WCSP: [http://www.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Corylus&page=quickSearch ''Corylus'']</ref><ref name=foc>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=108088 ''Corylus'']</ref><ref name=fna>Flora of North America: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=108088 ''Corylus'']</ref> The species are grouped as follows:
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| − | * Nut surrounded by a soft, leafy [[Involucral bract|involucre]], multiple-stemmed, suckering [[shrub]]s to 12 m tall
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| − | ** Involucre short, about the same length as the nut
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| − | *** ''[[Corylus americana]]''—American hazel, eastern [[North America]]
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| − | *** ''[[Corylus avellana]]''—Common hazel, [[Europe]] and [[western Asia]]
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| − | *** ''[[Corylus heterophylla]]''—Asian hazel, [[Asia]]
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| − | *** ''[[Corylus yunnanensis]]''—Yunnan hazel, central and southern [[China]]
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| − | ** Involucre long, twice the length of the nut or more, forming a 'beak'
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| − | *** ''[[Corylus colchica]]''—Colchican filbert, [[Caucasus]]
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| − | *** ''[[Corylus cornuta]]''—Beaked hazel, North America
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| − | *** ''[[Corylus maxima]]''—Filbert, [[southeastern]] Europe and [[southwest Asia]]
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| − | *** ''[[Corylus sieboldiana]]''—Asian beaked hazel, [[northeastern Asia]] and [[Japan]] (syn. ''C. mandshurica'')
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| − | * Nut surrounded by a stiff, spiny involucre, single-stemmed [[tree]]s to 20–35 m tall
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| − | ** Involucre moderately spiny and also with glandular hairs
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| − | *** ''[[Corylus chinensis]]''—Chinese hazel, western China
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| − | *** ''[[Corylus colurna]]''—Turkish hazel, southeastern Europe and [[Asia Minor]]
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| − | *** ''[[Corylus fargesii]]''—Farges' hazel, western China
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| − | *** ''[[Corylus jacquemontii]]''—Jacquemont's hazel, [[Himalaya]]
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| − | *** ''[[Corylus wangii]]''—Wang's hazel, southwest China
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| − | ** Involucre densely spiny, resembling a chestnut burr
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| − | *** ''[[Corylus ferox]]''—Himalayan hazel, Himalaya, [[Tibet]] and southwest China (syn. ''C. tibetica'').
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| − | Several [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] exist, and can occur between species in different sections of the genus, e.g. ''[[Corylus × colurnoides]]'' (''C. avellana'' × ''C. colurna''). The oldest confirmed hazel species is ''[[Corylus johnsonii]]'' found as [[fossil]]s in the [[Ypresian]]-age rocks of [[Ferry County, Washington]].<ref name=Pigg2003>{{cite journal |last1=Pigg |first1=K.B. |author2=Manchester S.R. |author3=Wehr W.C. |year=2003 |title=''Corylus'', ''Carpinus'', and ''Palaeocarpinus'' (Betulaceae) from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain and Allenby Formations of Northwestern North America |journal= International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=164 |issue= 5 |pages=807–822 |url= |doi=10.1086/376816}}</ref>
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| − | ==Uses==
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| − | [[File:Hazel coppice, Bubbenhall Wood. - geograph.org.uk - 1709242.jpg|thumb|right|A hazel [[coppice]] in winter at [[Bubbenhall]] in [[Warwickshire]], [[England]].]]
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| − | The nuts of all hazels are edible. The [[common hazel]] is the species most extensively grown for its nuts, followed in importance by the [[Corylus maxima|filbert]]. Nuts are also harvested from the other species, but apart from the filbert, none is of significant commercial importance.<ref name=rhs/>
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| − | A number of [[cultivar]]s of the common hazel and filbert are grown as [[ornamental plant]]s in [[garden]]s, including forms with contorted stems (''C. avellana'' 'Contorta', popularly known as "[[Harry Lauder]]'s walking stick" from its gnarled appearance); with weeping branches (''C. avellana'' 'Pendula'); and with purple leaves (''C. maxima'' 'Purpurea').
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| − | Hazel is a traditional material used for making [[Wattle and daub|wattle]], [[withy]] fencing, baskets, and the frames of [[coracle]] boats. The tree can be [[coppicing|coppiced]], and regenerating shoots allow for harvests every few years.
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| − | Hazels are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of various [[list of Lepidoptera that feed on hazels|species]] of [[Lepidoptera]].
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| − | ===Mythology and folklore===
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| − | The Celts believed hazelnuts gave one wisdom and inspiration. There are numerous variations on an ancient tale that nine hazel trees grew around a sacred pool, dropping into the water nuts that were eaten by [[salmon]] (a fish sacred to [[Druid]]s), which absorbed the wisdom. A Druid teacher, in his bid to become [[Omniscience|omniscient]], caught one of these special salmon and asked a student to cook the fish, but not to eat it. While he was cooking it, a blister formed and the pupil used his thumb to burst it, which he naturally sucked to cool, thereby absorbing the fish's wisdom. This boy was called [[Fionn Mac Cumhail]] (Fin McCool) and went on to become one of the most heroic leaders in [[Irish mythology|Gaelic mythology]].<ref name=flz>Floriz: [http://www.floriz.co.uk/knowledge/26-trees/4-mythology-and-folklore-of-the-hazel-tree Mythology and Folklore of the Hazel Tree]</ref>
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| − | "The Hazel Branch" from ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales]]'' claims that hazel branches offer the greatest protection from snakes and other things that creep on the earth.
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| − | ==Gallery==
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| − | <gallery>
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| − | File:Corylus fargesii, Arnold Arboretum - IMG 6165.JPG|Form (Farges' hazel)
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| − | File:Hazel Catkins.jpg|Male catkins (common hazel)
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| − | File:Hazel Flower Female.jpg|Female flower (common hazel)
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| − | File:TurkHazel.jpg|Leaves and nuts with spiny husks (Turkish hazel)
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| − | File:Hazelnuts.jpg|[[Hazelnuts]]
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| − | </gallery>
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | {{Reflist}} | | {{Reflist}} |
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| − | ==External links==
| + | [[Category:Betulaceae]] |
| − | {{Commons category|Corylus}}
| + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | * {{cite web|last=Eichhorn|first=Markus|title=The Hazel Tree|url=http://www.test-tube.org.uk/trees/video_hazel.htm|work=Test Tube|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]|date=December 2010}}
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| − | {{Nuts}}
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| − | {{Woodworking}}
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q145889}}
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| − | [[Category:Corylus| ]] | |
| − | [[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]] | |
