Difference between revisions of "Rubus spectabilis"

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{{taxobox
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{{redirect-distinguish|Salmonberry|Rubus parviflorus}}
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{{Speciesbox
 
|name = Salmonberry
 
|name = Salmonberry
 
|image = Salmonberry with leaves.jpg
 
|image = Salmonberry with leaves.jpg
 
|image2 = Rubus spectabilis 2566.JPG
 
|image2 = Rubus spectabilis 2566.JPG
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|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|genus = Rubus
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
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|species = spectabilis
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
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|authority = [[Frederick Traugott Pursh|Pursh]] 1813 not E.James 1825 nor Mercier 1861<ref name=k>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-31360 The Plant List, ''Rubus spectabilis'' ]</ref>
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|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
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|synonyms_ref = <ref name=k/>
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|ordo = [[Rosales]]
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|synonyms = *''Parmena spectabilis'' <small>(Pursh) Greene</small>
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|familia = [[Rosaceae]]
 
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|genus = ''[[Rubus]]''
 
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|species = '''''R. spectabilis'''''
 
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|binomial = ''Rubus spectabilis''
 
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|binomial_authority = [[Frederick Traugott Pursh|Pursh]] 1813 not E.James 1825 nor Mercier 1861<ref name=k>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-31360 The Plant List, ''Rubus spectabilis'' ]</ref>
 
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|synonyms_ref=<ref name=k/>
 
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|synonyms=*''Parmena spectabilis'' <small>(Pursh) Greene</small>
 
 
*''Rubus franciscanus'' <small>Rydb.</small>
 
*''Rubus franciscanus'' <small>Rydb.</small>
 
*''Rubus spectabilis'' var. ''franciscanus'' <small>(Rydb.) J.T.Howell</small>
 
*''Rubus spectabilis'' var. ''franciscanus'' <small>(Rydb.) J.T.Howell</small>
 
*''Rubus spectabilis'' var. ''menziesii'' <small>(Hook.) S.Watson</small>
 
*''Rubus spectabilis'' var. ''menziesii'' <small>(Hook.) S.Watson</small>
 
*''Rubus stenopetalus'' <small>Cham.</small>
 
*''Rubus stenopetalus'' <small>Cham.</small>
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|}}
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}}
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'''''Rubus spectabilis''''', the '''salmonberry''', is a species of [[Rubus|brambles]] in the [[Rosaceae|rose family]], native to the west coast of [[North America]] from west central [[Alaska]] to [[California]], inland as far as [[Idaho]].<ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/State/Rubus%20spectabilis.png Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map]</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Rubus%20spectabilis.png Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map]</ref><ref>[http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7203 Calflora taxon report, University of California, ''Rubus spectabilis''  Pursh, salmon berry,  salmonberry]</ref>
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''Rubus spectabilis'' is a shrub growing to 1–4 m (40-160 inches or 1.3-13.3 feet) tall, with [[perennial plant|perennial]], not [[biennial plant|biennial]] woody stems that are covered with fine prickles. The leaves are trifoliate (with three leaflets), 7–22&nbsp;cm (2.8-8.8 inches) long, the terminal leaflet larger than the two side leaflets. The leaf margins are toothed. The flowers are 2–3&nbsp;cm (0.8-1.2 inches) in diameter, with five pinkish-purple petals; they are produced from early spring to early summer. The berries ripen from early May to late July in most of the Pacific Northwest (later in cooler climates), and resembles a large shiny yellow to orange-red raspberry 1.5–2&nbsp;cm (0.6-0.8 inches) long with many [[drupe]]lets.<ref name=pbc>{{cite web |url=http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Rubus+spectabilis |title=Plants of British Columbia: ''Rubus spectabilis'' |publisher=Linnet.geog.ubc.ca|accessdate=December 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name=jeps>{{cite web |url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Rubus+spectabilis |title=Jepson Flora: ''Rubus spectabilis'' |publisher=Ucjeps.berkeley.edu|accessdate=December 9, 2014}}</ref>
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Salmonberries are found in moist forests and stream margins, especially in the coastal forests. In open areas they often form large thickets, and thrive in the open spaces under stands of red alder (''[[Alnus rubra]]'').
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==Cultivation and uses==
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Salmonberries are edible and share the fruit structure of the [[raspberry]], with the fruit pulling away from its receptacle. The fruit has been referred to as "[[w:wikt:insipid|insipid]]",<ref name=Pojar/> but depending on ripeness and site, they are good eaten raw and when processed into [[jam]], [[candy]], [[Fruit preserves|jelly]] and [[wine]]. They were an important food for indigenous peoples. Traditionally, the berries were eaten with salmon or mixed with [[Eulachon|oolichan]] grease or salmon roe. They were not dried because of their high moisture content.<ref name="Pojar">{{cite book | last = Pojar | first = Jim |author2=Andy MacKinnon | title = Plants Of The Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska | publisher = Lone Pine Publishing | page = 76 | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-1-55105-530-5}}</ref>
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It is widely grown as an [[ornamental plant]] for its flowers. A double-flowered form was discovered at the mouth of the [[Duckabush River]], [[Jefferson County, Washington|Jefferson County]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], around May 1, 1961, by Dr. R. C. Creelman of [[Bremerton, Washington|Bremerton]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. This has been given the cultivar name 'Olympic Double' or 'Olympic'.
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<ref>{{cite web|last=Mosquin |first=Daniel |url=http://botanyphoto.botanicalgarden.ubc.ca/2007/04/rubus-spectabilis-double-flowered-group/ |title=Rubus spectabilis Double-Flowered Group - Botany Photo of the Day |publisher=Botanicalgarden.ubc.ca |date=2007-04-23 |accessdate=2017-06-29}}</ref><ref>Mulligan, Brian O. (1977). ''Woody Plants in the University of Washington Arboretum, Washington Park''. University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle.</ref><ref>Mulligan, Brian O. (1963). Accession records of the University of Washington Arboretum</ref>
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Another double salmonberry was found by [[Phyllis Munday]] of [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, but neither the date nor the site has been determined. This double may be confused in gardens with 'Olympic Double'.
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It has escaped cultivation and become [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in parts of northwestern [[Europe]], including [[Great Britain]], [[Ireland]] and the [[Faroe Islands]].<ref name=fnwe>{{cite web |url= http://nonnativespecies.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Rubus-spectabilis-Salmonberry.pdf |title= Risk Assessment of Rubus spectabilis |author= Inland Fisheries Ireland |publisher= National Biodiversity Data Centre |website=nonnativespecies.ie|accessdate= May 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>Højgaard, A. et al., eds. (1989). ''A century of tree-planting in the Faroe Islands''. Føroya Fróðskaparfelag, Tórshavn.</ref>
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It is sometimes referred to as a Joffelberry and is used to flavour vodka.
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<gallery>
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File:Salmonberry Blossom.jpg|Each flower has 75 to 100 stamens
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File:Rubus spectabilis 'Olympic Double' Leaves.JPG|Foliage
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File:Rubus_spectabilis_1564.JPG|Mature fruit in [[Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest]]
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File:Bowl of salmonberries.jpg|Colander of salmonberries
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</gallery>
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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<references/>
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{{Reflist|2}}
  
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{{Ack-Wikipedia}}
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== External links ==
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*{{Commons-inline|Rubus spectabilis|''Rubus spectabilis''}}
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*[http://botany.cz/cs/rubus-spectabilis/ Czech Botany, ''Rubus spectabilis'' Pursh – ostružiník / ostružina] in Czech with color photos of flowers, fruits, and leaves
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*[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rubus+spectabilis Plants for a Future]
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*[http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rubspe/all.html US National Forest Service, Index of Species Information]
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*[http://depts.washington.edu/propplnt/Plants/rspectabilis.htm University of Washington plant data sheet]
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* {{PLANTS
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  | taxon = Rubus spectabilis
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  | symbol = rusp
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  | accessdate = 2009-06-30 }}
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q158361}}
  
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[[Category:Rubus]]
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[[Category:Rubus|spectabilis]]
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[[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]]
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[[Category:Berries]]
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[[Category:Flora of the Western United States]]
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[[Category:Flora of British Columbia]]
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[[Category:Flora of Alaska]]
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[[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
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[[Category:Plants described in 1813]]

Revision as of 15:22, 13 August 2018

"Salmonberry" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Rubus parviflorus.

Salmonberry
Salmonberry with leaves.jpg
Rubus spectabilis 2566.JPG
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Rubus
Species:
R. spectabilis
Binomial name
Rubus spectabilis
Pursh 1813 not E.James 1825 nor Mercier 1861[1]
Synonyms[1]
  • Parmena spectabilis (Pursh) Greene
  • Rubus franciscanus Rydb.
  • Rubus spectabilis var. franciscanus (Rydb.) J.T.Howell
  • Rubus spectabilis var. menziesii (Hook.) S.Watson
  • Rubus stenopetalus Cham.

Rubus spectabilis, the salmonberry, is a species of brambles in the rose family, native to the west coast of North America from west central Alaska to California, inland as far as Idaho.[2][3][4]

Rubus spectabilis is a shrub growing to 1–4 m (40-160 inches or 1.3-13.3 feet) tall, with perennial, not biennial woody stems that are covered with fine prickles. The leaves are trifoliate (with three leaflets), 7–22 cm (2.8-8.8 inches) long, the terminal leaflet larger than the two side leaflets. The leaf margins are toothed. The flowers are 2–3 cm (0.8-1.2 inches) in diameter, with five pinkish-purple petals; they are produced from early spring to early summer. The berries ripen from early May to late July in most of the Pacific Northwest (later in cooler climates), and resembles a large shiny yellow to orange-red raspberry 1.5–2 cm (0.6-0.8 inches) long with many drupelets.[5][6]

Salmonberries are found in moist forests and stream margins, especially in the coastal forests. In open areas they often form large thickets, and thrive in the open spaces under stands of red alder (Alnus rubra).

Cultivation and uses

Salmonberries are edible and share the fruit structure of the raspberry, with the fruit pulling away from its receptacle. The fruit has been referred to as "insipid",[7] but depending on ripeness and site, they are good eaten raw and when processed into jam, candy, jelly and wine. They were an important food for indigenous peoples. Traditionally, the berries were eaten with salmon or mixed with oolichan grease or salmon roe. They were not dried because of their high moisture content.[7]

It is widely grown as an ornamental plant for its flowers. A double-flowered form was discovered at the mouth of the Duckabush River, Jefferson County, Washington, around May 1, 1961, by Dr. R. C. Creelman of Bremerton, Washington. This has been given the cultivar name 'Olympic Double' or 'Olympic'. [8][9][10] Another double salmonberry was found by Phyllis Munday of Vancouver, British Columbia, but neither the date nor the site has been determined. This double may be confused in gardens with 'Olympic Double'.

It has escaped cultivation and become naturalized in parts of northwestern Europe, including Great Britain, Ireland and the Faroe Islands.[11][12]

It is sometimes referred to as a Joffelberry and is used to flavour vodka.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Plant List, Rubus spectabilis
  2. ↑ Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map
  3. ↑ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  4. ↑ Calflora taxon report, University of California, Rubus spectabilis Pursh, salmon berry, salmonberry
  5. ↑ "Plants of British Columbia: Rubus spectabilis". Linnet.geog.ubc.ca. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  6. ↑ "Jepson Flora: Rubus spectabilis". Ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Pojar, Jim; Andy MacKinnon (2004). Plants Of The Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska. Lone Pine Publishing. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-55105-530-5.
  8. ↑ Mosquin, Daniel (2007-04-23). "Rubus spectabilis Double-Flowered Group - Botany Photo of the Day". Botanicalgarden.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
  9. ↑ Mulligan, Brian O. (1977). Woody Plants in the University of Washington Arboretum, Washington Park. University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle.
  10. ↑ Mulligan, Brian O. (1963). Accession records of the University of Washington Arboretum
  11. ↑ Inland Fisheries Ireland. "Risk Assessment of Rubus spectabilis" (PDF). nonnativespecies.ie. National Biodiversity Data Centre. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  12. ↑ Højgaard, A. et al., eds. (1989). A century of tree-planting in the Faroe Islands. Føroya Fróðskaparfelag, Tórshavn.

External links

Lua error in Module:Taxonbar at line 144: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).

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