Polygalaceae

Polygalaceae
	Securidaca longipedunculata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Polygalaceae; Hoffmanns. & Link
Type genus
	Polygala; L. 1753
Tribes and Genera
	Carpolobieae Eriksen; Moutabeae Chodat; Polygaleae Chodat; Xanthophylleae Chodat;
	Distribution of the Polygalaceae.
Synonyms
	Diclidantheraceae J. Agardh; Moutabeaceae Pfeiffer; Xanthophyllaceae Reveal & Hoogland;

The Polygalaceae or the milkwort family are made up of flowering plants in the order Fabales. They have a near-cosmopolitan range, with about 21 genera and ca. 900 known species^[2] of herbs, shrubs and trees. Over half of the species are in one genus, Polygala, the milkworts.

Under the Cronquist classification system, Polygalaceae were treated in a separate order of their own, Polygalales. Currently, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, the family belongs in Fabales.

Tribes and genera

The Polygalaceae comprise the following genera:^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Carpolobieae

Atroxima Stapf 1905
Carpolobia G. Don 1831

Moutabeae

Balgoya Morat & Meijden 1991
Barnhartia Gleason 1926
Diclidanthera Mart. 1827
Eriandra P. Royen & Steenis 1852
Moutabea Aubl. 1775

Polygaleae

Acanthocladus Klotzsch ex Hassk. 1864
Ancylotropis B. Eriksen 1993
Asemeia Raf. 1833
Badiera DC. 1824
Bredemeyera Willd. 1801
Caamembeca J.F.B. Pastore 2012
Comesperma Labill. 1807
Epirixanthes Blume 1823
Gymnospora (Chodat) J.F.B. Pastore 2013
Hebecarpa (Chodat) J.R. Abbott 2011
Heterosamara Kuntze 1891
Hualania Phil. 1862
Monnina Ruiz & Pav. 1798
Muraltia DC. 1815
Phlebotaenia Griseb. 1860
Polygala L. 1753
Polygaloides Haller 1768
Rhinotropis (S.F. Blake) J.R. Abbott 2011
Salomonia Lour. 1790
Securidaca L. 1759

Xanthophylleae

Xanthophyllum Roxb. 1820

Fossils

†Deviacer Manchester
†Paleosecuridaca Pigg, Kathleen B., M.L. DeVore & M.F. Wojc. 2008

Systematics

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Surianaceae (outgroup)

Polygalaceae

Xanthophylleae

Xanthophyllum

Moutabeae

	Moutabea

	Balgoya

Eriandra

	Barnhartia

	Diclidanthera

Carpolobieae

	Atroxima

	Carpolobia

	Hebecarpa

	Badiera

Securidaca

	Phlebotaenia

	Rhinotropis

Comesperma

	Ancylotropis

	Monnina

	Asemeia

Hualania

Heterosamara

	Polygaloides

	Polygala subgen. Chodatia

	Salomonia

	Epirixanthes

	Polygala subgen. Polygala (Old World Clade)

	Polygala subgen. Polygala (New World Clade)

Muraltia

References

↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
↑ Abbott JR. (2011). "Notes on the disintegration of Polygala (Polygalaceae), with four new genera for the flora of North America". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 5 (1): 125–137. JSTOR 41972495.
↑ Pastore JFB. (2012). "Caamembeca: Generic status and new name for Polygala subgenus Ligustrina (Polygalaceae)". Kew Bull. 67 (3): 435–442. doi:10.1007/s12225-012-9360-x.
↑ Pastore JFB, Rodrigues de Moraes PL. (2013). "Generic status and lectotypifications for Gymnospora (Polygalaceae)". Novon. 22 (3): 304–306. doi:10.3417/2010113.
↑ Abbott JR, Pastore JFB (2015). "Preliminary synopsis of the genus Hebecarpa (Polygalaceae)". Kew Bull. 70: 39. doi:10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2.
↑ Freire-Fierro A. (2015). Systematics of Monnina (Polygalaceae) (Ph.D.). Drexel University.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Pastore JFB, Abbott JR, Neubig KM, Whitten WM, Mascarenhas RB, Almeida Mota MC, van den Berg C. (2017). "A molecular phylogeny and taxonomic notes in Caamembeca (Polygalaceae)". Syst Bot. 42 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1600/036364417X694935.
↑ Persson C. (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the trnL–F region". Taxon. 50 (3 (Golden Jubilee Part 5)): 763–779. doi:10.2307/1223706. JSTOR 1223706.
↑ Forest F, Chase MW, Persson C, Crane PR, Hawkins JA. (2007). "The role of biotic and abiotic factors in evolution of ant dispersal in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae)". Evolution. 61 (7): 1675–1694. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00138.x.
↑ Bello MA, Bruneau A, Forest F, Hawkins JA. (2009). "Elusive relationships within order Fabales: Phylogenetic analyses using matK and rbcL sequence data". Syst Bot. 34 (1): 102–114. doi:10.1600/036364409787602348.
↑ Abbott JR. (2009). Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and a revision of Badiera (PDF) (Ph.D.). University of Florida.
↑ Mennes CB, Moerland MS, Rath M, Smets EF, Merckx VSFT. (2015). "Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in Polygalaceae: The case of Epirixanthes". Am J Bot. 102 (4): 598–608. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400549.

External links

Media related to [[commons:Category:{{#property:P373}}|Polygalaceae]] at Wikimedia Commons

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[APGIII2009-1] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.

[Christenhusz-Byng2016-2] Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.

[3] Abbott JR. (2011). "Notes on the disintegration of Polygala (Polygalaceae), with four new genera for the flora of North America". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 5 (1): 125–137. JSTOR 41972495.

[4] Pastore JFB. (2012). "Caamembeca: Generic status and new name for Polygala subgenus Ligustrina (Polygalaceae)". Kew Bull. 67 (3): 435–442. doi:10.1007/s12225-012-9360-x.

[5] Pastore JFB, Rodrigues de Moraes PL. (2013). "Generic status and lectotypifications for Gymnospora (Polygalaceae)". Novon. 22 (3): 304–306. doi:10.3417/2010113.

[6] Abbott JR, Pastore JFB (2015). "Preliminary synopsis of the genus Hebecarpa (Polygalaceae)". Kew Bull. 70: 39. doi:10.1007/s12225-015-9589-2.

[7] Freire-Fierro A. (2015). Systematics of Monnina (Polygalaceae) (Ph.D.). Drexel University.

[Caamembeca-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Pastore JFB, Abbott JR, Neubig KM, Whitten WM, Mascarenhas RB, Almeida Mota MC, van den Berg C. (2017). "A molecular phylogeny and taxonomic notes in Caamembeca (Polygalaceae)". Syst Bot. 42 (1): 54–62. doi:10.1600/036364417X694935.

[9] Persson C. (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships in Polygalaceae based on plastid DNA sequences from the trnL–F region". Taxon. 50 (3 (Golden Jubilee Part 5)): 763–779. doi:10.2307/1223706. JSTOR 1223706.

[10] Forest F, Chase MW, Persson C, Crane PR, Hawkins JA. (2007). "The role of biotic and abiotic factors in evolution of ant dispersal in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae)". Evolution. 61 (7): 1675–1694. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00138.x.

[11] Bello MA, Bruneau A, Forest F, Hawkins JA. (2009). "Elusive relationships within order Fabales: Phylogenetic analyses using matK and rbcL sequence data". Syst Bot. 34 (1): 102–114. doi:10.1600/036364409787602348.

[12] Abbott JR. (2009). Phylogeny of the Polygalaceae and a revision of Badiera (PDF) (Ph.D.). University of Florida.

[13] Mennes CB, Moerland MS, Rath M, Smets EF, Merckx VSFT. (2015). "Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in Polygalaceae: The case of Epirixanthes". Am J Bot. 102 (4): 598–608. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400549.

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Polygalaceae

Contents

Tribes and genera

Carpolobieae

Moutabeae

Polygaleae

Xanthophylleae

Fossils

Systematics

References

External links

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Polygalaceae

Securidaca longipedunculata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link^[1]
Type genus
Polygala L. 1753
Tribes and Genera
Carpolobieae Eriksen Moutabeae Chodat Polygaleae Chodat Xanthophylleae Chodat

Distribution of the Polygalaceae.
Synonyms
Diclidantheraceae J. Agardh Moutabeaceae Pfeiffer Xanthophyllaceae Reveal & Hoogland