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| − | {{redirects|Bois d'arc}}
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| | {{speciesbox | | {{speciesbox |
| | |name = Osage Orange | | |name = Osage Orange |
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| | |synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tropicos.org/name/21300468 |title=Tropicos |publisher=Tropicos |date= |accessdate=2014-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2501306 |title=The Plant List |publisher=The Plant List |date= |accessdate=2014-02-24}}</ref> | | |synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tropicos.org/name/21300468 |title=Tropicos |publisher=Tropicos |date= |accessdate=2014-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2501306 |title=The Plant List |publisher=The Plant List |date= |accessdate=2014-02-24}}</ref> |
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| − | '''''Maclura pomifera''''', commonly known as the '''Osage orange''', is a small [[deciduous]] [[tree]] or large [[shrub]], typically growing to {{convert|8|to(-)|15|m|ft|-1}} tall. The distinctive fruit, from a [[multiple fruit]] family, is roughly spherical, bumpy, {{convert|3|to(-)|6|in|cm|order=flip|0}} in diameter, and turns bright yellow-green in the fall. The fruits secrete a sticky white [[latex]] when cut or damaged. Despite the name "Osage orange",<ref name="wynia">{{cite web|author1=Wynia, Richard L|title=Plant fact sheet: Osage orange, ''Maclura pomifera'' (Rafin.)|url=https://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_mapo.pdf|publisher=US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service|accessdate=25 October 2017|date=March 2011}}</ref> it is only distantly related to the [[orange (fruit)|orange]],<ref name=IPM_IowaU>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/2014/10-24/hedgeapple.html |title=Hedge Apples for Home Pest Control? |work=Horticulture & Home Pest News |publisher=Iowa State University of Science and Technology |date=October 24, 2014 |author1=Jesse, Laura |author2=Lewis, Donald |accessdate=January 29, 2016}}</ref> but rather is a member of the [[mulberry]] family, [[Moraceae]].<ref name=MotherEarthNews>{{cite web |url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/osage-orange-tree-zmaz85zsie.aspx |title=The Osage Orange Tree: Useful and Historically Significant |magazine=Mother Earth News |date=March 1985 |author=Wayman, Dave |accessdate=January 29, 2016}}</ref> Due to its [[latex]] secretions and woody pulp, the fruit is typically not eaten by humans and rarely by [[forage|foraging]] animals, giving it distinction as an [[Anachronism|anachronistic]] "ghost of evolution".<ref name=Ghosts_Evo>{{cite book |last1=Barlow |first1=Connie |title=The Ghosts of Evolution, Nonsensical Fruit, Missing Partners, and Other Ecological Anachronisms |date=2002 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=0786724897 |page=120 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0aQRscaW3QC&pg=PA120 |accessdate=January 31, 2016 |chapter=The Enigmatic Osage Orange}}</ref>
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| − | ''Maclura pomifera'' has been known by a variety of common names in addition to Osage orange, including '''hedge apple''', '''horse apple''', '''bois d'arc''', '''bodark''', '''monkey ball''', '''bow-wood''', '''yellow-wood''' and '''mock orange'''.<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | accessdate=January 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bobick |first1=James |title=The Handy Biology Answer Book |date=2004 |publisher=Visible Ink Press |location=Detroit, MI |isbn=1578593034 |page=178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKDrXqBpnYoC&pg=PA178 |accessdate=January 30, 2016}}</ref><ref name=USDA_FS>{{cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_mapo.pdf |author=Wynia, Richard |date=March 2011 |title=Plant fact sheet for Osage orange (''Maclura pomifera'') |publisher=USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Manhattan Plant Materials Center |location=Manhattan, KS |accessdate=December 16, 2015}}</ref>
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| − | == History ==
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| − | The earliest account of the tree in the English language was given by [[William Dunbar (explorer)|William Dunbar]], a Scottish explorer, in his narrative of a journey made in 1804 from St. Catherine's Landing on the [[Mississippi River]] to the [[Ouachita River]].<ref name=Keeler /> It was a curiosity when [[Meriwether Lewis]] sent some slips and cuttings to [[Thomas Jefferson|President Jefferson]] in March 1804. According to Lewis's letter, the samples were donated by "Mr. Peter Choteau, who resided the greater portion of his time for many years with the [[Osage Nation]]." Those cuttings did not survive, but later the thorny Osage orange tree was widely naturalized throughout the United States.<ref name=wynia/><ref name="smith">[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/osage-oranges-take-a-bough-105043145/?no-ist= Osage Oranges Take a Bough]. ''Smithsonian Magazine'', March 2004, p. 35.</ref> In 1810, Bradbury relates that he found two trees growing in the garden of [[Jean-Pierre Chouteau|Pierre Chouteau]], one of the first settlers of St. Louis, apparently the same person.<ref name=Keeler />
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| − | The trees acquired the name ''bois d'arc'', or "bow-wood",<ref name=wynia/> from early [[France|French]] settlers who observed the wood being used for war clubs and bow-making by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]].<ref name=Keeler /> Meriwether Lewis was told that the people of the [[Osage Nation]], "So much … esteem the wood of this tree for the purpose of making their bows, that they travel many hundreds of miles in quest of it."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dillon |first1=Richard |title=Meriwether Lewis |date=2003 |publisher=Great West Books |location=Lafayette (California) |isbn=0944220169 |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0tnpUo_pgkC&pg=PA95 |accessdate=January 30, 2016}}</ref> The trees are also known as "bodark" or "bodarc" trees, most likely originating from a corruption of "bois d'arc."<ref name=wynia/> The [[Comanche]]s also used this wood for their bows.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Comanche|last= Rollings |first= Willard Hughes |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2005 |publisher= Chelsea House Publishers |location= Philadelphia |isbn= 978-0-7910-8349-9 |page= 25 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> It was popular with them because it was strong, flexible and durable,<ref name=wynia/> and was common along river bottoms of the [[Comanchería]]. Some historians believe that the high value this wood had to Native Americans throughout North America for the making of bows, along with its small natural range, contributed to the great wealth of the [[Spiro Mounds|Spiroan Mississippian culture]] that controlled all the land in which these trees grew.<ref name=":0" />
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| − | === Etymology ===
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| − | The genus ''Maclura'' is named in honor of [[William Maclure]]<ref name=USDA_FS/> (1763–1840), a Scottish-born American geologist. The specific epithet ''pomifera'' means "fruit-bearing".<ref name=USDA_FS/> The common name ''Osage'' derives from [[Osage Nation|Osage Native Americans]] from whom young plants were first obtained, as told in the notes of Meriwether Lewis in 1804.<ref name=smith/>
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| − | == Description ==
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| − | ===General habit===
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| − | Mature trees range from {{convert|40|to(-)|65|ft|m|order=flip}} tall with short trunks and round-topped canopies.<ref name=wynia/> The roots are thick, fleshy, and covered with bright orange bark. The tree's mature bark is dark, deeply furrowed and scaly. The plant has significant potential to invade unmanaged habitats.<ref name=wynia/>
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| − | The wood of ''M. pomifera'' is bright orange-yellow with paler yellow sapwood. The wood is heavy, hard, strong, and flexible, capable of receiving a fine polish and very durable in contact with the ground. It has a [[specific gravity]] of 0.7736 or {{convert|773.6|kg/m3|lb/ft3|abbr=on}}.
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| − | ===Leaves and branches===
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| − | Leaves are [[leaf arrangement|arranged alternately]] in a slender growing shoot {{convert|3|to(-)|4|ft|cm|-1|order=flip}} long. In form they are [[simple leaf|simple]], a long oval terminating in a slender point. The leaves are {{convert|3|to(-)|5|in|cm|0|order=flip}} long and {{convert|2|to(-)|3|in|cm|0|order=flip}} wide, and are thick, firm, dark green, shining above, and paler green below when full grown. In autumn they turn bright yellow. The [[leaf axil]]s contain formidable spines which when mature are about {{convert|1|in|cm|order=flip}} long.
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| − | Branchlets are at first bright green and pubescent; during their first winter they become light brown tinged with orange, and later they become a paler orange brown. Branches contain a yellow pith, and are armed with stout, straight, axillary spines. During the winter, the branches bear lateral buds that are depressed-globular, partly immersed in the bark, and pale chestnut brown in color.
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| − | ===Flowers and fruit===
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| − | As a [[Dioecy#In botany|dioecious]] plant, the inconspicuous [[pistillate]] (female) and [[staminate]] (male) flowers are found on different trees. Staminate flowers are pale green, small, and arranged in [[raceme]]s borne on long, slender, drooping [[peduncle (botany)|peduncle]]s developed from the axils of crowded leaves on the spur-like branchlets of the previous year. They feature a hairy, four-lobed [[sepal|calyx]]; the four stamens are inserted opposite the lobes of calyx, on the margin of a thin disk. Pistillate flowers are borne in a dense spherical many-flowered head which appears on a short stout peduncle from the axils of the current year's growth. Each flower has a hairy four-lobed calyx with thick, concave lobes that invest the ovary and enclose the fruit. [[Ovary (botany)|Ovaries]] are [[Ovary (botany)#Superior ovary|superior]], ovate, compressed, green, and crowned by a long slender [[style (botany)|style]] covered with white stigmatic hairs. The [[ovule]] is solitary.
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| − | The mature multiple fruit's size and general appearance resembles a large, yellow-green [[orange (fruit)|orange]], {{convert|4|to(-)|5|in|cm|order=flip}} in diameter, with a roughened and tuberculated surface. The compound fruit is a [[syncarp]] of numerous small [[drupe]]s, in which the [[carpel]]s (ovaries) have grown together. Each small drupe is oblong, compressed and rounded; they contain a milky latex which oozes when the fruit is damaged or cut.<ref name=Ghosts_Evo/> The seeds are oblong. Although the flowering is dioecious, the pistillate tree when isolated will still bear large oranges, perfect to the sight but lacking the seeds.<ref name=Keeler>{{cite book |last=Keeler |first=Harriet L. |title=Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them |url=https://archive.org/stream/ournativetreesa00keelgoog#page/n300/mode/2up |publisher=Charles Scriber's Sons |year=1900 |location=New York |pages=258–262}}</ref> The fruit has a [[cucumber]]-like flavor.<ref name=Ghosts_Evo/>
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| − | <gallery mode=packed>
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| − | Image:Maclura pomifera 001.JPG|<center>Mature tree</center>
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| − | Image:Maclura pomifera 008.jpg|<center>Mature bark</center>
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| − | Image:Maclura pomifera 002.JPG|<center>Leaves</center>
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| − | Image:Maclura pomifera 003.JPG|<center>Female inflorescence</center>
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| − | Image:Osage orange 1.jpg|<center>Mature multiple fruit</center>
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| − | Image:Osage orange 2.jpg|<center>Multiple fruit, sliced</center>
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | == Distribution ==
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| − | [[File:Maclura pomifera range map.png|thumb|right|Natural range of ''M. pomifera'' in pre-Columbian era America.]]
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| − | Osage orange's pre-Columbian range was largely restricted to a small area in what is now the United States, namely the [[Red River of the South|Red River]] drainage of [[Oklahoma]], [[Texas]], and [[Arkansas]], as well as the [[Texas blackland prairies|Blackland Prairies]] and [[Oak savanna|post oak savannas]].<ref name=wynia/> A disjunct population also occurred in the [[Chisos Mountains]] of Texas.<ref name=USDA>{{Silvics |first=J D |last=Burton |volume=2 |genus=Maclura |species=pomifera |accessdate=October 5, 2012}}</ref> It has since become widely naturalized in the United States and Ontario, Canada.<ref name=wynia/> Osage orange has been planted in all the 48 contiguous states of the United States and in southeastern Canada.<ref name=USDA/>
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| − | The largest known Osage orange tree is located at [[River Farm]], in [[Alexandria, Virginia]], and is believed to have been a gift from [[Thomas Jefferson]].<ref name=RiverFarm>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahs.org/about-river-farm/history |title=George Washington's River Farm |accessdate=2013-05-31}}</ref> Another historic tree is located on the grounds of [[Fort Harrod]], a Kentucky pioneer settlement in [[Harrodsburg, Kentucky]].<ref>Allen Bush. [http://gardenrant.com/2012/10/the-undaunted-and-undented-osage-orange-2.html The Undaunted and Undented Osage Orange].</ref>
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| − | === Ecological aspects of historical distribution ===
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| − | The natural mechanism of seed dispersal for Osage orange, and the reason for its limited historical range despite its adaptability, has been the subject of debate. One hypothesis is that the Osage orange fruit was eaten by a giant [[ground sloth]] that became extinct shortly after the first human settlement of North America. Other extinct [[Pleistocene megafauna]], such as the [[mammoth]], [[mastodon]] and [[gomphothere]], may have fed on the fruit and aided in seed dispersal.<ref name=":0">Connie Barlow. [http://www.thegreatstory.org/anachronistic_fruits/index.html Anachronistic Fruits and the Ghosts Who Haunt Them]. ''[[Arnoldia]]'', vol. 61, no. 2 (2001)</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.americanforests.org/magazine/article/trees-that-miss-the-mammoths/|title=The Trees That Miss The Mammoths|first= Whit |last=Bronaugh|year=2010|journal= American Forests|volume=115|issue=Winter|pages=38–43}}</ref> An [[equine]] species that became extinct at the same time also has been suggested as the plant's original dispersal agent because modern horses and other livestock will sometimes eat the fruit.<ref name=Ghosts_Evo/> However, a 2015 study indicated that Osage orange seeds are not effectively spread by horses or elephant species.<ref name="Anachronistic_fruits">{{cite journal|last1=Boone|first1=Madison J.|last2=Davis|first2=Charli N.|last3=Klasek|first3=Laura|last4=del Sol |first4=Jillian F. |last5=Roehm|first5=Katherine|last6=Moran|first6=Matthew D.|title=A Test of Potential Pleistocene Mammal Seed Dispersal in Anachronistic Fruits using Extant Ecological and Physiological Analogs|journal=Southeastern Naturalist|date=11 March 2015 |volume=14 |issue=1|pages=22–32|doi=10.1656/058.014.0109|url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1656/058.014.0109|accessdate=January 30, 2016}}</ref>
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| − | The fruit is not poisonous to humans or livestock, but is not preferred by them<ref name=IPM_IowaU_2>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1997/10-10-1997/hedgeapple.html |title=Facts and Myths Associated with "Hedge Apples" |date=October 10, 1997 |last=Jauron |first=Richard |work=Horticulture and Home Pest News |publisher=Iowa State University |accessdate=October 22, 2014}}</ref> because it is mostly inedible due to a large size (about the diameter of a [[softball]]), and hard, dry texture.<ref name=Ghosts_Evo/> The edible seeds of the fruit are used by [[squirrel]]s as food. Large animals such as [[livestock]], which typically would consume fruits and disperse seeds, mainly ignore the fruit.<ref name=Ghosts_Evo/>
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| − | ==Cultivation==
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| − | ''Maclura pomifera'' prefers a deep and fertile soil, but it is able to adapt to be hardy over most of the contiguous United States, where it is used as a hedge plant. It must be regularly pruned to keep it in bounds, and the shoots of a single year will grow {{convert|3|to(-)|6|ft|m|0|order=flip|spell=in}} long. A neglected hedge will soon become fruit-bearing. It is remarkably free from insect enemies and fungal diseases.<ref name=Keeler/> A thornless male cultivar of the species exists and is vegetatively reproduced for ornamental use.<ref name=USDA/> ''M. pomifera'' is cultivated in Italy, former Yugoslavia, Romania, former USSR, and India.<ref name=Elsevier_dict>{{cite book |last1=Grandtner |first1=Miroslav M. |title=Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees, Volume 1: North America |date=2005 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |isbn=0080460186 |page=500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjc5ZYWtkNAC&pg=PA500 |accessdate=January 30, 2016 |chapter=Maclura pomifera}}</ref>
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| − | == Chemistry ==
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| − | [[Osajin]] and [[pomiferin]] are [[flavonoid]]s present in the wood and fruit, which contains about 5% of total [[isoflavone]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=3774050|pmid=23772950|year=2013|author1=Darji|first1=K|title=HPLC Determination of Isoflavone Levels in Osage Orange from the United States Midwest and South|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=61|issue=28|pages=6806–6811|last2=Miglis|first2=C|last3=Wardlow|first3=A|last4=Abourashed|first4=E. A|doi=10.1021/jf400954m}}</ref> Primary components of fresh fruit include [[pectin]] (46%), [[resin]] (17%), fat (5%), and sugar (before hydrolysis, 5%).<ref name=Smith&Perino_1981>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Jeffrey L. |last2=Perino |first2=Janice V. |title=Osage orange (''Maclura pomifera''): History and economic uses |journal=Economic Botany |date=January 1981 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=24–41 |doi=10.1007/BF02859211 |url=http://personal.evangel.edu/badgers/Web/Osage/History%20and%20Economic%20Uses.pdf |accessdate=December 24, 2015}}</ref> Moisture content of fresh fruits is about 80%.<ref name=Smith&Perino_1981/>
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| − | == Uses ==
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| − | [[File:Osage orange Maclura pomifera Top.JPG|right|thumb|upright|This tree, felled in 1954, exhibits very little rot after 62 years.]]
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| − | The Osage orange is commonly used as a tree row [[windbreak]] in prairie states, which gives it one of its colloquial names, "hedge apple".<ref name=wynia/> It was one of the primary trees used in President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]'s "[[Great Plains Shelterbelt]]" [[Works Progress Administration|WPA]] project, which was launched in 1934 as an ambitious plan to modify weather and prevent soil erosion in the Great Plains states, and by 1942 resulted in the planting of 30,233 [[windbreak|shelterbelts]] containing 220 million trees that stretched for {{convert|18600|mi|km}}.<ref>R. Douglas Hurt [http://www-personal.ksu.edu/~jsherow/hurt2.htm ''Forestry of the Great Plains'', 1902–1942]</ref> The sharp-thorned trees were also planted as cattle-deterring hedges before the introduction of [[barbed wire]] and afterward became an important source of fence posts.<ref name=USDA_FS/><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.pantagraph.com/news/pfop-hedgerows-no-match-for-bulldozers-in-postwar-years/article_9a55ea00-9cdb-5d2a-b400-4d41abaa453d.html |title= Hedgerows no match for bulldozers in postwar years |newspaper= [[The Pantagraph]] |date= 2015-05-31 |accessdate= 2016-04-18 |last= Kemp |first= Bill}}</ref> In 2001, its wood was used in the construction in [[Chestertown, Maryland]] of the ''Schooner Sultana'', a replica of {{HMS|Sultana|1768|6}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sultanaprojects.org/abouthevessel.htm |title=Schooner Sultana |publisher=Sultanaprojects.org |date= |accessdate=2014-02-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313175015/http://sultanaprojects.org/abouthevessel.htm |archivedate=2014-03-13 |df= }}</ref>
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| − | The heavy, close-grained yellow-orange wood is dense and prized for tool handles, [[treenail]]s, fence posts, and other applications requiring a strong dimensionally stable wood that withstands rot.<ref name=wynia/><ref name="Cullina_2002">{{cite book |last1=Cullina |first1=William |title=Native Trees, Shrubs, & Vines: A Guide to Using, Growing, and Propagating North American Woody Plants |date=2002 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=0618098585 |page=136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iKt-Lya7gbYC&pg=PT136 |accessdate=January 31, 2016}}</ref> Although its wood is commonly knotty and twisted, straight-grained Osage orange timber makes good [[Bow (weapon)|bows]], as once used by Native Americans.<ref name=wynia/> In Arkansas, in the early 19th century, a good Osage bow was worth a horse and a blanket.<ref name=Keeler /> Additionally, a yellow-orange [[dye]] can be extracted from the wood, which can be used as a substitute for [[Old Fustic|fustic]] and [[aniline]] dyes. At present, florists use the fruits of ''M. pomifera'' for decorative purposes.<ref name="Grout" />
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| − | When dried, the wood has the highest [[BTU]] content of any commonly available North American wood, and burns long and hot.<ref name=UMD_Ext_firewood>{{cite web |url=https://extension.umd.edu/sites/default/files/_docs/publications/FS926WoodFuel.pdf |title=Heating with Wood |publisher=University of Maryland Extension |date=October 2010 |author=Kays, Jonathan |accessdate=January 31, 2016}}</ref><ref name=IowaU_Ext_firewood>{{cite web |url=https://www.extension.iastate.edu/forestry/publications/PDF_files/F-370.pdf |title=Firewood Production and Use |work=Forestry Extension Notes |publisher=Iowa State University Extension Service |date=August 1998 |author=Prestemon, Dean R. |accessdate=January 31, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Utah_Ext_firewood>{{cite web |url=https://forestry.usu.edu/htm/forest-products/wood-heating |title=Heating With Wood: Species Characteristics and Volumes |author1=Kuhns, Michael |author2=Schmidt, Tom |publisher=Utah State University Extension |accessdate=January 31, 2016}}</ref>
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| − | Unlike many woods, Osage orange wood is durable, making good durable fence posts.<ref name=wynia/> They are generally set up green because the dried wood is too hard to reliably accept the staples used to attach the fencing to the posts. Palmer and Fowler's ''Fieldbook of Natural History'' 2nd edition, rates Osage orange wood as being at least twice as hard and strong as white oak (''[[Quercus alba]]''). Its dense grain structure makes for good tonal properties. Production of woodwind instruments and waterfowl game calls are common uses for the wood.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://journalstar.com/sports/recreation/outdoors/a-block-of-wood-and-a-waterfowl-dream/article_9c5312c2-8b42-52ed-ba10-514e41fc7a65.html|title=A block of wood and a waterfowl dream|author=Joe Duggan|newspaper=Lincoln Journal Star|date=20 November 2018|accessdate=16 November 2018}}</ref>
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| − | Although Osage oranges are commonly believed to repel insects, there is insufficient evidence to support this. Research has shown that compounds extracted from the fruit, when concentrated, may repel insects. However, the naturally occurring concentrations of these compounds in the fruit are far too low to make the fruit an effective insect repellent.<ref name=IPM_IowaU_2/><ref>{{cite web|last=Ogg|first=Barbara|title=Facts and Myths of Hedge Apples|url=http://lancaster.unl.edu/enviro/pest/nebline/hedgeapple.htm|publisher=[[University of Nebraska-Lincoln|University of Nebraska Lincoln]]|accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nelson|first=Jennifer|title=Osage Orange – Maclura pomifera |url=http://web.extension.illinois.edu/dmp/palette/061022.html |publisher=[[University of Illinois]]|accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref> In 2004, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]] insisted that a website selling ''M. pomifera'' fruits online remove any mention of their supposed pesticidal properties as false advertisements.<ref name="Grout">Grout, Pam. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OZVrxulVBtoC&pg=PT208&dq=Maclura+pomifera+Monkey+balls&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0XuTUqX5DdTJsQSo8oH4Bg&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Maclura%20pomifera%20Monkey%20balls&f=false Kansas Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff.]'' Guilford, Conn: Globe Pequot Press, 2002.</ref>
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| − | ===Traditional medicine===
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| − | The [[Comanche]] tribe historically used a root/water infusion for eye conditions.<ref name=Dearborn_Ethnobotany>{{cite web |url=http://naeb.brit.org/uses/21738/ |title=Maclura Pomifera (search result) |work=Native American Ethnobotany Database |date= |publisher=University of Michigan–Dearborn |accessdate=December 24, 2015}}</ref>
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| | == References == | | == References == |
| | {{Reflist|30em}} | | {{Reflist|30em}} |
| | | | |
| − | == External links ==
| + | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} |
| − | {{Commons|Maclura pomifera}} | |
| − | *[http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/mapo.htm ''Maclura pomifera'' images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q1066106}}
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| − | [[Category:Maclura|pomifera]] | + | [[Category:Moraceae]] |
| − | [[Category:Trees of the Great Lakes region (North America)]]
| + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | [[Category:Trees of the North-Central United States]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of the Northeastern United States]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of the Southern United States]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of the South-Central United States]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of the United States]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]] | |
| − | [[Category:Dioecious plants]]
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