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| | {{nutritionalvalue | name=Cattail, narrow leaf shoots | kJ=106 | water=92.65 g | protein=1.18 g | fat=0.00 g | ash=1.03 g | carbs=5.14 g | fiber=4.5 g | sugars=0.22 g | | calcium_mg=54 | iron_mg=0.91 | magnesium_mg=63 | phosphorus_mg=45 | potassium_mg=309 | sodium_mg=109 | zinc_mg=0.24 | copper_mg=0.041 | manganese_mg=0.760 | selenium_ug=0.6 | vitC_mg=0.7 | thiamin_mg=0.023 | riboflavin_mg=0.025 | niacin_mg=0.440 | pantothenic_mg=0.234 | vitB6_mg=0.123 | folate_ug=3 | choline_mg=23.7 | betaine_mg=1.1 | vitA_ug=1 | lycopene_ug=0 | vitK_ug=22.8 | betacarotene_ug=6 | alphacarotene_ug=0 | betacryptoxanthin_ug=0 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }} | | {{nutritionalvalue | name=Cattail, narrow leaf shoots | kJ=106 | water=92.65 g | protein=1.18 g | fat=0.00 g | ash=1.03 g | carbs=5.14 g | fiber=4.5 g | sugars=0.22 g | | calcium_mg=54 | iron_mg=0.91 | magnesium_mg=63 | phosphorus_mg=45 | potassium_mg=309 | sodium_mg=109 | zinc_mg=0.24 | copper_mg=0.041 | manganese_mg=0.760 | selenium_ug=0.6 | vitC_mg=0.7 | thiamin_mg=0.023 | riboflavin_mg=0.025 | niacin_mg=0.440 | pantothenic_mg=0.234 | vitB6_mg=0.123 | folate_ug=3 | choline_mg=23.7 | betaine_mg=1.1 | vitA_ug=1 | lycopene_ug=0 | vitK_ug=22.8 | betacarotene_ug=6 | alphacarotene_ug=0 | betacryptoxanthin_ug=0 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }} |
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| − | '''''Typha''''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|aɪ|f|ə}} is a [[genus]] of about 30 [[species]] of [[monocotyledon]]ous [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Typhaceae]]. These plants have many common names, in [[British English]] as '''bulrush''', or '''reedmace''',<ref>Clegg, J. (1986). ''Observer's Book of Pond Life''. Frederick Warne, London. 460 p.</ref> in [[American English]] as '''reed''', '''cattail''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=TYPHA|taxon=Typha|accessdate=12 December 2015}}</ref> '''punks''', '''[[corn dog]] grass''', or '''water sausage''', in [[Australia]] as '''cumbungi''' or '''bulrush''', in [[Canada]] as '''bulrush''' or '''cattail''', and in [[New Zealand]] as '''raupō'''. Other taxa of plants may be known as [[bulrush]], including some [[Cyperaceae|sedges]] in ''[[Scirpus]]'' and related genera.
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| − | The genus is largely distributed in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], where it is found in a variety of [[wetland]] habitats.
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| − | The [[rhizome]]s are edible. Evidence of preserved [[starch]] grains on [[grinding stone]]s suggests they were already eaten in Europe 30,000 years ago.<ref name="Revedin">{{cite journal | last1 = Revedin | first1 = A.| year = 2010 | title = Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing | url = | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 107 | issue = 44| pages = 18815–18819 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1006993107 | pmid = 20956317 | pmc=2973873 | bibcode=2010PNAS..10718815R |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
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| − | ==Description==
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| − | ''Typha'' are aquatic or semi-aquatic, rhizomatous, herbaceous [[perennial plants]].<ref name=Stace>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|authorlink = Stace, C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Third|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, U.K.| isbn=9780521707725}}</ref>{{rp|925}} The leaves are [[Glossary of botanical terms#glabrous|glabrous]] (hairless), linear, alternate and mostly basal on a simple, jointless stem that bears the flowering spikes. The plants are [[monoecious]], with [[unisexual]] flowers that develop in dense [[raceme]]s. The numerous male flowers form a narrow spike at the top of the vertical stem. Each male (staminate) flower is reduced to a pair of [[stamen]]s and hairs, and withers once the [[pollen]] is shed. Large numbers of tiny female flowers form a dense, [[sausage]]-shaped spike on the stem below the male spike. In larger species this can be up to {{Convert|30|cm|in|sigfig=2}} long and {{Convert|1|to|4|cm|in|sigfig=1}} thick. The seeds are minute, {{Convert|0.2|mm|in|sigfig=1}} long, and attached to fine hairs. When ripe, the heads disintegrate into a cottony fluff from which the seeds [[wind dispersal|disperse by wind]].
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| − | ==General ecology==
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| − | ''Typha'' are often among the first wetland plants to colonize areas of newly exposed wet mud, with their abundant wind-dispersed seeds. Buried seeds can survive in the soil for long periods of time.<ref>van der Valk, A. G., and Davis, C. B. (1976). The seed banks of prairie glacial marshes. ''Canadian Journal of Botany'' 54, 1832–8.</ref> They [[germination|germinate]] best with sunlight and fluctuating temperatures, which is typical of many wetland plants that regenerate on mud flats.<ref>Shipley, B., et al. (1989). Regeneration and establishment strategies of emergent macrophytes. ''Journal of Ecology'' 77, 1093–1110.</ref> The plants also spread by rhizomes, forming large, interconnected stands.
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| − | ''Typha'' are considered to be dominant competitors in wetlands in many areas, and they often exclude other plants with their dense canopy.<ref name=Keddy>{{cite book|last=Keddy|first=P. A.|title=Wetland Ecology: Principals and Conservation|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51940-3|pages=497}}</ref> In the bays of the [[Great Lakes]], for example, they are among the most abundant wetland plants. Different species of cattails are adapted to different water depths.<ref>Grace, J. B. and Wetzel, R. G. (1981). Habitat partitioning and competitive displacement in cattails (''Typha''): experimental field studies. ''The American Naturalist'' 118, 463–74.</ref>
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| − | Well-developed [[aerenchyma]] make the plants tolerant of submersion. Even the dead stalks are capable of transmitting oxygen to the rooting zone.
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| − | Although ''Typha'' are native wetland plants, they can be aggressive in their competition with other native species.<ref>Oudhia, P. (1999). Allelopathic TEMPeffects of Typha angustata on germination and seedling vigour of winter maize and rice. Agric. Sci. Digest 19(4): 285-286</ref> They have been problematic in many regions in North America, from the Great Lakes to the [[Everglades]].<ref name=Keddy/> Native sedges are displaced and wet meadows shrink, likely as a response to altered hydrology of the wetlands and increased nutrient levels. An [[introduced species|introduced]] or hybrid species may be contributing to the problem.<ref>Boers, A. M., et al. (2007). ''Typha'' × ''glauca'' dominance and extended hydroperiod constrain restoration of wetland diversity. ''Ecological Engineering'' 29, 232–44.</ref> Control is difficult. The most successful strategy appears to be mowing or burning to remove the aerenchymous stalks, followed by prolonged flooding.<ref>Kaminski, R. M., et al. (1985). Control of cattail and bulrush by cutting and flooding. In: ''Coastal Wetlands'', eds. H. H. Prince and F. M. D’Itri, pp. 253–62. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.</ref> It may be more important to prevent invasion by preserving water level fluctuations, including periods of drought, and to maintain infertile conditions.<ref name=Keddy/>
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| − | ''Typha'' are frequently eaten by wetland mammals such as [[muskrat]]s, that also use them to construct feeding platforms and dens, providing nesting and resting places for waterfowl.<ref>[http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=895 Global Invasive Species Database: "Uses"]- Retrieved 2017-03-20</ref>
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| − | ==Accepted species and natural hybrids==
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| − | The following names are currently accepted:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do|title=Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, genus ''Typha''|publisher=|accessdate=18 September 2014}}</ref>
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| − | {{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
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| − | # ''[[Typha albida]]'' – (Afghanistan)
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| − | # ''[[Typha alekseevii]]'' – ([[Caucasus]])
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| − | # ''[[Typha angustifolia]]'' – lesser bulrush, narrow leaf cattail (America), or ''jambu'' (India)
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| − | # ''[[Typha × argoviensis]]'' – (Germany and Switzerland)
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| − | # ''[[Typha austro-orientalis]]'' – (European Russia)
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| − | # ''[[Typha azerbaijanensis]]'' – (Iran)
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| − | # ''[[Typha × bavarica]]'' – (Germany)
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| − | # ''[[Typha capensis]]'' – (tropical and southern Africa)
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| − | # ''[[Typha caspica]]'' – ([[Azerbaijan]])
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| − | # ''[[Typha changbaiensis]]'' – (northeastern China)
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| − | # ''[[Typha davidiana]]'' – (China)
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| − | # ''[[Typha domingensis]]'' – bulrush, southern cattail (America), narrow-leaved cumbungi (Australia)
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| − | # ''[[Typha elephantina]]'' – (from Algeria to southern China)
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| − | # ''[[Typha × gezei]]'' – (France)
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| − | # ''[[Typha × glauca]]'' (''T. angustifolia'' × ''T. latifolia'') – hybrid cattail, white cattail (a [[hybrid (biology)|sterile hybrid]])<ref>{{cite journal |first1=S. M. |last1=Selbo |first2=A. A. |last2=Snow |title=The potential for hybridization between ''Typha angustifolia'' and ''Typha latifolia'' in a constructed wetland |volume=78 |pages=361–369 |year=2004 |url=http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~asnowlab/SelboSnowAqBot04.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.aquabot.2004.01.003 |journal=Aquatic Botany |issue=4 }}</ref>
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| − | # ''[[Typha grossheimii]]'' – (Central Asia)
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| − | # ''[[Typha incana]]'' – (central Russia)
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| − | # ''[[Typha joannis]]'' – (Mongolia, [[Amur Oblast]])
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| − | # ''[[Typha kalatensis]]'' – (Iran)
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| − | # ''[[Typha latifolia]]'' – common cattail – (very widespread)
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| − | # ''[[Typha laxmannii]]'' – Laxman's bulrush – (southern Europe and much of Asia)
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| − | # ''[[Typha lugdunensis]]'' – (western Europe, southwest Asia, China)
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| − | # ''[[Typha minima]]'' – dwarf bulrush – (Europe, Asia)
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| − | # ''[[Typha orientalis]]'' – (East Asia, Australia, New Zealand)
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| − | # ''[[Typha pallida]]'' – (Central Asia, China)
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| − | # ''[[Typha × provincialis]]'' – (France)
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| − | # ''[[Typha przewalskii]]'' – (China, Russian Far East)
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| − | # ''[[Typha shuttleworthii]]'' – (Europe, Iran, Turkey)
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| − | # ''[[Typha sistanica]]'' – (Iran)
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| − | # ''[[Typha × smirnovii]]'' – (European Russia)
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| − | # ''[[Typha subulata]]'' – (Argentina, Uruguay)
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| − | # ''[[Typha × suwensis]]'' – (Japan)
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| − | # ''[[Typha tichomirovii]]'' – (European Russia)
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| − | # ''[[Typha turcomanica]]'' – ([[Turkmenistan]])
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| − | # ''[[Typha tzvelevii]]'' – ([[Primorye]])
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| − | # ''[[Typha valentinii]]'' – ([[Azerbaijan]])
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| − | # ''[[Typha varsobica]]'' – ([[Tajikistan]])
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| − | }}
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| − | [[Image:Typha-cattails-in-indiana.jpg|thumb|upright|''Typha'' at the edge of a small wetland in [[Marshall County, Indiana|Indiana]]]]
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| − | [[File:Typha with-without cotton like seeds.jpg|thumb|upright|{{nihongo|''Typha latifolia''|[[:ja:蒲|蒲]]|gama}} in [[Japan]]]]
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| − | [[File:Bruno Piglhein (1848-1894), "Hirtenknabe".jpg|thumb|''Typha ''in art. [[Bruno Piglhein]], ''Hirtenknabe'' ("Shepherd Boy").]]
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| − | The most widespread species is ''Typha latifolia'', which is distributed across the entire temperate northern hemisphere. It has also been introduced to Australia. ''T. angustifolia'' is nearly as widespread, but does not extend as far north; it may be introduced and [[Invasive species|invasive]] in [[North America]]. ''T. domingensis'' has a more southern [[Americas|American]] distribution, and it occurs in Australia. ''T. orientalis'' is widespread in Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. ''T. laxmannii'', ''T. minima'', and ''T. shuttleworthii'' are largely restricted to [[Asia]] and southern [[Europe]].
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| − | ==Uses==
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| − | ===Chair seating===
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| − | The rushes are harvested and the leaves often dried for later use in chair seats. Re-wetted, the leaves are twisted and wrapped around the chair rungs to form a densely woven seat that is then stuffed (usually with the left over rush).
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| − | ===Culinary uses===
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| − | Many parts of the ''Typha'' plant are edible to humans. The starchy [[rhizomes]] are nutritious with a protein content comparable to that of maize or rice.<ref name=Morton>{{cite journal|last=Morton|first=J. F.|title=Cattails (''Typha'' spp.) – Weed Problem or Potential Crop?|journal=Economic Botany|date=January–March 1975|volume=29|issue=1|pages=7–29|doi=10.1007/bf02861252}}</ref> They can be processed into a [[flour]] with 266 [[calorie|kcal]] per 100 grams.<ref name="Revedin"/> They are most often harvested from late autumn to early spring. They are fibrous, and the starch must be scraped or sucked from the tough fibers. Plants growing in polluted water can accumulate [[lead]] and [[pesticide]] residues in their rhizomes, and these should not be eaten.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gore|first=A. B.|title=Environmental Research at the Leading Edge|year=2007|publisher=[[Nova Science Publishers, Inc.]]|location=New York|pages=106}}</ref>
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| − | The outer portion of young plants can be peeled and the heart can be eaten raw or boiled and eaten like [[asparagus]]. This food has been popular among the [[Cossacks]] in Russia, and has been called "Cossack asparagus".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Marsh|first=L. C.|title=The Cattail Story|journal=The Garden Journal|year=1959|volume=5|pages=114–129}}</ref> The leaf bases can be eaten raw or cooked, especially in late spring when they are young and tender. In early summer the sheath can be removed from the developing green flower spike, which can then be boiled and eaten like [[corn on the cob]].<ref>{{cite book |last1= Elias |first1= T. S. |last2=Dykeman |first2=P. A. |title= Edible Wild Plants |year=2009 |origyear= 1982 |publisher= Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9 |pages=69–70 }}</ref> In mid-summer when the male flowers are mature, the [[pollen]] can be collected and used as a flour supplement or thickener.<ref>[http://tpo.tepapa.govt.nz/mainmenu_english.asp Raupo or Bulrush (''Typha orientalis'').] Tai Awatea. Accessed 15 December 2011.</ref>
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| − | The roots may also be boiled, steamed, fried, or mashed with butter or sour cream much like potatoes.
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| − | ===Agriculture===
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| − | The seeds have a high [[linoleic acid]] content and can be used to feed cattle and chickens.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reed|first=E.|author2=Marsh, L. C. |title=The Cattail Potential|journal=Chemurgic Digest|year=1955|volume=14|series=3|pages=9, 18|accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref>
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| − | They can also be found in African countries like Ghana.
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| − | ===Building material===
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| − | For local tribes around [[Lake Titicaca]] in [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]], ''Typha'' were among the most important plants and every part of the plant had multiple uses. For example, they were used to construct [[raft]]s and other boats.<ref name=Morton/>
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| − | During [[World War II]], the [[United States Navy]] used the down of ''Typha'' as a substitute for [[Ceiba pentandra|kapok]] in [[Personal flotation device|life vests]] and aviation jackets. Tests showed that even after 100 hours of submersion the buoyancy was still effective.<ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=D. T. |title=Edible and Useful Plants of Texas and the Southwest, Including Recipes, Harmful Plants, Natural Dyes, and Textile Fibers: A Practical Guide|year=1999|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|isbn=978-0-292-78164-1|pages=147}}</ref>
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| − | ''Typha'' are used as [[thermal insulation]] in buildings as an organic alternative to conventional insulating materials such as [[glass wool]] or [[stone wool]].
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| − | ===Paper===
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| − | ''Typha'' stems and leaves can be used to make [[paper]]. It is strong with a heavy texture and it is hard to bleach, so it is not suitable for industrial production of graphical paper. In 1853, considerable amounts of cattail paper were produced in [[New York (state)|New York]], due to a shortage of raw materials.<ref>{{cite book|title=Making Aquatic Weeds Useful: Some Perspectives for Developing Countries.|year=1976|publisher=Books for Business|location=Ottawa: National Research Council.|isbn=0-89499-180-9|pages=101}}</ref> In 1948, French scientists tested methods for annual harvesting of the leaves. Because of the high cost these methods were abandoned and no further research was done.<ref name=Morton/> Today ''Typha'' is used to make decorative paper.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}
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| − | ===Fiber===
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| − | Fibers up to 4 meters long can be obtained from the stems when they are mechanically or chemically treated with [[sodium hydroxide]]. The stem fibers resemble [[jute]] and can be used to produce raw textiles. The leaf fibers can be used as an alternative to [[cotton]] and [[linen]] in clothing. The yield of leaf fiber is 30 to 40 percent and ''Typha glauca'' can produce 7 to 10 tons per hectare annually.<ref name=Morton/>
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| − | ===Biofuel===
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| − | ''Typha'' can be used as a source of starch to produce [[ethanol]]. Because of their high productivity in northern latitudes, ''Typha'' are considered to be a [[energy crop|bioenergy crop]].<ref>Dubbe, D. R., et al. (1988). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/014445658890073X Production of cattail (''Typha'' spp.) biomass in Minnesota, USA.] ''Biomass'' 17(2) 79–104.</ref>
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| − | ===Other uses===
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| − | The seed hairs were used by some [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]{{which|date=April 2017}} as [[tinder]] for starting fires. Some tribes also used ''Typha'' down to line [[moccasins]], and for bedding, diapers, baby powder, and [[cradleboard]]s. One Native American word for ''Typha'' meant "fruit for papoose's bed".{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} ''Typha'' down is still used in some areas to stuff clothing items and pillows.
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| − | ''Typha'' can be dipped in wax or fat and then lit as a candle, the stem serving as a wick. Without the use of wax or fat it will smolder slowly, somewhat like [[incense]], and may repel insects.
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| − | One informal experiment has indicated that ''Typha'' are able to remove [[arsenic]] from drinking water.
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| − | The boiled rootstocks have been used as a [[diuretic]] for increasing urination, or mashed to make a jelly-like paste for sores, boils, wounds, burns, scabs, and smallpox pustules.<ref>{{cite book|last=Maiden|first=J. H.|title=Useful Native Plants of Australia (incl. Tasmania)|year=1889|publisher=Technological Mus. New South Wales|location=Sydney}}</ref>
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| − | Cattail pollen is used as a [[banker plant|banker source]] of food for predatory insects and mites (such as [[Amblyseius swirskii]]) in greenhouses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Applying pollen over a crop as an alternative food source for predatory mites|date=January 20, 2015|author=Heidi Wollaeger|publisher=Michigan State University|url=http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/applying_pollen_over_a_crop_as_an_alternative_food_source_for_predatory_mit}}</ref>
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | {{Reflist|30em}} | | {{Reflist|30em}} |
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| − | ==External links==
| + | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} |
| − | {{Commons category}} | |
| − | *[http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/318/can-you-actually-eat-cattails Can you actually eat cattails?] from ''[[The Straight Dope]]''
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| − | {{Cereals}}
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q145707}}
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| − | [[Category:Aquatic plants]] | + | [[Category:Typhaceae]] |
| − | [[Category:Edible plants]] | + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | [[Category:Flora of Asia]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Africa]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Australia]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Europe]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of New Zealand]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of North America]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of South America]]
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| − | [[Category:Inflorescence vegetables]]
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| − | [[Category:Poales genera]]
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| − | [[Category:Root vegetables]]
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| − | [[Category:Typha| ]]
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