|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{multiple issues|
| |
| − | {{Original research|date=October 2009}}
| |
| − | {{More citations needed|article|date=March 2010}}
| |
| − | }}
| |
| | {{Speciesbox | | {{Speciesbox |
| | |image = Camu-camu.JPG | | |image = Camu-camu.JPG |
| Line 29: |
Line 25: |
| | '''''Myrciaria dubia''''', commonly known as '''camu camu''', '''camucamu''', '''cacari''', or '''camocamo''', is a small bushy riverside [[tree]] from the [[Amazon rainforest]] in [[Peru]] and [[Brazil]], which grows to a height of {{convert|3-5|m|abbr=on}} and bears a red/purple [[cherry]]-like [[fruit]]. It is a close relative of the jabuticaba (''[[Myrciaria cauliflora]]'') and the guavaberry or rumberry (''[[Myrciaria floribunda]]''). As much as 2-3% of the fresh fruit by weight is [[vitamin C]]. | | '''''Myrciaria dubia''''', commonly known as '''camu camu''', '''camucamu''', '''cacari''', or '''camocamo''', is a small bushy riverside [[tree]] from the [[Amazon rainforest]] in [[Peru]] and [[Brazil]], which grows to a height of {{convert|3-5|m|abbr=on}} and bears a red/purple [[cherry]]-like [[fruit]]. It is a close relative of the jabuticaba (''[[Myrciaria cauliflora]]'') and the guavaberry or rumberry (''[[Myrciaria floribunda]]''). As much as 2-3% of the fresh fruit by weight is [[vitamin C]]. |
| | | | |
| − | ==Description==
| + | [[Category:Myrtaceae]] |
| − | Camu camu has small [[flowers]] with waxy white [[petals]] and a sweet-smelling [[aroma]]. It has bushy, feathery foliage. The [[evergreen]], [[Leaf#Arrangement on the stem|opposite leaves]] are [[Leaf shape|lanceolate to elliptic]]. Individual leaves are {{convert|3–20|cm|abbr=on}}m in length and {{convert|1–2|cm|abbr=on}} wide.
| + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | | |
| − | ==Native range==
| |
| − | The current range of camu camu consists of the Amazonian lowlands of [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], Peru, [[Bolivia]], and Brazil. Its distribution extends from the center of [[Pará]] state, Brazil, along the mid and upper [[Amazon River]] to the eastern part of Peru; in the north, it appears in the [[Casiquiare]] and the upper and middle [[Orinoco River]]. In Brazil, it is found in [[Rondônia]] along the Maçangana and [[Urupa River|Urupa]] Rivers and in [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]], in the municipalities of [[Manaus]] and [[Manacapuru]] and along the [[Javari River|Javarí]], Madeira, and [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Negro Rivers]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Harvest ==
| |
| − | {{Unreferenced section|date=October 2011}}
| |
| − | Long used by native peoples, wild camu camu fruit is harvested directly into canoes. The fruit has only recently come into large-scale cultivation and sale to the world market, with [[Japan]] being the major buyer. The tree is relatively easy to cultivate within certain growing conditions. It survives best in hot, damp, tropical climates, but will grow in the subtropics, surviving temperatures down to just above freezing. It requires copious water. Fair trade is present in low-land production from the Association of Camu Camu Producers of the Peruvian Amazon.
| |
| − | | |
| − | The tree occurs in locally dense populations or even monospecific stands in Amazonian flood plains and riparian vegetation. The plant is extremely tolerant of flooding, withstanding four to five months with the roots and even much of the aerial parts submerged in water. The species propagates through seeds. In cultivation, the tree begins bearing fruits after attaining {{convert|2|cm|abbr=on}} in stem girth (three years after emergence of the seedling). Plants flower at the end of the dry season and produce fruit at the peak of the rainy season. Observations with both wild and cultivated plants suggest that the trees can remain productive for several decades.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Wild trees have been found to yield {{convert|12|kg|abbr=on}} of fruit on average. At suggested planting densities of 600–1100 trees per {{convert|1|ha|abbr=on}}, about {{convert|12|tonnes|abbr=on}} fruit may be derived in cultivation from one hectare. It is thought{{By whom|date=June 2018}} that much higher yields could be achieved using improved horticultural techniques, such as the use of clonal elite material, pruning, and fertilization.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Nutrition==
| |
| − | Per 100 g of fresh fruit:
| |
| − | *Protein 0.4 g
| |
| − | *Carbohydrates 5.9 g
| |
| − | *Starches 0.44 g
| |
| − | *Sugars 1.28 g
| |
| − | *Dietary Fiber 1.1 g
| |
| − | *Fat 0.2 g
| |
| − | *Calcium 15.7 mg
| |
| − | *Copper 0.2
| |
| − | *Iron 0.53
| |
| − | *Magnesium 12.4 mg
| |
| − | *Manganese 2.1
| |
| − | *Potassium 83.9
| |
| − | *Sodium 11.1 mg
| |
| − | *Zinc 0.2
| |
| − | *Vitamin C: ranges from 1882–2280 mg depending on ripeness.<ref name=Aktera2011>{{cite journal|author1=Mst. Sorifa Aktera|author2=Sejong Ohb|author3=Jong-Bang Euna|author4=Maruf Ahmed|title=Nutritional compositions and health promoting phytochemicals of camu-camu (''Myrciaria dubia'') fruit: A review|journal=Food Research International|date=Aug 2011|volume=44|issue=7|pages=1728–32|doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2011.03.045}}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Camu camu has an extraordinarily high [[vitamin C]] content (on the order of 2–3% of fresh weight,<ref>[http://archive.peruthisweek.com/blogs/business/263 Peruvian Camu Camu fruit conquers Japan] Percy Takayama, Living in Peru - Business, 12 February 2007. Accessed July 2012.</ref> second only to the Australian native ''[[Terminalia ferdinandiana]]''), and this property of the fruit has been exploited in positioning it on international markets. Vitamin C content declines as full maturity is reached, with a trade-off between vitamin C and flavor expression.
| |
| − | | |
| − | The fruit is rich in flavonoids, such as [[anthocyanin]]s, [[flavonol]]s, [[flavanol]]s, [[catechin]]s, [[delphinidin 3-glucoside]], [[cyanidin 3-glucoside]], [[ellagic acid]], and [[rutin]]. Other analysis revealed the presence of [[gallic acid|gallic]] and [[ellagic acid]]s, suggesting that the fruit possesses hydrolyzed tannins ([[gallotannin|gallo]]- and/or [[ellagitannins]]).<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T6R-4XSTD9H-5&_user=10&_coverDate=06%2F15%2F2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=37e03fbe592b3ecf0339b2943c379dcc Antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacity of Peruvian camu camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) McVaugh) fruit at different maturity stages. Rosana Chirinos, Jorge Galarza, Indira Betalleluz-Pallardel, Romina Pedreschi and David Campos, Food Chemistry, Volume 120, Issue 4, 15 June 2010, Pages 1019-1024, ] {{doi|10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.041}}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Uses==
| |
| − | Documentation of traditional camu camu uses is scarce. In traditional Amazonian societies, camu camu is not likely to have ever been nutritionally relevant. The fruit is extremely acidic and the flavor must be masked by dilution in milk or water and the addition of sugar. A reddish pigment in the leathery skin of the fruit imparts a pink color on juices extracted from camu camu. The aroma is subtle, but is not so captivating as in more popular fruits. Recently, camu camu is used in [[ice cream]]s and sweets and processed powder from the fruit pulp is beginning to be sold in the west as a health food in loose powder or capsule form.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Conservation issues==
| |
| − | Currently, overharvesting of wild camu camu threatens to make it an [[endangered species]]. Efforts are underway to encourage commercial growing of camu camu in the Amazon River basin.<ref>[http://www.rainforestconservation.org/agroforestry-ethnobotany/agroforestry-ethnobotany/myrciaria-dubia-camu-camu Conservation issues] with pictures of the tree, fruits and harvest method.</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==References==
| |
| − | {{Reflist}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | * Penn, J.W., Jr. 2006. The cultivation of camu camu (''Myrciaria dubia''): A tree planting programme in the Peruvian Amazon. Forests, Trees, and Livelihoods. Vol. 16 (1), pp. 85–101.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==External links==
| |
| − | * [http://www.rainforestconservation.org/agroforestry-ethnobotany/agroforestry-ethnobotany/myrciaria-dubia-camu-camu Conservation issues] with pictures of the tree, fruits, and harvest method.
| |
| − | * [http://www.rain-tree.com/camu.htm Tropical Plant Database]
| |
| − | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090411181947/http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=1241 ''Myrciaria dubia'' List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Database)]
| |
| − | * For extensive information on how food safety-inspired EU legislation has emerged as a market access barrier for camu camu and other underused plant species, see https://web.archive.org/web/20061009042810/http://www.underutilized-species.org/eu.asp
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q1031775}}
| |
| − | {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Myrciaria|dubia]] | |
| − | [[Category:Trees of Brazil]] | |
| − | [[Category:Trees of Peru]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Trees of the Amazon]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Crops originating from Peru]]
| |
