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| − | {{Other uses|Rose (disambiguation)|Roses (disambiguation)|Rosa (disambiguation){{!}}Rosa}}
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| − | A '''rose''' is a woody [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[flowering plant]] of the [[genus]] '''''Rosa''''', in the family [[Rosaceae]], or the flower it bears. There are over a hundred [[Rose species|species]] and thousands of [[Garden roses|cultivars]]. They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing or trailing with stems that are often armed with sharp [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|prickles]]. Flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to [[Asia]], with smaller numbers native to [[Europe]], [[North America]], and northwestern [[Africa]]. Species, [[cultivar]]s and [[hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of [[garden roses]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509710/rose |title=rose (plant) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date=2007-11-19 |accessdate=2009-12-07}}</ref>
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| − | The name ''rose'' comes from French, itself from Latin ''rosa'', which was perhaps borrowed from [[Oscan]], from [[Greek language|Greek]] ρόδον ''rhódon'' ([[Aeolic Greek|Aeolic]] βρόδον ''wródon''), itself borrowed from [[Old Persian language|Old Persian]] ''wrd-'' (''wurdi''), related to [[Avestan language|Avestan]] ''varəδa'', [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] ''ward'', [[Parthian language|Parthian]] ''wâr''.<ref>''American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'', Fourth Edition, s.v. "[http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Rose rose]."</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gol |title=GOL – Encyclopaedia Iranica |publisher=Iranicaonline.org |date= |accessdate=2013-03-13}}</ref>
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| − | == Botany ==
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| − | [[File:Rose hip 02 ies.jpg|thumb|left|Longitudinal section through a developing rose hip]]
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| − | [[File:Roses Boutons FR 2012.jpg|thumb|right|Exterior view of rose buds]]
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| − | [[File:Roseleaves3800px.JPG|thumb|right|Rose leaflets]]
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| − | [[File:Tiny Rose Flower.jpg|thumb|right|Size can be as small as a thumbnail]]
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| − | The [[leaf|leaves]] are borne alternately on the stem. In most species they are {{convert|5|to|15|cm}} long, [[pinnate]], with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal [[stipule]]s; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are [[deciduous]] but a few (particularly from South east [[Asia]]) are [[evergreen]] or nearly so.
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| − | [[File:Rose Amber Flush.jpg|thumb|The hybrid garden rose "Amber Flush"]]
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| − | The [[flower]]s of most species have five petals, with the exception of ''[[Rosa sericea]]'', which usually has only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five [[sepals]] (or in the case of some ''Rosa sericea'', four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. There are multiple [[Ovary (plants)#Superior ovary|superior]] ovaries that develop into [[achene]]s.<ref>Mabberley, D.J. 1997. ''The plant book: A portable dictionary of the vascular plants''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.</ref> Roses are insect-pollinated in nature.
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| − | The [[aggregate fruit]] of the rose is a berry-like structure called a [[rose hip]]. Many of the domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. ''[[Rosa pimpinellifolia]]'') have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the [[hypanthium]], which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called [[achene]]s) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the [[dog rose]] (''Rosa canina'') and [[rugosa rose]] (''Rosa rugosa''), are very rich in [[vitamin C]], among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating [[bird]]s such as [[thrush (bird)|thrushes]] and [[waxwing]]s, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly [[finch]]es, also eat the seeds.
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| − | [[File:Rose Prickles.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Rose thorns are actually prickles – outgrowths of the epidermis.]]
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| − | While the sharp objects along a rose stem are commonly called "thorns", they are technically [[thorns, spines and prickles|prickles]]—outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem). (True thorns, as produced by e.g. ''[[Citrus]]'' or ''[[Pyracantha]]'', are modified stems, which always originate at a node and which have nodes and internodes along the length of the thorn itself.) Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as ''[[Rosa rugosa]]'' and ''[[Rosa pimpinellifolia]]'' have densely packed straight prickles, probably an adaptation to reduce [[Browsing (herbivory)|browsing]] by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown [[sand]] and so reduce [[erosion]] and protect their [[root]]s (both of these species grow naturally on [[coast]]al [[dune|sand dunes]]). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by [[deer]]. A few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points.
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| − | === Species ===
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| − | {{further|List of Rosa species}}
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| − | The genus ''Rosa'' is subdivided into four subgenera:
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| − | *'''''Hulthemia''''' (formerly ''Simplicifoliae'', meaning "with single leaves") containing one or two species from southwest [[Asia]], ''[[Rosa persica|R. persica]]'' and ''[[Rosa berberifolia]]'' which are the only roses without [[compound leaves]] or [[stipule]]s.
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| − | *'''''Hesperrhodos''''' (from the [[Greek (language)|Greek]] for "western rose") contains ''[[Rosa minutifolia]]'' and ''[[Rosa stellata]]'', from North America.
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| − | *'''''Platyrhodon''''' (from the [[Greek (language)|Greek]] for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia, ''[[Rosa roxburghii]]'' (also known as the chestnut rose).
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| − | *'''''Rosa''''' (the [[biological type|type]] subgenus, sometimes incorrectly called ''Eurosa'') containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections.
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| − | **'''''Banksianae''''' – white and yellow flowered roses from [[China]].
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| − | **'''''Bracteatae''''' – three species, two from [[China]] and one from [[India]].
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| − | **'''''Caninae''''' – pink and white flowered species from [[Asia]], [[Europe]] and [[North Africa]].
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| − | **'''''Carolinae''''' – white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all from [[North America]].
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| − | **'''''Chinensis''''' – white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-color roses from [[China]] and [[Burma]].
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| − | **'''''Gallicanae''''' – pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from western [[Asia]] and [[Europe]].
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| − | **'''''Gymnocarpae''''' – one species in western North America (''[[Rosa gymnocarpa]]''), others in east Asia.
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| − | **'''''Laevigatae''''' – a single white flowered species from [[China]]
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| − | **'''''Pimpinellifoliae''''' – white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and Europe.
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| − | **'''''Rosa''''' (syn. sect. ''Cinnamomeae'') – white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from everywhere but [[North Africa]].
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| − | **'''''Synstylae''''' – white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.
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| − | [[File:Redoute - Rosa gallica purpuro-violacea magna.jpg|thumb|right|Rosa gallica ''Evêque'', painted by [[Pierre-Joseph Redouté|Redouté]]]]
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| − | == Uses ==
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| − | Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors. They have been also used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization. They also have minor medicinal uses.
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| − | === Ornamental plants ===
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| − | {{Main|Garden roses}}
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| − | The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as ''[[Rosa glauca]]'' and ''[[Rosa rubiginosa]]''), ornamental thorns (such as ''[[Rosa sericea]]'') or for their showy fruit (such as ''[[Rosa moyesii]]'').
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| − | [[File:Mrs. Herbert Stevens May 2008.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hybrid tea rose]] cultivar 'Mrs. Herbert Stevens']]
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| − | Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in [[Mediterranean]] countries, [[Persia]], and [[China]].<ref>Jack Goody. The culture of flowers. Cambridge University Press, 1993</ref> Many thousands of rose [[hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants. Most are [[double-flowered]] with many or all of the [[stamen]]s having mutated into additional [[petal]]s.
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| − | In the early 19th century the [[Josephine Beauharnais|Empress Josephine]] of France patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at [[Château de Malmaison|Malmaison]]. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by [[Loddiges]] nursery for [[Abney Park Cemetery]], an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.
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| − | === Cut flowers ===
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| − | [[File:Bouquet de roses roses.jpg|thumb|Bouquet of pink roses]]
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| − | Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial [[cut flowers]]. Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale.
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| − | In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in [[greenhouse|glasshouses]], and in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to ensure that the flowers are not damaged by weather and that pest and disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to markets across the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodnet.cgiar.org/market/Uganda/reports/Roses.PDF |title=FOODNET Uganda 2009. Commercialisation bulletin: Fresh cut roses |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-03-13}}</ref>
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| − | Some kind of roses are artificially coloured using dyed water, like [[rainbow rose]]s.
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| − | === Perfume ===
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| − | {{Main|Rose oil|Rose water}}
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| − | Rose perfumes are made from [[rose oil]] (also called attar of roses), which is a mixture of volatile [[essential oil]]s obtained by steam distilling the crushed petals of roses. An associated product is [[rose water]] which is used for cooking, cosmetics, medicine and religious practices. The production technique originated in [[Iran|Persia]] and then spread through [[Arabia]] and [[India]], and more recently into eastern Europe. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses ([[Rosa × damascena|''Rosa'' × ''damascena'']] 'Trigintipetala') are used. In other parts of the world [[Rosa × centifolia|''Rosa'' × ''centifolia'']] is commonly used. The oil is transparent pale yellow or yellow-grey in colour. 'Rose Absolute' is solvent-extracted with hexane and produces a darker oil, dark yellow to orange in colour. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil.
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| − | [[File:Geraniol structure.png|thumb|right|Geraniol (C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O)]]
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| − | The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant [[alcohol]]s [[geraniol]] and L-[[citronellol]] and rose camphor, an odorless solid composed of [[alkane]]s, which separates from rose oil.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stewart, D.|year=2005|title=The Chemistry Of Essential Oils Made Simple: God's Love Manifest In Molecules|publisher=Care|isbn=978-0-934426-99-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJ3qKgNUljcC}}</ref> β-[[Damascenone]] is also a significant contributor to the scent.
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| − | === Food and drink ===
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| − | {{See also|Rose hip}}
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| − | Rose hips are occasionally made into [[jam]], [[jelly (fruit preserves)|jelly]], [[marmalade]], and [[rose hip soup|soup]] or are brewed for tea, primarily for their high [[vitamin C]] content. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce [[rose hip seed oil]], which is used in skin products and some makeup products. <ref>{{cite web|title=Rose Hip / Rosehip|url=http://www.herbwisdom.com/herb-rose-hip.html|website=herbwisdom.com|accessdate=17 January 2017}}</ref>
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| − | [[File:Rosa rubiginosa hips.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''[[Rosa canina]]'' hips]]
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| − | [[Rose water]] has a very distinctive flavour and is used heavily in [[Middle Eastern cuisine|Middle Eastern]], [[Persian cuisine|Persian]], and [[South Asian cuisine]]—especially in sweets such as [[barfi]], [[baklava]], [[halva]], [[gulab jamun]], [[gumdrops]], [[kanafeh]], [[nougat]], and [[Turkish delight]].
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| − | [[File:Gulaab Jamun (homemade!) bright.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Gulab jamun]] made with rose water]]
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| − | Rose petals or flower buds are sometimes used to flavour ordinary [[Tea blending and additives#Flowers|tea]], or combined with other [[herb]]s to make [[herbal tea]]s.
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| − | In France, there is much use of [[rose water|rose syrup]], most commonly made from an extract of rose petals. In the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Rooh Afza]], a concentrated [[squash (drink)|squash]] made with roses, is popular, as are rose-flavoured frozen desserts such as [[ice cream]] and [[kulfi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecurry.com/blog/desserts-sweets/rose-flavored-ice-cream-with-rose-petals/|title=Rose Flavored Ice Cream with Rose Petals|work=ecurry.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/south-asia/rooh-afza-the-syrup-that-sweetens-the-subcontinents-summers|title=Rooh Afza, the syrup that sweetens the subcontinent's summers|author=[[Samanth Subramanian]]|work=thenational.ae}}</ref>
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| − | Rose flowers are used as food, also usually as flavouring or to add their scent to food.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19251031&id=rBlPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=30wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6474,906524|title=St. Petersburg Times – Google News Archive Search|work=google.com}}</ref> Other minor uses include candied rose petals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=rosepetal+candy|title=rosepetal candy – Google Search|work=google.co.uk}}</ref>
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| − | Rose creams (rose-flavoured [[Fondant icing|fondant]] covered in [[chocolate]], often topped with a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely available from numerous producers in the UK.
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| − | Under the American [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]],<ref>{{cite web |title= Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)|url=http://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/gras/default.htm}}</ref> there are only certain ''Rosa'' species, varieties, and parts are on the ''[[Generally Recognized as Safe]]'' lists.
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| − | * Rose absolute: ''Rosa alba'' L., ''Rosa centifolia'' L., ''Rosa damascena'' Mill., ''Rosa gallica'' L., and vars. of these spp.
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| − | * Rose (otto of roses, attar of roses): Ditto
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| − | * Rose buds: Ditto
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| − | * Rose flowers: Ditto
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| − | * Rose fruit (hips):Ditto
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| − | * Rose leaves: ''Rosa'' ''spp.''<ref>{{cite web|title=§182.20 Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates).|url=http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=786bafc6f6343634fbf79fcdca7061e1&rgn=div5&view=text&node=21:3.0.1.1.13&idno=21#21:3.0.1.1.13.1.1.3}}</ref>
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| − | === Medicine ===
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| − | The [[rose hip]], usually from ''R. canina'', is used as a minor source of [[vitamin C]]. The fruits of many species have significant levels of vitamins and have been used as a food supplement. Many roses have been used in herbal and folk medicines. ''Rosa chinensis'' has long been used in Chinese traditional medicine. This and other species have been used for stomach problems, and are being investigated for controlling cancer growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa%20chinensis |title=Rosa chinensis China Rose PFAF Plant Database |publisher=Pfaf.org |date= |accessdate=2013-03-13}}</ref> In pre-modern medicine, [[diarrhodon]] (Gr διάρροδον, "compound of roses", from ῥόδων, "of roses"<ref>{{OED|dia-}}</ref>) is a name given to various compounds in which red roses are an ingredient.
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| − | === Culture ===
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| − | ==== Art ====
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| − | Roses are a favored subject in art and appear in portraits, illustrations, on stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements. The Luxembourg-born [[Belgium|Belgian]] artist and botanist [[Pierre-Joseph Redouté]] is known for his detailed watercolours of flowers, particularly roses.
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| − | [[File:Codex Manesse Rudolf von Neuenburg.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Codex Manesse]] illuminated with roses, illustrated between 1305 and 1340 in Zürich. It contains love songs in Middle High German ]]
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| − | [[Henri Fantin-Latour]] was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist.
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| − | Other impressionists including [[Claude Monet]], [[Paul Cézanne]] and [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] have paintings of roses among their works.
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| − | ==== Symbolism ====
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| − | {{Further|Rose (symbolism)}}
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| − | The long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol. They symbolised the [[White Rose of York|Houses of York]] and [[Red Rose of Lancaster|Lancaster]] in a conflict known as the [[Wars of the Roses]].
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| − | == Pests and diseases ==
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| − | {{Main|List of pests and diseases of roses}}
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| − | Wild roses are host plants for a number of pests and diseases. Many of these are also shared with other plants, including especially other genera of the [[Rosaceae]].
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| − | Cultivated roses are often subject to severe damage from [[insect]], [[arachnid]] and [[fungal]] pests and diseases. In many cases they cannot be usefully grown without regular treatment to control these problems.
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| − | == See also ==
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| − | {{portal|Plants|<!-- Horticulture -->|Gardening|<!-- Rose -->}}
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| − | {{Commons category|Rosa}}
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| − | {{Wikispecies|Rosa}}
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| − | {{Wikiquote|Roses}}
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| − | *[[ADR rose]]
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| − | *[[List of Award of Garden Merit roses]]
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| − | *[[List of rose cultivars named after people]]
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| − | *[[Rose Hall of Fame]]
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| − | *[[Rose (color)]]
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| − | *[[Rose garden]]
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| − | *[[Rose show]]
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| − | *[[Rose trial grounds]]
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| − | == References ==
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| − | {{Reflist|30em}}
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | *[http://www.worldrose.org/ World Federation of Rose Societies]
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| − | *{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Rose}}
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| − | {{Rose}}
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| − | {{List of official United States national symbols}}
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| − | {{National Symbols of Saint Lucia}}
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| − | {{taxonbar}}
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| − | {{Authority control}}
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| − | [[Category:Roses| ]]
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| − | [[Category:Catalan symbols]]
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| − | [[Category:Flowers]]
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| − | [[Category:Garden plants]]
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| − | [[Category:Medicinal plants]]
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| − | [[Category:National symbols of the United States]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants used in Ayurveda]] | |
| − | [[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
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| − | [[Category:Rosoideae]]
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