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| − | {{redirect|Goosefoot||Goosefoot (disambiguation)}}
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| | |image = Chenopodium berlandieri NPS-1.jpg | | |image = Chenopodium berlandieri NPS-1.jpg |
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| | |synonyms_ref = <ref name="Fuentes" /> | | |synonyms_ref = <ref name="Fuentes" /> |
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| − | '''''Chenopodium''''' is a [[genus]] of numerous [[species]] of [[perennial]] or [[annual plant|annual]] [[herbaceous]] [[flowering plant]]s known as the '''goosefoots''', which occur almost anywhere in the world.<ref name="Fl China" /> It is placed in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Amaranthaceae]] in the [[APG II system]]; older classification systems, notably the widely used [[Cronquist system]], separate it and its relatives as [[Chenopodiaceae]],<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Chenopodium|volume=6|page=80}}</ref> but this leaves the rest of the Amaranthaceae [[polyphyletic]]. However, among the Amaranthaceae, the genus ''Chenopodium'' is the namesake member of the [[subfamily]] [[Chenopodioideae]].
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| − | In [[Australia]], the larger ''Chenopodium'' species are among the plants called "bluebushes". [[Chualar, California|Chualar]] in [[California]] is named after a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] term for a goosefoot abundant in the region, probably the [[California goosefoot]] (''Blitum californicum'').
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| − | == Description ==
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| − | [[File:Chenopodium album (4032134406).jpg|thumbnail|left|White goosefoot (''[[Chenopodium album]]'')]]
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| − | The species of ''Chenopodium'' (s.str., description according to Fuentes et al. 2012)<ref name="Fuentes" /> are [[Annual plant|annual]] or [[perennial]] [[herbs]], [[shrubs]] or small [[trees]]. They are nonaromatic, but sometimes foetid. The young stems and leaves are often densely covered by vesicular globose hairs, thus looking farinose. Characteristically, these [[trichomes]] persist, collapsing later and becoming cup-shaped.
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| − | The branched [[Plant stem|stems]] grow erect, ascending, prostrate or scrambling. Lateral branches are alternate (the lowermost ones can be nearly opposite). The alternate or opposite [[leaves]] are petiolate. Their thin or slightly fleshy leaf blade is linear, rhombic or triangular-hastate, with entire or dentate or lobed margins.
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| − | [[Inflorescences]] are standing terminal and lateral. They consist of spicately or paniculately arranged glomerules of flowers. Plants are [[monoecious]] (rarely [[dioecious]]). In monoecious plants flowers
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| − | are dimorphic or [[pistillate]]. Flowers consist of (4–) 5 [[perianth]] segments connate.
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| − | basally or close to the middle, usually membranous margined and with a roundish to keeled back; almost always 5 stamens, and one ovary with 2 stigmas.
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| − | In fruit, perianth segments become sometimes coloured, but mostly keep unchanged, somewhat closing over or spreading from the fruit. [[Pericarp]] membranous or sometimes succulent, adherent to or loosely covering the
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| − | seed. The horizontally oriented seeds are depressed-globular to lenticular, with rounded to subacute margin. The black seed coat is almost smooth to finely striate, rugulose or pitted.
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| − | ==Uses and human importance==
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| − | [[File:Quinoa cuit.JPG|thumb|left|Cooked [[quinoa]] (''C. quinoa'') seeds]]
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| − | The genus ''Chenopodium'' contains several plants of minor to moderate importance as [[food]] crops as [[leaf vegetable]]s – used like the closely related [[spinach]] (''Spinacia oleracea'') and similar plants called ''quelite'' in [[Mexico]] – and [[pseudocereal]]s. These include [[white goosefoot]] (''C. album''), ''[[kañiwa]]'' (''C. pallidicaule'') and [[quinoa]] (''C. quinoa''). On the [[Greece|Greek]] island of [[Crete]], tender shoots and leaves of a species called ''krouvida'' (κρουβίδα) or ''psarovlito'' (ψαρόβλητο) are eaten by the locals, boiled or steamed. As studied by [[Kristen Gremillion]] and others, goosefoots have a history of culinary use dating back to [[4000 BC]] or earlier, when [[pitseed goosefoot]] (''C. berlandieri'') was a staple crop in the Native American [[Eastern Agricultural Complex|eastern agricultural complex]], and white goosefoot was apparently used by the [[Ertebølle culture]] of [[Europe]]. Members of the eastern [[Yamna culture|Yamnaya culture]] also harvested white goosefoot as an apparent cereal substitute to round out an otherwise mostly meat and dairy diet c. 3500–2500 BCE.
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| − | There is increased interest in particular in goosefoot seeds today, which are suitable as part of a [[gluten-free diet]]. [[Quinoa oil]], extracted from the seeds of ''C. quinoa'', has similar properties, but is superior in quality, to [[corn oil]]. Oil of chenopodium is extracted from the seeds of [[epazote]], which is not in this genus anymore. [[Shagreen]] leather was produced in the past using the small, hard goosefoot seeds. ''C. album'' was one of the main [[model organism]]s for the [[molecular biological]] study of [[chlorophyllase]].
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| − | Goosefoot [[pollen]], in particular of the widespread and usually abundant ''C. album'', is an [[allergen]] to many people and a common cause of [[hay fever]]. The same species, as well as some others, have seeds which are able to persist for years in the [[soil seed bank]]. Many goosefoot species are thus significant [[weed]]s, and some have become [[invasive species]].
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| − | The 1889 book ''The Useful Native Plants of Australia'' records:{{Quote| text={{spaces|5}}This is another of the salt-bushes, which, besides being invaluable food for stock, can be eaten by man. All plants of the Natural Order Chenopodiaceae (Salsolacese) are more or less useful in this respect.<br/>
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| − | {{spaces|5}}The following account of its practical utilization will be of interest:—<br/>
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| − | {{spaces|5}}“We have recently gathered an abundant harvest of leaves from two or three plants growing in our garden. These leaves were put into boiling water to blanch them, and they were then cooked as an ordinary dish of spinach, with this difference in favour of the new plant, that there was no occasion to take away the threads which are so disagreeable in chicory, sorrel, and ordinary spinach. We partook of this dish with relish—the flavour—analogous to spinach, had something in it more refined, less grassy in taste. The cultivation is easy: sow the seed in April (October) in a well-manured bed, for the plant is greedy; water it. The leaves may be gathered from the time the plant attains 50 centimetres (say 20 inches) in height. They grow up again quickly. In less than eight days afterwards another gathering may take place, and so on to the end of the year.”—<br/>
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| − | ''Journal de la Ferme et des Maisons de campagne'', quoted in ''Pharm. Journ.'' [2] viii., 734.<ref>{{cite book | author=J. H. Maiden | year=1889 | title=The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania | publisher= Turner and Henderson, Sydney | pages=15-16| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHoxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>}}
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| − | == Ecology ==
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| − | Certain species grow in large [[thicket]]s, providing cover for small animals. Goosefoot foliage is used as food by the [[caterpillar]]s of certain [[Lepidoptera]]. The seeds are eaten by many [[bird]]s, such as the [[yellowhammer]] (''Emberiza citrinella'') of Europe or the [[white-winged fairy-wren]] (''Malurus leucopterus'') of [[Australia]]. Goosefoot [[plant pathogen|pathogens]] include the [[positive-sense ssRNA virus]]es - [[apple stem grooving virus]], [[sowbane mosaic virus]] and [[tobacco necrosis virus]].
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| − | == Systematics ==
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| − | The genus ''Chenopodium'' was described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753 (In: ''Species Plantarum'', Vol. 1, p. 218–222). Type species is ''[[Chenopodium album]]''. This generic name is derived from the particular shape of the leaf, which is similar to a goose's foot: from [[Greek language|Greek]] χήν (''chen''), "goose" and πούς (''pous''), "foot" or ποδίον (''podion''), "little foot".
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| − | In its traditional circumscription, ''Chenopodium'' comprised about 170 species.<ref name="Fl China" /> Phylogenetic research revealed, that the genus was highly [[polyphyletic]] and did not reflect how species were naturally related. Therefore, a new classification was necessary. Mosyakin & Clemants (2002, 2008) separated the glandular species as genus ''[[Dysphania (plant)|Dysphania]]'' and ''[[Teloxys]]'' in tribe [[Dysphanieae]]. Fuentes-Bazan et al. (2012) separated many species to genera ''[[Blitum]]'' (in tribe [[Anserineae]]), ''[[Chenopodiastrum]]'', ''[[Lipandra]]'', and ''[[Oxybasis]]'' (like ''Chenopodium'' in tribe [[Atripliceae]]). They included ''Rhagodia'' and ''Einadia'' in ''Chenopodium''.<ref name="Fuentes" />
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| | ===Selected species=== | | ===Selected species=== |
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| | ** ''Teloxys aristata'' | | ** ''Teloxys aristata'' |
| | * ''[[Suaeda australis]]'' – austral seablite (as ''C. australe, C. insulare'') | | * ''[[Suaeda australis]]'' – austral seablite (as ''C. australe, C. insulare'') |
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| − | ==Fossil record==
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| − | †'''''Chenopodium wetzleri''''' fossil seeds of the [[Chattian]] stage, [[Oligocene]], are known from the Oberleichtersbach Formation in the [[Rhön Mountains]], cental [[Germany]].<ref>The floral change in the tertiary of the Rhön mountains (Germany) by Dieter Hans Mai - Acta Paleobotanica 47(1): 135-143, 2007.</ref>
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | <references> | | <references> |
| | <ref name="Fuentes">Susy Fuentes-Bazan, Pertti Uotila, Thomas Borsch: ''A novel phylogeny-based generic classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae).'' In: ''Willdenowia.'' Vol. 42, No. 1, 2012, p. 5-24.</ref> | | <ref name="Fuentes">Susy Fuentes-Bazan, Pertti Uotila, Thomas Borsch: ''A novel phylogeny-based generic classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae).'' In: ''Willdenowia.'' Vol. 42, No. 1, 2012, p. 5-24.</ref> |
| − | <ref name="Fl China">Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin & Steven E. Clemants: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=106630 ''Chenopodium'' - In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Hrsg.): Flora of China.] Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae. Science Press/Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing/St. Louis 2003, {{ISBN|1-930723-27-X}}, p. 378-.</ref>
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| | </references> | | </references> |
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| − | == Further reading ==
| + | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} |
| − | * {{cite journal |last1=Sukhorukov |first1=Alexander P. |last2=Zhang |first2=Mingli |date=2013 |title=Fruit and Seed Anatomy of ''Chenopodium'' and Related Genera (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae): Implications for Evolution and Taxonomy |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=8 |number=4 |page=e61906 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0061906 |pmc=3633980 |pmid=23626750}}
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| − | {{Commons category}}
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| − | {{Wikispecies|Chenopodium}}
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q158094}}
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| − | [[Category:Chenopodium| ]]
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| | [[Category:Amaranthaceae]] | | [[Category:Amaranthaceae]] |
| | + | [[Category:Plants Keenan has eaten]] |
