Difference between revisions of "Watercress"
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|name = Watercress<br/>''Nasturtium officinale'' | |name = Watercress<br/>''Nasturtium officinale'' | ||
|image = Watercress (2).JPG | |image = Watercress (2).JPG | ||
| − | |image_caption = | + | |image_caption = Leaves |
| − | | | + | |image2 = Nasturtium officinale00.jpg |
| − | + | |image2_alt = Closeup photograph of watercress inflorescence with several white flowers and many flower buds | |
| − | + | |image2_caption = Flowers | |
| − | + | |genus = Nasturtium | |
| − | | | + | |species = officinale |
| − | | | + | |authority = [[W.T. Aiton]] |
| − | |genus = | + | |synonyms_ref = <ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2381026 The Plant List, ''Nasturtium officinale'' R.Br.]</ref> |
| − | |species = | ||
| − | |||
| − | | | ||
| − | |synonyms_ref=<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2381026 The Plant List, ''Nasturtium officinale'' R.Br.]</ref> | ||
|synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true | |synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true | ||
|title=<small>Synonymy</small> | |title=<small>Synonymy</small> | ||
| Line 39: | Line 35: | ||
|''[[Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum]]'' <small>L.</small> | |''[[Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum]]'' <small>L.</small> | ||
}}}} | }}}} | ||
| + | '''Watercress''' is an [[aquatic plant]] species with the [[botanical name]] '''''Nasturtium officinale.''''' This should not be confused with the profoundly different and unrelated group of plants with the common name of nasturtium, within the genus ''[[Tropaeolum]]''. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Watercress is a rapidly growing, aquatic or semi-aquatic, [[perennial plant]] [[native plant|native]] to [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], and one of the oldest known [[leaf vegetable]]s consumed by humans. It is a member of the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Brassicaceae]], botanically related to [[garden cress]], [[Mustard plant|mustard]], [[radish]], and [[wasabi]]—all noteworthy for their piquant flavor. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The hollow stems of watercress will float; the leaf structure is [[Pinnate|pinnately compound]]. Small, white and green [[flower]]s are produced in clusters and are frequently visited by insects, especially [[hoverfly|hoverflies]] such as ''[[Eristalis]]'' flies.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/plb.12328 |pmid=25754608 |title=Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers |journal=Plant Biology |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=56–62 |year=2016 |last1=Van Der Kooi |first1=C. J. |last2=Pen |first2=I. |last3=Staal |first3=M. |last4=Stavenga |first4=D. G. |last5=Elzenga |first5=J. T. M. }}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Taxonomy== | ||
| + | Watercress is also listed in some sources as belonging to the genus ''[[Rorippa]]'', although molecular evidence shows the aquatic species with hollow stems are more closely related to ''Cardamine'' than ''Rorippa''.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/3391978 |jstor=3391978 |title=Delimitation of the Genus Nasturtium (Brassicaceae) |journal=Novon |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=124–6 |year=1998 |last1=Al-Shehbaz |first1=Ihsan A. |last2=Price |first2=Robert A. }}</ref> | ||
| + | Despite the Latin name, watercress is not particularly closely related to the flowers popularly known as nasturtiums (''[[Tropaeolum majus]]''); ''T. majus'' belongs to the family [[Tropaeolum|Tropaeolaceae]], a [[sister taxon]] to the Brassicaceae within the order [[Brassicales]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Cultivation== | ||
| + | [[File:WarnfordWatercress.jpg|thumb|Watercress beds in [[Warnford]], [[Hampshire]], [[England]]]] | ||
| + | Cultivation of watercress is practical on both a large-scale and a garden-scale. Being semi-aquatic, watercress is well-suited to [[hydroponic]] cultivation, thriving best in water that is slightly [[alkaline]]. It is frequently produced around the headwaters of [[chalk stream]]s. In many local markets, the demand for hydroponically grown watercress exceeds supply, partly because cress [[Leaf|leaves]] are unsuitable for distribution in dried form, and can only be stored fresh for a short period. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Watercress can be sold in supermarkets in sealed plastic bags, containing a little moisture and lightly pressurised to prevent crushing of contents. This has allowed national availability with a once-purchased storage life of one to two days in chilled or refrigerated storage. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Also sold as [[Sprouting|sprouts]], the edible shoots are harvested days after germination. If unharvested, watercress can grow to a height of 50 to 120 centimetres ({{frac|1|1|2}}–4 ft). Like many plants in this family, the foliage of watercress becomes bitter when the plants begin producing flowers. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Concerns=== | ||
| + | Watercress crops grown in the presence of [[manure]] can be an environment for [[parasite]]s such as the [[Liver Fluke|liver fluke]], ''[[Fasciola hepatica]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/fascioliasis/index.html|publisher=US Centers for Disease Control|title=DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasitic Diseases of Public Health Concern: Fascioliasis|date=29 November 2013}}</ref> By inhibiting [[cytochrome P450]] (CYP2E1), compounds in watercress may alter [[drug metabolism]] in individuals on certain medications such as [[chlorzoxazone]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90147-3 |pmid=9728894 |title=Inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism, a clinical probe for CYP2E1, by a single ingestion of watercress |journal=Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=144–9 |year=1998 |last1=Leclercq |first1=Isabelle |last2=Desager |first2=Jean-Pierre |last3=Horsmans |first3=Yves }}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Distribution == | ||
| + | In some regions, watercress is regarded as a [[weed]], in other regions as an [[aquatic plant|aquatic]] [[vegetable]] or [[herb]]. Watercress has been grown in many locations around the world. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In the United Kingdom, watercress was first commercially cultivated in 1808 by the horticulturist [[William Bradbery]], along the [[River Ebbsfleet]] in [[Kent]]. Watercress is now grown in a number of counties of the United Kingdom, most notably [[Hertfordshire]], [[Hampshire]], [[Wiltshire]] and [[Dorset]]. The town of [[New Alresford|Alresford]], near Winchester, holds a Watercress Festival that brings in more than 15,000 visitors every year, and a [[Watercress Line|preserved steam railway line]] has been named after the local crop. In recent years, watercress has become more widely available in the UK, at least in the southeast; it is stocked pre-packed in some supermarkets, as well as fresh by the bunch at [[farmers' market]]s and [[greengrocer]]s. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[New Alresford|Alresford]] in the U.K. is considered to be that nation's watercress capital.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/mar/30/seasonal-food-watercress|title=Seasonal food: watercress|publisher=''The Guardian''|first=Rick |last=Peters|date=30 March 2010|accessdate=15 December 2012}}</ref> | ||
| + | In the United States in the 1940s, [[Huntsville, Alabama]], was locally known as the "watercress capital of the world".<ref>[https://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2001/07/missile.html "Huntsville's Missile Payload"], MotherJones.com, July 2001.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Nutrition== | ||
| + | {{nutritional value | name=Watercress, raw | ||
| + | | kJ=46 | ||
| + | | protein=2.3 g | ||
| + | | fat=0.1 g | ||
| + | | carbs=1.29 g | ||
| + | | fiber=0.5 g | ||
| + | | sugars=0.2 g | ||
| + | | calcium_mg=120 | ||
| + | | iron_mg=0.2 | ||
| + | | magnesium_mg=21 | ||
| + | | phosphorus_mg=60 | ||
| + | | potassium_mg=330 | ||
| + | | sodium_mg=41 | ||
| + | | manganese_mg=0.244 | ||
| + | | vitC_mg=43 | ||
| + | | thiamin_mg=0.09 | ||
| + | | riboflavin_mg=0.12 | ||
| + | | pantothenic_mg=0.31 | ||
| + | | vitB6_mg=0.129 | ||
| + | | folate_ug=9 | ||
| + | | vitA_ug=160 | ||
| + | | betacarotene_ug=1914 | ||
| + | | lutein_ug=5767 | ||
| + | | vitE_mg=1 | ||
| + | | vitK_ug=250 | ||
| + | | water=95 g | ||
| + | | source_usda = 1 | ||
| + | | note=[http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/3259?fgcd=&manu=&lfacet=&format=Full&count=&max=35&offset=&sort=&qlookup=11591 Full Link to USDA Database entry] | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | Watercress is 95% water and has low contents of [[carbohydrates]], [[protein]], [[fat]], and [[dietary fiber]]. A 100-gram serving of watercress provides 11 [[calories]], is particularly rich in [[vitamin K]], and contains significant amounts of [[vitamin A]], [[vitamin C]], [[riboflavin]], [[vitamin B6]], [[calcium]], and [[manganese]] (table). | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | * [[Fool's watercress]] — ''Apium nodiflorum'' | ||
| + | * [[Garden cress]] | ||
| + | * [[List of vegetables]] | ||
| + | * [[Watercress soup]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| − | + | {{Reflist|2}} | |
| − | + | ==External links== | |
| + | * [https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=22993 ''Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum''] (ITIS) | ||
| + | * [https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/GreatLakes/SpeciesInfo.asp?NoCache=6%2F11%2F2010+12%3A45%3A17+PM&SpeciesID=229&State=&HUCNumber=DGreatLakes/ GLANSIS Species Fact Sheet] | ||
[[Category:Brassicaceae]] | [[Category:Brassicaceae]] | ||
| − | [[Category:Plants | + | [[Category:Herbs]] |
| + | [[Category:Leaf vegetables]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Perennial vegetables]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Plants Keenan has eaten]] | ||
Latest revision as of 14:09, 7 July 2019
| Watercress Nasturtium officinale | |
|---|---|
.JPG)
| |
| Leaves | |
| |
| Flowers | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Brassicales |
| Family: | Brassicaceae |
| Genus: | Nasturtium |
| Species: | N. officinale
|
| Binomial name | |
| Nasturtium officinale | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
|
Synonymy
| |
Watercress is an aquatic plant species with the botanical name Nasturtium officinale. This should not be confused with the profoundly different and unrelated group of plants with the common name of nasturtium, within the genus Tropaeolum.
Watercress is a rapidly growing, aquatic or semi-aquatic, perennial plant native to Europe and Asia, and one of the oldest known leaf vegetables consumed by humans. It is a member of the family Brassicaceae, botanically related to garden cress, mustard, radish, and wasabi—all noteworthy for their piquant flavor.
The hollow stems of watercress will float; the leaf structure is pinnately compound. Small, white and green flowers are produced in clusters and are frequently visited by insects, especially hoverflies such as Eristalis flies.[2]
Taxonomy
Watercress is also listed in some sources as belonging to the genus Rorippa, although molecular evidence shows the aquatic species with hollow stems are more closely related to Cardamine than Rorippa.[3] Despite the Latin name, watercress is not particularly closely related to the flowers popularly known as nasturtiums (Tropaeolum majus); T. majus belongs to the family Tropaeolaceae, a sister taxon to the Brassicaceae within the order Brassicales.
Cultivation
Cultivation of watercress is practical on both a large-scale and a garden-scale. Being semi-aquatic, watercress is well-suited to hydroponic cultivation, thriving best in water that is slightly alkaline. It is frequently produced around the headwaters of chalk streams. In many local markets, the demand for hydroponically grown watercress exceeds supply, partly because cress leaves are unsuitable for distribution in dried form, and can only be stored fresh for a short period.
Watercress can be sold in supermarkets in sealed plastic bags, containing a little moisture and lightly pressurised to prevent crushing of contents. This has allowed national availability with a once-purchased storage life of one to two days in chilled or refrigerated storage.
Also sold as sprouts, the edible shoots are harvested days after germination. If unharvested, watercress can grow to a height of 50 to 120 centimetres (1 1⁄2–4 ft). Like many plants in this family, the foliage of watercress becomes bitter when the plants begin producing flowers.
Concerns
Watercress crops grown in the presence of manure can be an environment for parasites such as the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica.[4] By inhibiting cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1), compounds in watercress may alter drug metabolism in individuals on certain medications such as chlorzoxazone.[5]
Distribution
In some regions, watercress is regarded as a weed, in other regions as an aquatic vegetable or herb. Watercress has been grown in many locations around the world.
In the United Kingdom, watercress was first commercially cultivated in 1808 by the horticulturist William Bradbery, along the River Ebbsfleet in Kent. Watercress is now grown in a number of counties of the United Kingdom, most notably Hertfordshire, Hampshire, Wiltshire and Dorset. The town of Alresford, near Winchester, holds a Watercress Festival that brings in more than 15,000 visitors every year, and a preserved steam railway line has been named after the local crop. In recent years, watercress has become more widely available in the UK, at least in the southeast; it is stocked pre-packed in some supermarkets, as well as fresh by the bunch at farmers' markets and greengrocers.
Alresford in the U.K. is considered to be that nation's watercress capital.[6] In the United States in the 1940s, Huntsville, Alabama, was locally known as the "watercress capital of the world".[7]
Nutrition
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 46 kJ (11 kcal) |
1.29 g | |
| Sugars | 0.2 g |
| Dietary fiber | 0.5 g |
0.1 g | |
2.3 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 20% 160 μg18% 1914 μg5767 μg |
| Thiamine (B1) | 8% 0.09 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 10% 0.12 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 6% 0.31 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 10% 0.129 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 2% 9 μg |
| Vitamin C | 52% 43 mg |
| Vitamin E | 7% 1 mg |
| Vitamin K | 238% 250 μg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 12% 120 mg |
| Iron | 2% 0.2 mg |
| Magnesium | 6% 21 mg |
| Manganese | 12% 0.244 mg |
| Phosphorus | 9% 60 mg |
| Potassium | 7% 330 mg |
| Sodium | 3% 41 mg |
| Other constituents | Quantity |
| Water | 95 g |
| |
| †Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database | |
Watercress is 95% water and has low contents of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and dietary fiber. A 100-gram serving of watercress provides 11 calories, is particularly rich in vitamin K, and contains significant amounts of vitamin A, vitamin C, riboflavin, vitamin B6, calcium, and manganese (table).
See also
- Fool's watercress — Apium nodiflorum
- Garden cress
- List of vegetables
- Watercress soup
References
- ↑ The Plant List, Nasturtium officinale R.Br.
- ↑ Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2016). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID 25754608.
- ↑ Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A.; Price, Robert A. (1998). "Delimitation of the Genus Nasturtium (Brassicaceae)". Novon. 8 (2): 124–6. doi:10.2307/3391978. JSTOR 3391978.
- ↑ "DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasitic Diseases of Public Health Concern: Fascioliasis". US Centers for Disease Control. 29 November 2013.
- ↑ Leclercq, Isabelle; Desager, Jean-Pierre; Horsmans, Yves (1998). "Inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism, a clinical probe for CYP2E1, by a single ingestion of watercress". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 64 (2): 144–9. doi:10.1016/S0009-9236(98)90147-3. PMID 9728894.
- ↑ Peters, Rick (30 March 2010). "Seasonal food: watercress". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- ↑ "Huntsville's Missile Payload", MotherJones.com, July 2001.