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| − | | image = Singapur cherry (Muntingia calabura) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9597.jpg | + | | image = Munting_calab_090826-0301_ith.JPG |
| − | | image_caption = Flower close-up. | + | | image_caption = Flower and fruit |
| | | genus = Muntingia | | | genus = Muntingia |
| | | parent_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | | | parent_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |
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| | |accessdate=27 December 2014}}</ref> | | |accessdate=27 December 2014}}</ref> |
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| − | '''''Muntingia''''' is a genus of plants in the family [[Muntingiaceae]], comprising only one species, '''''Muntingia calabura'''''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Muntingiaceae.htm|title=Neotropical Muntingiaceae - Neotropikey from Kew|website=www.kew.org|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> It is native to the [[Neotropical realm|neotropics]], from Mexico south to Bolivia.
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| − | == Description ==
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| − | ''Muntingia calabura'' is a shrub or [[tree]] up to 12 m tall with spreading branches.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-2534-8_62|title=Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants|last=Lim|first=Dr T. K.|date=2012|publisher=Springer Netherlands|year=|isbn=9789400725331|volume=3|location=|pages=486–492|chapter=Muntingia calabura|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-2534-8_62}}</ref> The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[Phyllotaxis|alternate]], [[Phyllotaxis|distichous]], [[Glossary of leaf morphology|oblong]] or [[Glossary of leaf morphology|lanceolate]], 4–15 cm long and 1–6 cm wide, with toothed margin and covered in short hairs.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAKtI1-kWPwC|title=The Trees of Florida: A Reference and Field Guide|last=Nelson|first=Gil|date=2010|publisher=Pineapple Press Inc|year=|isbn=9781561644759|location=|pages=268–269}}</ref> The [[flower]]s are small (up to 3 cm wide), solitary or in inflorescences of 2-3 flowers; with 5 lanceolate sepals, hairy; 5 obovate white petals; many stamens with yellow anthers and a smooth ovoid ovary.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Smith Jr.|first=C.E.|date=1965|title=Elaeocarpaceae. In: Flora of Panama, part VI|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/20102929#page/513/mode/1up|journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden|volume=52|issue=4|pages=494–495|doi=10.2307/2394991}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Fruit, an edible berry, red at maturity, about 1.5 cm wide.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />[[Image:Singapur cherry Muntingia calabura tree in Secunderabad, AP W IMG 6651.jpg|thumb|A tree in [[Hyderabad, India]]|left|254x254px]]
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| − | == Distribution and habitat ==
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| − | ''M. calabura'' is native to southern [[Mexico]], the [[Caribbean]], [[Central America]], and western [[South America]] south to [[Bolivia]] and [[Argentina]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Florida's Best Fruiting Plants|last=Boning|first=Charles R.|publisher=Pineapple Press, Inc.|year=2006|isbn=|location=Sarasota, Florida|page=111|pages=}}</ref> It is present in tropical climate in disturbed lowland areas from sea level to 1000 m of elevation.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />
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| − | == Ecology ==
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| − | This species colonize disturbed habitats in tropical lowland areas, becoming part of the secondary vegetation, as well as gallery forests.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=http://www.conabio.gob.mx/conocimiento/info_especies/arboles/doctos/32-elaeo1m.pdf|title=Árboles y arbustos potencialmente valiosos para la restauración ecológica y la reforestación. Reporte técnico del proyecto J084.|last=Vázquez-Yanes|first=C.|last2=Batis Muñoz|first2=A. I.|last3=Alcocer Silva|first3=M. I.|last4=Gual Díaz|first4=M.|last5=Sánchez Dirzo|first5=C.|publisher=CONABIO - UNAM|year=1999|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=Spanish|chapter=Muntingia calabura}}</ref> It thrives in poor soil, able to tolerate acidic and alkaline conditions and drought, but doesn't grow on saline conditions.<ref name=":1" />
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| − | The seeds are dispersed by birds and fruit bats.<ref name=":1" />
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| − | Although native to tropical America, ''M. calabura'' has been introduced in Southeast Asia and naturalized there and in other tropical parts of the world.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC|title=Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals)|last=Hanelt|first=Peter|last2=Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research|date=2001|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=|isbn=9783540410171|location=|pages=1560}}</ref>
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| − | == Vernacular names ==
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| − | Common names include:
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| − | [[English language|English]]: calabur tree, capulin, Jamaica cherry, Panama berry, strawberry tree, ornamental cherry, jamfruit tree, Singapore cherry, West Indian cherry.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?24697|title=Muntingia calabura|last=|first=|date=|website=GRIN-Global Web v 1.9.8.2|publisher=U.S. National Plant Germplasm System|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref>
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| − | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: cereza, memiso, nigua, bolaina, capulin blanco; chitato, pasito ([[Colombia]]); yumanaza, cerezo caspi ([[Peru]]).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
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| − | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]: aratiles, datiles, ratiles, latires.<ref name=":1" />
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| − | [[French language|French]]: bois ramier, cerisier de Panama.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
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| − | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: Sarkarai Pala Maram, Seeni pala maram.<ref name=":1" />
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| − | [[Kannada]]: gasagase hannina mara.<ref name=":1" />
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| − | [[Ilocano language|Iloko]]: seresa, zanitas.<ref name=":1" />
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| − | [[Indonesia]]: talok.<ref name=":1" />
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| − | [[Swedish language|Swedish]]: panamabär.<ref name=":2" />
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| − | [[Khmer language|Khmer]]: krakhob barang<ref name=":1" />
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| − | [[Thai language|Thai]]: takhop farang.<ref name=":1" />
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| − | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: trứng cá.<ref name=":1" />
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| − | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: calbura, pao de seda; calabura, curumi, pau de seda ([[Brazil]]).<ref name=":1" />
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| − | [[File:Muntingia calabura (2).JPG|thumb|246x246px|Leaves and fruit.]]
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| − | ==Uses==
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| − | ''M. calabura'' is planted as a source of timber and fuel. Its soft wood used for rural construction, while the bark is fibrous and used for making ropes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />
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| − | The fruits are edible and in some cases sold in markets, as can be eaten raw or processed as jam; leaves can be used for making tea.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> There are also traditional medicinal uses reported for the leaves (headaches, prostate problems, reduce gastric ulcers), bark (antiseptic), flowers (antiseptic, reduce swelling, antispasmodic) and fruits (respiratory problems; antidiarrheic).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mahmood|first=N. D.|last2=Nasir|first2=N. L. M.|last3=Rofiee|first3=M. S.|last4=Tohid|first4=S. F. M.|last5=Ching|first5=S. M.|last6=Teh|first6=L. K.|last7=Salleh|first7=M. Z.|last8=Zakaria|first8=Z. A.|date=2014|title=Muntingia calabura: A review of its traditional uses, chemical properties, and pharmacological observations|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2014.908397|journal=Pharmaceutical Biology|volume=52|issue=12|pages=1598–1623|doi=10.3109/13880209.2014.908397|issn=1388-0209}}</ref>
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| − | It is planted as an ornamental species;<ref name=":4" /> and also because the flowers are a source of nectar and pollen for the beekeeping industry.<ref name=":4" />
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| − | The tree is also planted along river banks in Brazil, as fallen fruits attract fish.<ref name=":0" />
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| − | ''M. calabura'' has a potential as a useful species for restoration of disturbed areas and stop soil erosion.<ref name=":4" /> It also offers shelter for wildlife as it is a source of food for ca. 60 species of birds and mammals.<ref name=":4" />
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| − | == Cultivation ==
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| − | ''M. calabura'' can be propagated from seed, seedlings or cuttings.<ref name=":4" /> In Costa Rica, seeds set in the wet season, but require conditions of light and temperature found in forest gaps.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGJL_Ys6wlQC|title=Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination|last=Baskin|first=Carol C.|last2=Baskin|first2=Jerry M.|date=2001|publisher=Elsevier|year=|isbn=9780120802630|location=|pages=259, 275}}</ref> In a test where seeds were placed in wet paper towel, at 25 °C a total of 44% of seeds germinated in white light, while none germinated in dark conditions.<ref name=":6" />
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | {{Reflist}} | | {{Reflist}} |
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| − | ==External links==
| + | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} |
| − | *[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=MUCA4 USDA Plants Profile: ''Muntingia calabura'']
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| − | *[http://www.stuartxchange.org/Aratiles.html Aratiles]
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| − | *[http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/muntingia_calabura.htm Pacific Island Ecosystems: ''Muntingia calabura'']
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| − | *[https://www.jstor.org/pss/4252085 Claude Lévi-Strauss: The use of wild plants in tropical South America]
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q1915507}} | |
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| − | [[Category:Monotypic Malvales genera]] | + | [[Category:Muntingiaceae]] |
| − | [[Category:Trees of Hispaniola]] | + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | [[Category:Trees of the Bahamas]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of Belize]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of Bolivia]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of Costa Rica]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of Cuba]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of Ecuador]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of El Salvador]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of Guatemala]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of Honduras]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of Jamaica]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of Mexico]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of Nicaragua]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of Panama]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of Peru]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of Trinidad and Tobago]]
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| − | [[Category:Malvales]]
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