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| | |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=grin> ''Calophyllum inophyllum'' was first described and published in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' 1:513. 1753. {{GRIN | accessdate=26 April 2012}}</ref> | | |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=grin> ''Calophyllum inophyllum'' was first described and published in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' 1:513. 1753. {{GRIN | accessdate=26 April 2012}}</ref> |
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| − | {{lead too short|date=July 2016}}
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| − | '''''Calophyllum inophyllum''''' is a large [[evergreen]] plant, commonly called '''Alexandrian laurel'''<ref name=grin/><ref>{{cite book|author=Mabberley, D.J.|year=1997|title=The plant book: A portable dictionary of the vascular plants|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}}</ref> '''balltree''',<ref name=grin/> '''beach calophyllum''',<ref name=grin/> '''beach touriga''',<ref name=grin/> '''beautyleaf''',<ref name=grin/> '''Borneo-mahogany''',<ref name=grin/> '''Indian doomba oiltree''',<ref name=grin/> '''Indian-laurel''',<ref name=grin/> '''laurelwood''',<ref name=grin/> '''red poon''',<ref name=Nature&Nation>{{cite book|author=Kathirithamby-Wells, J.|year=2005|title=Nature and nation: Forests and Development in Peninsular Malaysia|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|page=xvi,34}}</ref> '''satin touriga''',<ref name=grin/> and '''tacamahac-tree'''.<ref name=grin/> It is native from [[East Africa]], southern coastal [[India]] to [[Malesia]] and [[Australia]].
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| − | ==Description==
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| − | [[File:CalophyllumInophyllum.jpg|left|thumb|Leaves]]
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| − | ''Calophyllum inophyllum'' is a low-branching and slow-growing tree with a broad and irregular crown. It usually reaches {{convert|8|to|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height. The flower is {{convert|25|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide and occurs in [[raceme|racemose]] or [[panicle|paniculate]] [[inflorescence]]s consisting of four to 15 flowers. Flowering can occur year-round, but usually two distinct flowering periods are observed, in late spring and in late autumn. The fruit (the ballnut) is a round, green [[drupe]] reaching {{convert|2|to|4|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter and having a single large seed. When ripe, the fruit is wrinkled and its color varies from yellow to brownish-red.
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| − | ==Distribution and habitat==
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| − | ''Calophyllum inophyllum'' is native to Africa in: [[Comoros]]; [[Kenya]]; [[Madagascar]]; [[Mauritius]]; [[Mozambique]]; [[Seychelles]]; [[Tanzania]] (including [[Pemba Island]] of the [[Zanzibar Archipelago]]); south, southeast and east Asia in: [[Bangladesh]];<ref>https://florafaunaweb.nparks.gov.sg/Special-Pages/plant-detail.aspx?id=2774</ref><ref>http://www.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/article/1314676/সুলতান-চাঁপার-নানা-গুণ</ref> [[Cambodia]]; [[China]] (on [[Hainan]]); southern India; Andaman and Nicobar Islands [[Indonesia]]; [[Japan]] ([[Ryukyu Islands]]); [[Malaysia]]; [[Myanmar]]; [[Papua New Guinea]]; the [[Philippines]]; [[Sri Lanka]]; [[Taiwan]]; [[Thailand]]; [[Vietnam]]; the northwestern, southwestern and south central Pacific Region in: the [[Cook Islands]]; [[Fiji]]; [[French Polynesia]] ([[Marquesas Islands|Marquesas]] and [[Society Islands]]); [[Guam]]; the [[Marshall Islands]]; [[Micronesia]]; the [[Northern Mariana Islands]]; [[Palau]]; and [[Samoa]]; and in Australia in: [[Northern Territory]] and [[Queensland]].<ref name=grin/>
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| − | [[File:Calophyllum inophyllum, SBG.jpg|thumb|Heritage tree, Penaga Laut (''Calophyllum inophyllum'') at Singapore Botanic Gardens]]
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| − | Now, it is widely cultivated in all [[tropical]] regions of the world.<ref name=grin/> Because of its decorative [[leaf|leaves]], fragrant [[flower]]s, and spreading crown, it is best known as an [[ornamental plant]].<ref name=grin/>
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| − | This tree often grows in [[coast]]al regions, as well as nearby [[lowland]] [[forest]]s. However, it has also been cultivated successfully in inland areas at moderate altitudes. It tolerates varied kinds of [[soil]], coastal [[sand]], [[clay]], or even degraded soil.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}
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| − | ==Uses==
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| − | {{Refimprove section|date=September 2015}}
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| − | Besides being a popular ornamental plant, its wood is hard and strong and has been used in construction or boatbuilding. Traditional Pacific Islanders used ''Calophyllum'' wood to construct the [[keel]] of their [[canoe]]s while the boat sides were made from [[breadfruit]] (''Artocarpus altilis'') wood. It is sometimes used for backs and sides of entry-level [[acoustic guitars]].
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| − | The [[seed]]s yield a thick, dark green [[tamanu oil]] for medicinal use or hair grease.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Healing Trail: Essential Oils of Madagascar |author= Georges M. Halpern |edition= illustrated |publisher= Basic Health Publications, Inc. |year= 2002}}</ref> The nuts are dried before cracking, after which the oil-laden kernel is removed and further dried. The first [[neoflavone]] isolated from natural sources (1951) was [[calophyllolide]] from ''C. inophyllum'' seeds.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/j762753781769322/ Neoflavones. 1. Natural Distribution and Spectral and Biological Properties. M. M. Garazd, Ya. L. Garazd and V. P. Khilya, Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Volume 39, Number 1 / janvier 2003.]</ref>
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| − | The [[Mavilan]], a [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking tribe in north [[Kerala]] in India, use the bark to make a powder that they mix with water and apply it to plants affected by a type of plant disease caused by water that they call ''neeru vembu''.<ref>[http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T%20&%20T/T%20&%20T-08-0-000-10-Web/T%20&%20T-08-2-000-10-Abst-PDF/T%20&%20T-08-2-103-10-171-Suresh-K-P/T&T-8-2-103-10-171-Suresh-K-P-Tt.pdf Suresh, K. P. (2010). Indigenous Agricultural Practices among Mavilan Tribe in North Kerala.]</ref>
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| − | The sap of the tree is poisonous and is used to make poison arrows in Samoa.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} The mature fruit is poisonous enough to use as rat bait.
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| − | The [[fatty acid methyl ester]]s derived from [[Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil|''C. inophyllum'' seed oil]] meets the major [[biodiesel]] requirements in the [[United States]] ([[ASTM International|ASTM]] D 6751), and [[European Union]] ([[European Committee for Standardization|EN]] 14214). The average oil yield is 11.7 kg-oil/tree or 4680 kg-oil/hectare. In the northwest coastal areas of Luzon island in Philippines, the oil was used for night lamps. This widespread use started to decline when kerosene became available, and later on electricity. It was also used as fuel to generate electricity to provide power for radios during World War II.
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| − | The tree is regarded as sacred in some Pacific islands because of its excellent growth in sandy soil as shade tree and many uses. The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that "During a debate on the Pearl Fisheries Bill in the Queensland Assembly, a clause was specially inserted to protect trees of this species at Thursday Island. A fine of £10 is inflicted on any person who cuts down or injures this or a cocoa-nut tree, or any other tree bearing edible fruit. This clause is, of course, in the
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| − | interest of the aboriginals.".<ref>{{cite book | author=J. H. Maiden | year=1889 | title=The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania | publisher= Turner and Henderson, Sydney | url=https://primo-slnsw.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=SLNSW_ALMA21105097830002626&context=L&vid=SLNSW&search_scope=EEA&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US}}</ref>
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | {{Reflist}} | | {{Reflist}} |
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| − | ==External links==
| + | [[Category:Calophyllaceae]] |
| − | *{{Commonscat-inline|Calophyllum inophyllum}}
| + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | *{{AfricanPlants|Calophyllum inophyllum}}
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q311471}}
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| − | [[Category:Calophyllum|inophyllum]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of the Pacific]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of Australia]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of China]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of the Western Indian Ocean]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of Japan]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Kenya]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Mozambique]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of the Northern Territory]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of the Ryukyu Islands]] | |
| − | [[Category:Trees of Taiwan]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Tanzania]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of the Zanzibar Archipelago]]
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| − | [[Category:Malpighiales of Australia]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants described in 1753]] | |
| − | [[Category:Least concern biota of Asia]]
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| − | [[Category:Least concern flora of Oceania]]
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| − | [[Category:Least concern flora of Australia]]
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| − | [[Category:Least concern biota of Queensland]]
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| − | [[Category:Ornamental trees]]
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