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| − | '''''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis''''', known colloquially as '''Chinese hibiscus''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | accessdate=2 August 2014}}</ref> '''China rose''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''Hawaiian hibiscus''',<ref name=GRIN/>, '''rose mallow'''<ref name = RHSPF/> and '''shoeblackplant''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/870/hibiscus-rosa-sinensis-chinese-hibiscus/|title=Hibiscus rosa-sinensis - Chinese Hibiscus, Shoeblackplant, Tropical Hibiscus, Red Hibiscus - Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers|work=wildlifeofhawaii.com}}</ref> is a [[species]] of tropical hibiscus, a [[flowering plant]] in the [[Hibisceae]] [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] of the [[family (biology)|family]] Malvaceae, native to East Asia.
| + | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} |
| − | {{multiple image
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| − | | width = 120
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| − | | footer = Example: two crosses of 'King Kalakua' and 'Mystic Pink'. The photographs demonstrate that the flowers of the offspring plants have almost no color characteristics of the parent plants, and few of the physical characteristics.
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| − | | image1 = KingKalakua01.JPG
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| − | | alt1 = Solid red flower
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| − | | caption1 = Pollen parent
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| − | | image2 = MysticPink01.jpg
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| − | | alt2 = Pink and white flower
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| − | | caption2 = Pod parent
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| − | | image3 = PeppersSuprise01.JPG
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| − | | alt3 = Yellow and pink flower
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| − | | caption3 = One offspring
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| − | | image4 = Timeless01.jpg
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| − | | alt4 = White flower
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| − | | caption4 = Another offspring
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| − | }}
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| | | | |
| − | == Nomenclature == | + | ==References== |
| − | ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' was named in 1753 by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his ''Species Plantarum''.<ref name=L>{{cite book | first=Carl |last=Linnaeus | title=Species Plantarum | volume=2 |page=694 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358715#page/136/mode/1up }}</ref> The Latin term ''rosa-sinensis'' literally means "rose of China", though it is not closely related to the true roses.<ref name=RHSLG>{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Lorraine|title=RHS Latin for gardeners|year=2012|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=9781845337315|pages=224}}</ref>
| + | {{reflist}} |
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| − | == Description ==
| + | [[Category:Malvaceae]] |
| − | ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' is a bushy, [[evergreen]] [[shrub]] or small [[tree]] growing {{convert|2.5|-|5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall and {{convert|1.5|-|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} wide, with glossy leaves and solitary, brilliant red flowers in summer and autumn. The 5-petaled flowers are {{convert|10|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, with prominent orange-tipped red [[anthers]].<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1405332964|pages=1136}}</ref>
| + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | [[File:Chinarose1.jpg|thumb|China Rose]]
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| − | | |
| − | == Vegetative characters ==
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| − | The root is a branched [[tap root]]. The stem is aerial, erect, green, cylindrical and branched. The leaf is simple, with alternate ''phyllotaxy'' and is [[petiole (botany)|petiolate]]. The leaf shape is ovate, the tip is acute and margin is serrated. ''Venation'' is [[reticulate|unicostate reticulate]]. (Venation is branched or divergent.) Free lateral [[stipule]]s are present.
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| − | | |
| − | == Floral characters ==
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| − | {{Technical|section|date=September 2016}}
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| − | The flower is
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| − | * Complete (bisexual),
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| − | * Actinomorphic,
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| − | * Bracteate or ebracteate,
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| − | * Bracteolate or ebracteolate,
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| − | * Pedicellate,
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| − | * Dichlamydeous,
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| − | * Regular,
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| − | * Pentamerous,
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| − | * Hypogynous - with superior Ovary, and
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| − | * Solitary.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}
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| − | | |
| − | It can bloom all year round
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| − | | |
| − | === [[Floral formula]] ===
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| − | | |
| − | Br,Brl,☿,K5,[C5 A∞],G5-Superior Hypogynous with twisted Astevation
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| − | [[File:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis displaying unique flower parts.jpg|thumb|Hibiscus flower displaying the Petals, Style, Stigma and Anthers prominently. Sepals of the Calyx (in the flower) are hidden behind the petals while they can seen nearby of a fallen flower.]]
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| − | | |
| − | == Ecology ==
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| − | Despite its size and red hues, which are attractive to [[nectarivore]] birds, it is not visited regularly by [[hummingbird]]s when grown in the [[Neotropics]]. [[Generalist and specialist species|Generalist species]], like the [[sapphire-spangled emerald]], ''Amazilia lactea'', or long-billed species, like the [[stripe-breasted starthroat]], ''Heliomaster squamosus'', are occasionally seen to visit it, however.<ref>Baza Mendonça & dos Anjos (2005)</ref> In the subtropical and temperate [[Americas]], hummingbirds are regularly attracted to it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tropicalplantbook.com/garden_plants/hibiscus_species/pages/hibiscus_rosa-sinensis.htm|title=Hibiscus rosa-sinensis|work=tropicalplantbook.com}}</ref>
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| − | The endangered ''[[Papilio homerus]]'' butterfly, the largest in the western hemisphere, is known to feed on the nectar of the Hibiscus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lehnert|first=Matthew S.|last2=Kramer|first2=Valerie R.|last3=Rawlins|first3=John E.|last4=Verdecia|first4=Vanessa|last5=Daniels|first5=Jaret C.|date=2017-07-10|title=Jamaica’s Critically Endangered Butterfly: A Review of the Biology and Conservation Status of the Homerus Swallowtail (Papilio (Pterourus) homerus Fabricius)|url=http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/8/3/68|journal=Insects|language=en|volume=8|issue=3|pages=68|doi=10.3390/insects8030068}}</ref>
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| − | [[File:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Brilliant' stigmas and stamens in private Austrian garden on 2014-09-20.png|thumb|The [[stamen]]s of the flower are partly fused into a cylinder that surrounds the style]]
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| − | | |
| − | == Genetics ==
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| − | ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' is one of many plant species with a genetic characteristic known as [[polyploidy]], in which there are more than two complete sets of chromosomes, unlike most other species.<ref name="Hibiscus rosa-sinensis">{{cite web|title=IPCN Chromosome Reports|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/19600046?projectid=9}}</ref> A side effect of polyploidy is a condition where the [[phenotype]] of the offspring may be quite different from the parent, or indeed any ancestor, essentially allowing possibly random expression of all (or any) of the characteristics of all the generations that have gone before. Because of this characteristic, ''H. rosa-sinensis'' has become popular with hobbyists who cross and recross varieties, creating new named varieties and holding competitions to exhibit and judge the many resulting new seedlings and often strikingly unique flowers.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}
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| − | | |
| − | == Uses ==
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| − | [[File:Hibiscus 01.jpg|thumb|A white cultivar]]
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| − | The flowers of ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' are edible and are used in salads in the [[Pacific Islands]].{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} The flower is additionally used in hair care as a preparation. It is also used to shine shoes in certain parts of [[India]]. It can also be used as a pH indicator. When used, the flower turns acidic solutions to a dark pink or magenta color and basic solutions to green. It is also used for the worship of [[Devi]], and the red variety is especially prominent, having an important part in [[tantra]]. In [[Indonesia]], these flowers are called "kembang sepatu", which literally means "shoe flower". In several countries the flowers are dried to use in a beverage, usually [[Hibiscus tea|tea]].
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| − | [[File:Pink Hibiscus Venkat.jpg|right|thumb|Pink Hibiscus in South India]]
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| − | ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' is considered to have a number of medical uses in [[Chinese herbology]].<ref>[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php? Plants for a Future: ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis''.]</ref> It may have some potential in cosmetic skin care; for example, an extract from the flowers of ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' has been shown to function as an anti-solar agent by absorbing [[ultraviolet radiation]].<ref>[http://www.rjptonline.org/RJPT/RJPT_4_3_2011_Abstract.pdf Nevade Sidram A., Sachin G. Lokapure and N.V. Kalyane. 2011. Study on anti-solar activity of ehanolic extract of flower of ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' Linn. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 4(3): 472-473.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524024042/http://www.rjptonline.org/RJPT/RJPT_4_3_2011_Abstract.pdf |date=24 May 2013 }}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | == Cultivation ==
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| − | It is widely grown as an [[ornamental plant]] throughout the [[tropics]] and [[subtropics]]. As it does not tolerate temperatures below {{convert|10|C|F|abbr=on}}, in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions it is best grown under glass. However, plants in containers may be placed outside during the summer months or moved into shelter during the winter months.<ref name=RHSAZ /><ref>{{cite web|last=Gast |first=Ross H. |title=The Cultural Potential of the Hibiscus to Southern California |url=http://www.arboretum.org/index.php/news/the_cultural_potential_of_the_hibiscus_to_southern_california |publisher=The Arboretum - arboretum.org |accessdate=March 29, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225013002/http://www.arboretum.org/index.php/news/the_cultural_potential_of_the_hibiscus_to_southern_california |archivedate=25 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
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| − | Numerous [[variety (botany)|varieties]], [[cultivar]]s, and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] are available, with flower colors ranging from white through yellow and orange to scarlet and shades of pink, with both single and double sets of petals. The cultivar 'Cooperi' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' 'Cooperi'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5351}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 48
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| − | | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 3 March 2018}}</ref>
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| − | == National symbol ==
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| − | [[File:Taiwan hibiscus.jpg|right|thumb|A dark pink cultivar]]
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| − | ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' is the national flower of [[Malaysia]], called ''Bunga Raya'' in [[Malay language|Malay]]. Introduced into the [[Malay Peninsula]] in the 12th century, it was nominated as the national flower in the year 1958 by the Ministry of Agriculture amongst a few other flowers, namely [[Ylang Ylang|ylang ylang]], [[jasmine]], [[lotus (plant)|lotus]], [[rose]], [[magnolia]], and [[Mimusops elengi|medlar]]. On 28 July 1960, it was declared by the government of Malaysia that ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' would be the national flower.
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| − | The word ''bunga'' in Malay means "flower", while ''raya'' in Malay means "celebratory" or "grand". The ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' is literally known as the "celebratory flower" in Malay. The red of the petals symbolizes the courage, life, and rapid growth of the Malaysian, and the five petals represent the five ''[[Rukunegara|Rukun Negara]]'' of Malaysia. The flower can be found imprinted on the notes and coins of the [[Malaysian ringgit]].
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| − | | |
| − | == Cultural references ==
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| − | *In March 1987 [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea|DPR Korea]] issued a [[postage stamp]] depicting ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis''.
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| − | *On 7 October 2012, [[Sri Lanka]] too, issued [http://www.srilankastamps.lk/lankaNewIssues/2012/FlowersSriLanka.html a stamp set of four] and one of it carried a ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' flower.
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| − | | |
| − | == Gallery ==
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| − | Cultivars with flowers of many colours are used as ornamental plants. Some are double or have differently shaped petals.
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| − | <gallery mode=packed>
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| − | File:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Brilliant' flower in private Austrian garden on 2014-09-20.png
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| − | File:Chemparathy Poovu .jpg
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| − | File:Orange Hibiscus1.jpg
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| − | File:Starr 070313-5691 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.jpg
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| − | File:Hibiscus A.JPG
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| − | File:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 'Rainbow Sherbet' flower in private Austrian garden on 2014-09-20.png
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| − | File:3935 - Chinesischer Roseneibisch (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis).JPG
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| − | File:Yellow red Hibiscus.jpg
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| − | File:Hibiscus (5).jpg
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| − | File:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis white-pink.jpg
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| − | File:Shoe Flower Dehradun 2009.jpg
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| − | File:Pink Hibiscus at Sakherbazar ,Kolkata.jpg|
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| − | File:Starr 061223-2694 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.jpg
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| − | File:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in Zijderveld, the Netherlands.JPG
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| − | File:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower in private Austrian garden on 2016-03-20.png
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| − | File:Closeup of multi color Hibiscus at Sakherbazar, Kolkata.jpg
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| − | File:Hibiscus At Kerala.jpg
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | | |
| − | == See also ==
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| − | *[[Hibiscus tea]]
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| − | *[[Hibiscus]]
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| − | | |
| − | == Footnotes ==
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| − | {{Reflist|30em}}
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| − | | |
| − | == References ==
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| − | * {{aut|Baza Mendonça, Luciana & dos Anjos, Luiz}} (2005): Beija-flores (Aves, Trochilidae) e seus recursos florais em uma área urbana do Sul do Brasil [Hummingbirds (Aves, Trochilidae) and their flowers in an urban area of southern Brazil]. [Portuguese with English abstract] ''Revista Brasileira de Zoologia'' '''22'''(1): 51–59. <small>{{doi|10.1590/S0101-81752005000100007}}</small> [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v22n1/a07v22n1.pdf PDF fulltext]
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| − | * {{ITIS |id=21616 |taxon=''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis''}}
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| − | * The International Hibiscus Society ([http://www.internationalhibiscussociety.org])
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| − | * The American Hibiscus Society ([http://americanhibiscus.org]),([http://www.trop-hibiscus.com])
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| − | * The Australian Hibiscus Society Inc. ([http://www.australianhibiscus.com])
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| − | * Hibiscusmania (France) ([http://hibiscusmania.free.fr])
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| − | * Hibiscusfreunde (Germany) ([http://www.hibiscusweb.de])
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| − | * Hibiscus Forrest (Hungary) ([http://www.hibiscusforrest.com])
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| − | * Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Chinese) (http://baike.baidu.com/view/181048.htm)
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| − | | |
| − | ==External links==
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| − | {{Commons category|position=left|Hibiscus rosa-sinensis}}
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| − | | |
| − | {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}
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| − | {{Malaysia topics}}
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q159534}}
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| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Hibiscus|rosa-sinensis]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of East Asia]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Southeast Asia]]
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| − | [[Category:Flowers]]
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| − | [[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
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| − | [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
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| − | [[Category:Invasive plant species]]
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| − | [[Category:Invasive plant species in the United States]]
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| − | [[Category:National symbols of Malaysia]]
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