|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{For|the Theodor Storm novella|Viola Tricolor (novella)}}
| |
| − | {{redirect|Heartsease|the settlements|Heartsease, Powys|and|Heartsease Estate, Norwich}}
| |
| | {{Speciesbox | | {{Speciesbox |
| | |name = Heartsease | | |name = Heartsease |
| Line 9: |
Line 7: |
| | }} | | }} |
| | | | |
| − | '''''Viola tricolor''''', Also known as '''Johnny Jump up''' (though this name is also applied to similar species such as the yellow pansy), '''heartsease''', '''heart's ease''', '''heart's delight''', '''tickle-my-fancy''', '''Jack-jump-up-and-kiss-me''', '''come-and-cuddle-me''', '''three faces in a hood''', or '''love-in-idleness''', is a common European wild flower, growing as an [[Annual plant|annual]] or short-lived [[Perennial plant|perennial]]. It has been [[introduced species|introduced]] into North America, where it has spread. It is the progenitor of the cultivated [[pansy]], and is therefore sometimes called '''wild pansy'''; before the cultivated pansies were developed, "pansy" was an alternative name for the wild form. It can produce up to 50 seeds at a time.
| + | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} |
| − | [[Image:Viola tricolor LC0041.jpg|left|thumb|Flowers of Viola tricolor|alt=Heartsease flowers.]]
| |
| | | | |
| − | ==Description==
| + | [[Category:Violaceae]] |
| − | ''Viola tricolor'' is a small plant of creeping and ramping{{efn|It can hoist itself as much as a meter into a dense tangle of other growth.}} habit, reaching at most 15 cm in height, with flowers about 1.5 cm in diameter. It grows in short grassland on farms and wasteland, chiefly on acid or neutral soils. It is usually found in partial shade.
| + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | | |
| − | It flowers from April to September (in the northern hemisphere). The flowers can be purple, blue, yellow or white. They are [[hermaphrodite]] and self-fertile, pollinated by bees.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Traditional uses==
| |
| − | As some of its names imply,{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} ''heartsease'' has a long history of use in [[herbalism]]. It has been recommended, among other uses, for epilepsy, asthma, skin diseases, and eczema.<ref>{{cite web|author=Maude Grieve|url=http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/h/hearts10.html|title=Heartsease|website=Botanical.com}}</ref> ''V. tricolor'' has a history in [[traditional medicine|folk medicine]] of helping respiratory problems such as bronchitis, asthma, and cold symptoms.<ref>Rimkiene S. Ragazinskiene O. Savickiene N. (2003). The cumulation of wild pansy (Viola tricolor L.) accessions: The possibility of species preservation and usage in medicine. ''Medicina (Kaunas)'', 39(4):411-416.</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | It has expectorant properties, and so has been used in the treatment of chest complaints such as bronchitis and whooping cough.{{medcn|date=December 2010}} It is also a [[diuretic]],<ref>Toiu A., Muntean E., Oniga I., Vostinaru O., & Tamas M. (2009). Pharmacognostic research on Viola tricolor L. (Violaceae). ''Revista Medico-Chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici Si Naturalisti Din Iasi'', ''113'' (1):264–267 (Jan–Mar 2009).</ref> leading to its use in treating rheumatism and cystitis.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nvGBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA815|author=T. K. Lim|title=Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 8, Flowers|publisher=Springer|year=2014|page=815|doi=10.1007/978-94-017-8748-5|isbn=978-94-017-8747-5|lccn=2014936737}}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | The flowers have also been used to make yellow, green and blue-green dyes,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zb36AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT332|author=Terry Breverton|title=Breverton's Complete Herbal|publisher=|year=2011|page=332|isbn=978-1-62365-350-7}}</ref> while the leaves can be used to [[PH indicator|indicate acidity]].{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Roman mythology==
| |
| − | According to [[Roman mythology]], the wild pansy turned into the Love-in-idleness as [[Cupid]] shot one of his arrows at the imperial votaress, but missed and instead struck it. As [[Cupid]] is the god of desire, affection and erotic love, the flower’s juice received the trait, to act as a love potion. Its name relates to the use of the flower, as it is often used for idleness or vileness acts.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Literature==
| |
| − | Long before cultivated pansies were [[Pansy#Origin|released into the trade in 1839]], ''V. tricolor'' was associated with thought in the "[[language of flowers]]", often by its alternative name of ''pansy'' (from the French ''pensée'' “thought”{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}): hence Ophelia's often quoted line in Shakespeare's ''[[Hamlet]]'', "There's pansies, that's for thoughts". (What Shakespeare had in mind was ''V. tricolor'', the wild pansy, not a modern garden pansy.)
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===A Midsummer Night's Dream===
| |
| − | Shakespeare makes a more direct reference, probably to ''V. tricolor''{{efn|The other candidate is "Love-in-a-Mist" or ''[[Nigella]]'', a common garden plant of Shakespeare's day, varying in colour from white through pinks to an almost true blue.<ref>Bull, Henry. (1890). Love in Idleness (''Nigella''). ''Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club 1883–1885'', pp. 61 ff.</ref>}} in ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]''. [[Oberon]] sends [[Puck (Shakespeare)|Puck]] to gather "a little western flower that maidens call love-in-idleness". Oberon's account is that he diverted an arrow from Cupid's bow aimed at "a fair [[Vestal Virgin|vestal]], throned by the west" (supposedly Queen Elizabeth I) to fall upon the plant "before milk-white, now purple with love's wound". The "imperial vot'ress" passes on "fancy-free", destined never to fall in love.
| |
| − | | |
| − | In Act II and III, [[Oberon]]’s and [[Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)|Puck]]’s intervention with the magic love potion of the flower, they can control the fates of various characters, but also speed up the process of falling in and out of love, so that the actual romances of the lovers and their love itself appears to become very comical. Shakespeare uses the flower to provide the essential dramatic and comical features for his play. Besides that the love potion gained from the flower, does not only interfere with the lovers fates, but also gives the play structure as it affects the lovers' romances drastically, as it at first upsets the balance of love and creates asymmetrical love among the four Athenian lovers. The fact that this flower introduces magical love to this play creates the potential for many possible outcomes for this play.
| |
| − | | |
| − | The juice of the ''heartsease'' now, claims Oberon, "on sleeping eyelids laid, Will make or man or woman madly dote Upon the next live creature that it sees." Equipped with such powers, Oberon and Puck control the fates of various characters in the play to provide Shakespeare's essential dramatic and comic structure for the play.
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{Quote box|
| |
| − | Yet mark'd I where the bolt of Cupid fell:<br>
| |
| − | It fell upon a little western flower,<br>
| |
| − | Before, milk-white, now purple with love's wound,<br>
| |
| − | And maidens call it love-in-idleness.
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' (Act 2, Scene 1)
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | | |
| − | The '''love-in-idleness''' was originally a white flower, struck by one of Cupid’s arrows, which turned it purple and gave it its magic love potion. When dripped onto someone's eyelids this love potion causes an individual to fall madly in love with the next person they see. In ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'', William Shakespeare uses this flower as a plot device to introduce the comical disturbance and chaos of love, but also to highlight the irrationality of romantic love. Here love is depicted as a sort of benevolent affliction. Shakespeare presents love to be something contradicting to one’s normal feelings and ideas. However he also depicts the fact that those can lead to foolish and hurtful things and present the idea that love can also end in tragedy. The play shows that love can be a source of comedy as easily as of tragedy and therefore show that the power that the love potion from the Love-in-idleness inherits is beyond the comprehension of the fairies and mortals. In the end, the love-in-idleness nectar is used to restore all romances in the play to their original states (including Demetrius' prior affections for Helena before he turned to Hermia.)
| |
| − | | |
| − | The effects of the love-in-idleness can be very dramatic and tragic, no matter if the intentions were right. The play reaches its point at which [[Demetrius]] and [[Lysander]] are trying to kill one another. Although [[Hermia]] and [[Helena (A Midsummer Night's Dream)|Helena]] are not trying to kill one another, they are suffering from the rejection of their lovers and considerable verbal abuse. However this still happened at a very comical level as the lovers were not aware of their situation. Again the more they were trying to present the dramatic side of love, the hate, jealousy and anger, the less they became serious and so their anger turned unreal. In the end love is not denied and the lovers are back together. Nevertheless, Shakespeare ends the lover’s story as a comedy, with the inclusion of several tragic and dramatic moments. This is supposed to show that love can be a source of comedy as easily as of tragedy and therefore show that the power that the love potion from the '''Love-in-idleness''' inherits is beyond the comprehension of the fairies and mortals.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===The Taming of the Shrew===
| |
| − | Shakespeare mentions it in his play ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'' where Luciento claims he found the effect of love-in-idleness - alluding to its qualities to simulate the effects of love.
| |
| − | {{Quotation|
| |
| − | O Tranio! till I found it to be true,<br>
| |
| − | I never thought it possible or likely;<br>
| |
| − | But see, while idly I stood looking on,<br>
| |
| − | I found the effect of love in idleness;<br>
| |
| − | And now in plainness do confess to thee,<br>
| |
| − | That art to me as secret and as dear<br>
| |
| − | As Anna to the Queen of Carthage was,<br>
| |
| − | Tranio, I burn, I pine, I perish, Tranio,<br>
| |
| − | If I achieve not this young modest girl.
| |
| − | |
| |
| − | ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'' ([[s:The Taming of the Shrew#SCENE I. Padua. A public place.|Act 1, Scene 1]])
| |
| − | }}Rossetti uses heartsease as a metaphor of growing older as her confidence and her vision increases. The heartsease is known as love-lies-bleeding which is a type of the inseparability of the pain of living and the love of Christ. The garden was adorn with the flower which served as the speaker’s life. The “weed” represents the sins of the speaker’s life. However at the end, the speaker pleads her pain and waits her judgment.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Heartsease I found, where Love-lies-bleeding
| |
| − | | |
| − | Empurpled all the ground:
| |
| − | | |
| − | Whatever flowers I missed unheeding,
| |
| − | | |
| − | Heartsease I found.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Yet still my garden mound
| |
| − | | |
| − | Stood sore in need of watering, weeding,
| |
| − | | |
| − | And binding growths unbound.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Ah, when shades fell to light succeeding
| |
| − | | |
| − | I scarcely dared look round:
| |
| − | | |
| − | ‘Love-lies-bleeding’ was all my pleading,
| |
| − | | |
| − | Heartsease I found.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Literature and Theology|last=Frith|first=Richard|date=1 March 2014|pages=29–44}}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Chemicals==
| |
| − | [[File:Heartsease in a Norwegian flower bed.jpg|thumb|400px|right|''Viola tricolor'' in a Norwegian flowerbed]]
| |
| − | ''V. tricolor'' is one of many viola plant species containing [[cyclotides]]. These small [[peptides]] have proven to be useful in drug development due to their size and structure giving rise to high stability. Many cyclotides, found in ''Viola tricolor'' are [[cytotoxic]].<ref name=Tang>Tang J., Wang C.K., Pan X., Yan H., Zeng G., Xu W., He W., Daly N.L., Craik D.J., Tan N. "Isolation and characterization of cytotoxic cyclotides from ''Viola tricolor''", ''Peptides'' 2010 31:8 (1434-1440)</ref> This feature means that it could be used to treat [[cancers]].<ref>Erika Svangård, Ulf Göransson, Zozan Hocaoglu, Joachim Gullbo, Rolf Larsson,, Per Claeson and Lars Bohlin, 2004. "Cytotoxic Cyclotides from Viola tricolor" ''Journal of Natural Products'' '''67''' (2), 144-147</ref><ref name=Tang/>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Heartsease contains flavonoid, which is a colorless crystalline compound<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Biology (7 ed.)|last=Hine and Martin|first=Robert and Elizabeth|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|isbn=9780198714378}}</ref>, that is proven to be useful in prophylaxis, which is actions taken to prevent diseases, and in treatment of cardiovascular problems, complications of diabetes, inflammations, immune disorders, and liver problems, just to list a few indications.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pharmacology & Therapeutics|last=Havsteen|first=Bent H|date=November–December 2002|pages=67-202}}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Extracts from the plant are [[anti-microbial]].<ref>Witkowska-Banaszczak E, Bylka W, Matławska I, Goślińska O, Muszyński Z, "Antimicrobial activity of Viola tricolor herb". ''[[Fitoterapia]]'' 76(5):458-461, 2005 Jul.</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | V. tricolor extract had anti-inflammatory effect in acute inflammation induced in male [[Wistar rats]].<ref>Toiu A. Parvu AE. Oniga I. Tamas M."Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of alcoholic extract from Viola tricolor.", Revista Medico-Chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici Si Naturalisti Din Iasi. 111(2):525-9, 2007 Apr-Jun.</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | The plant, especially the flowers, contain [[antioxidants]] and are edible.<ref>Vukics V. Kery A. Guttman A."Analysis of polar antioxidants in Heartsease (Viola tricolor L.) and Garden pansy (Viola x wittrockiana Gams.)". ''Journal of Chromatographic Science''. 46(9):823-7, 2008 Oct.</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Plants contain [[aglycones]]: [[apigenin]], chrysoeriol, [[isorhamnetin]], [[kaempferol]], [[luteolin]], [[quercetin]]<ref>Vukics V. Ringer T. Kery A. Bonn GK. Guttman.,"Analysis of heartsease (Viola tricolor L.) flavonoid glycosides by micro-liquid chromatography coupled to multistage mass spectrometry." ''A. Journal of Chromatography.'' A. 1206(1):11-20, 2008 Oct 3.</ref> and [[rutin]].<ref>Vukics V. Toth BH. Ringer T. Ludanyi K. Kery A. Bonn GK. Guttman A.,"Quantitative and qualitative investigation of the main flavonoids in heartsease (Viola tricolor L.)". ''Journal of Chromatographic Science''. 46(2):97-101, 2008 Feb.</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | The fresh plant ''Viola declinata'' and ''V. tricolor'' contain approximately
| |
| − | *saponins (4.40%),
| |
| − | *mucilages (10.26%),
| |
| − | *total carotenoids (8.45 mg/100g vegetal product, expressed in β-carotene).<ref>Toiu A., Muntean E., Oniga I., Tǎmaş M. "Pharmacognostic research on Viola declinata Waldst. et Kit. (Violaceae)" ''Farmacia'' 2009 57:2 (219-222)</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Neuroblastoma, is a type of cancer,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/neuroblastoma/about/what-is-neuroblastoma.html |title=What Is Neuroblastoma?|author=The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team|date=March 19, 2018|website=American Cancer Society|accessdate=May 21, 2018}}</ref> is the most common extracranial malignancy in childhood. In many patients, once the tumor starts to develop even with intensive therapy, it will continue to progress. The study is designed to see the effect of Viola tricolor against neuronlastoma N2a cells. In the end, there was no significant change to the cell at first glance.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Antiproliferative+effect+of+Viola+tricolor+on+neuroblastoma+cells+in...-a0302298776|title=Antiproliferative effect of Viola tricolor on neuroblastoma cells in vitro|last=Mortazavian|last2=Ghorbani|first=Seyed Mohsen|first2=Ahmad|journal=Australian Journal of Herbal Medicine|year=2012|issn=2200-3886|volume=24|issue=3|pages=93–96}}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==See also==
| |
| − | *''[[Viola arvensis]]'' — species also sometimes called "heartsease"
| |
| − | *''[[Viola lutea]]'' — species also sometimes called "heartsease"
| |
| − | *''[[Viola ocellata]]'' — species also sometimes called "heartsease"
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Notes==
| |
| − | {{Notelist}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==References==<!-- BiolConserv137:248. -->
| |
| − | {{Reflist|30em}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==External links==
| |
| − | {{Wikispecies|Viola_tricolor}}
| |
| − | {{Commons|Viola_tricolor}}
| |
| − | *[http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/h/hearts10.html Heartsease Maude Grieve]
| |
| − | *[http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gallery_query?q=Viola+tricolor Links to images, collected by the Texas A&M University Bioinformatics Working Group]
| |
| − | *[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Viola+tricolor Species information in the Plants for a Future database]
| |
| − | *[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=22037 Integrated Taxonomic Information System: ''[[Viola arvensis]]'']
| |
| − | *[http://www.flowersinsweden.com/Violatricolor_page.htm Viola tricolor] Flowers in Sweden
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q190326}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Viola (plant)|tricolor]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Flora of Europe]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Flora of the United Kingdom]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Flora of Finland]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Flora of Russia]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Medicinal plants]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Flora of New Jersey]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
| |
