Zingiberaceae

Ginger family
Red torch ginger (Etlingera elatior)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Zingiberales
Family:	Zingiberaceae Martinov
Type genus
Zingiber Boehm.

Zingiberaceae (/ˌzɪndʒɪbəˈrs/) or the ginger family is a family of flowering plants made up of about 50 genera with a total of about 1600 known species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes distributed throughout tropical Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

Many of the family's species are important ornamental, spice, or medicinal plants. Ornamental genera include the shell gingers (Alpinia), Siam or summer tulip (Curcuma alismatifolia), Globba, ginger lily (Hedychium), Kaempferia, torch-ginger Etlingera elatior, Renealmia, and ginger (Zingiber). Spices include ginger (Zingiber), galangal or Thai ginger (Alpinia galanga and others), melegueta pepper (Aframomum melegueta), myoga (Zingiber mioga), korarima (Aframomum corrorima), turmeric (Curcuma), and cardamom (Amomum, Elettaria).

Description

Members of the family are small to large herbaceous plants with distichous leaves with basal sheaths that overlap to form a pseudostem. The plants are either self-supporting or epiphytic. Flowers are hermaphroditic, usually strongly zygomorphic, in determinate cymose inflorescences, and subtended by conspicuous, spirally arranged bracts. The perianth is composed of two whorls, a fused tubular calyx, and a tubular corolla with one lobe larger than the other two. Flowers typically have two of their stamenoids (sterile stamens) fused to form a petaloid lip, and have only one fertile stamen. The ovary is inferior and topped by two nectaries, the stigma is funnel-shaped.

Some genera yield essential oils used in the perfume industry (Alpinia, Hedychium).

Taxonomy

Cladogram: Phylogeny of Zingiberales

Zingiberales Zingiberineae Zingiberariae Zingiberaceae Costaceae Cannariae Cannaceae Marantaceae Strelitziineae Lowiaceae Strelitziaceae Heliconiaceae Musaceae

Subdivision

Curcuma longa

Elettaria cardamomum

Globba inflorescence.

Zingiber spectabile cultivar Beehive

• Subfamily Siphonochiloideae
  • Tribe Siphonochileae
    • Aulotandra
    • Siphonochilus
• Subfamily Tamijioideae
  • Tribe Tamijieae
    • Tamijia
• Subfamily Alpinioideae
  • Tribe Alpinieae
    • Aframomum - grains of paradise
    • Alpinia - galangal
    • Amomum
    • Cyphostigma
    • Elettaria - cardamom
    • Elettariopsis
    • Etlingera
    • Geocharis
    • Geostachys
    • Hornstedtia
    • Leptosolena
    • Paramomum
    • Plagiostachys
    • Renealmia
    • Siliquamomum (incertae sedis)
    • Vanoverberghia
    • ×Alpingera F. Luc-Cayol (Alpinia × Etlingera) - intergeneric hybrid
  • Tribe Riedelieae
    • Burbidgea
    • Pleuranthodium
    • Riedelia
    • Siamanthus
• Subfamily Zingiberoideae
  • Tribe Zingibereae
    • Boesenbergia
    • Camptandra
    • Caulokaempferia (incertae sedis)
    • Cautleya
    • Cornukaempferia
    • Curcuma - turmeric
    • Curcumorpha
    • Distichochlamys
    • Haniffia
    • Haplochorema
    • Hedychium
    • Hitchenia
    • Kaempferia
    • Laosanthus
    • Nanochilus
    • Paracautleya
    • Parakaempferia
    • Pommereschea
    • Pyrgophyllum
    • Rhynchanthus
    • Roscoea
    • Scaphochlamys
    • Smithatris
    • Stadiochilus
    • Stahlianthus
    • Zingiber - ginger
  • Tribe Globbeae
    • Gagnepainia
    • Globba
    • Hemiorchis

Distribution

The Zingiberaceae have a pantropical distribution in the tropics of Africa, Asia, and the Americas, with their greatest diversity in Southeast Asia.

Bibliography

• Sass, C; Iles, WJ; Barrett, CF; Smith, SY; Specht, CD (21 January 2016). "Revisiting the Zingiberales: using multiplexed exon capture to resolve ancient and recent phylogenetic splits in a charismatic plant lineage". PeerJ. 4: e1584. doi:10.7717/peerj.1584. PMID 26819846.

External links

• List of Indian medicinal plants from Biodiversity of India
• The phylogeny and a new classification of the gingers (Zingiberaceae): evidence from molecular data
• Abstracts from the Symposia on the Family Zingiberaceae
• A New Classification of the Zingiberaceae from the Third Symposium on Zingiberaceae
• Zomlefer, W.B. Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. 1994.