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| − | '''Acanthaceae''' is a [[Family (biology)|family]] (the '''acanthus''' family) of [[dicotyledon]]ous [[flowering plant]]s containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are [[Tropics|tropical]] [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]], [[shrub]]s, or twining vines; some are [[epiphytes]]. Only a few species are distributed in [[temperate]] regions. The four main centres of distribution are [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]], [[Africa]], [[Brazil]], and [[Central America]]. The representatives of the family can be found in nearly every [[Habitat (ecology)|habitat]], including dense or open [[forest]]s, [[scrubland]]s, wet fields and valleys, sea [[coast]] and marine areas, [[swamp]]s, and [[mangrove]] forests.
| + | {{Inedible family}} |
| − | | |
| − | ==Description==
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| − | Plants in this family have simple, opposite, [[decussate]]d [[leaf|leaves]] with entire (or sometimes toothed, lobed, or spiny) margins, and without [[stipule]]s. The leaves may contain [[cystolith]]s, [[calcium carbonate]] concretions, seen as streaks on the surface.
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| − | The [[flower]]s are perfect, [[Floral symmetry|zygomorphic]] to nearly [[Floral symmetry|actinomorphic]], and arranged in an [[inflorescence]] that is either a [[raceme|spike]], [[raceme]], or [[cyme (botany)|cyme]]. Typically, a colorful [[bract]] subtends each flower; in some species, the bract is large and showy. The [[Sepal|calyx]] usually has four or five lobes; the [[Petal#Corolla|corolla]] tubular, two-lipped or five-lobed; [[stamen]]s number either two or four, arranged in pairs and inserted on the corolla, and the [[carpel|ovary]] is superior and bicarpellated, with axile [[placentation]].
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| − | The [[fruit]] is a two-celled [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]], [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscing]] somewhat explosively. In most species, the [[seed]]s are attached to a small, hooked stalk (a modified [[Ovule|funiculus]] called a [[jaculator]] or a retinaculum) that ejects them from the capsule.
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| − | A species well-known to [[temperate]] gardeners is bear's breeches (''[[Acanthus mollis]]'' ), a herbaceous [[perennial plant]] with big leaves and flower spikes up to 2 m tall. [[Tropics|Tropical]] genera familiar to gardeners include ''[[Thunbergia]]'' and ''[[Justicia]]''.
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| − | ''[[Avicennia]]'', a genus of [[mangrove]] trees, usually placed in [[Verbenaceae]] or in its own family, [[Avicenniaceae]], is included in Acanthaceae by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] on the basis of [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] studies that show it to be associated with this family.
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| − | ==Medicinal uses==
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| − | Traditionally the most important part use in Acanthaceae is the leaves and they are used externally for wounds.
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| − | Some research has indicated that Acanthaceae possess [[wikt:antifungal|antifungal]], [[cytotoxic]], [[anti-inflammatory]], [[anti-pyretic]], [[antioxidant]], [[insecticidal]], [[hepatoprotective]], [[immunomodulatory]], [[anti- platelet aggregation]] and [[anti-viral potential]].<ref name="Awan, A.J. 2014 44–55">{{cite journal| last = Awan, A.J.| first = Aslam, M.S | title = FAMILY ACANTHACEAE AND GENUS APHELANDRA: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL REVIEW.| journal = International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science | volume = 6| issue = 10| year = 2014| pages = 44–55}}</ref>
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| − | ==Phytochemistry==
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| − | Phytochemical reports on family Acanthaceae are [[glycosides]], [[flavonoids]], [[benzonoids]], [[phenols|phenolic compounds]], [[naphthoquinone]] and [[triterpenoids]].<ref name="Awan, A.J. 2014 44–55"/>
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| − | | |
| − | ==Selected genera==
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| − | [[File:Asystasia gangetica in Hyderabad W IMG 4769.jpg|thumb|right|Chinese violet (''[[Asystasia gangetica]]'')]]
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| − | [[File:Unided Barleria in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8542.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Barleria]]'' sp.]]
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| − | [[File:Acanthaceae leaf.jpg|thumb|right|Leaf of the nerve plant (''[[Fittonia verschaffeltii]]'')]]
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| − | [[File:2006 08 14 Hypoestes Phyllostachya.jpg|thumb|right|Polka dot plant (''[[Hypoestes phyllostachya]]'')]]
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| − | [[File:Starr 021122 0083 justicia aurea.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Justicia aurea]]'']]
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| − | [[File:Louteridium panamensis.JPG|right|thumb|''[[Louteridium panemensis]]'']]
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| − | [[File:Peristrophe speciosa1.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Peristrophe speciosa]]'']]
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| − | [[File:Pseuderanthemum reticulatum W IMG 1124.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Pseuderanthemum reticulatum]]'']]
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| − | [[File:Wayside Tuberose -Ruella tuberosa- flower in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 6628.jpg|right|thumb|Popping pod (''[[Ruellia tuberosa]]'' )]]
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| − | [[File:Rostellularia species in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8313.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Rostellularia]]'' sp.]]
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| − | [[File:Thunbergia laurifolia (Blue Trumpet wine) W IMG 1973.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Thunbergia laurifolia]]'']]
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| − | The 246 accepted genera, according to [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]],are:
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| − | | |
| − | {{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
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| − | * ''[[Acanthopale]]'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>
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| − | * ''[[Acanthopsis]]'' <small>Harv.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Acanthostelma]]'' <small>Bidgood & Brummitt</small>
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| − | * ''[[Acanthura]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Acanthus (genus)|Acanthus]]'' <small>L.</small> (bear's breech)
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| − | * ''[[Achyrocalyx]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Aechmanthera]]'' <small></small>
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| − | * ''[[Adhatoda]]'' <small>Mill.</small> (sometimes included in ''Justicia'')
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| − | * ''[[Afrofittonia]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Ambongia]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Ancistranthus]]'' <small>Lindau</small> (desert honeysuckle)
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| − | * ''[[Ancistrostylis]]'' <small>T.Yamaz.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Andrographis]]'' <small>Wall. ex Nees</small> (false waterwillow)
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| − | * ''[[Angkalanthus]]'' <small>Balf.f.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Anisacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Anisosepalum]]'' <small>E.Hossain</small>
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| − | * ''[[Anisostachya]]'' <small>Nees</small> (sometimes included in ''Justicia'')
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| − | * ''[[Anisotes]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Anomacanthus]]'' <small>R.D.Good</small>
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| − | * ''[[Apassalus]]'' <small>Kobuski</small>
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| − | * ''[[Aphanosperma]]'' <small>T.F.Daniel</small>
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| − | * ''[[Aphelandra]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Aphelandrella]]'' <small>Mildbr.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Ascotheca]]'' <small>Heine</small>
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| − | * ''[[Asystasia]]'' <small>Blume</small>
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| − | * ''[[Asystasiella]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Avicennia]]'' <small>L.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Ballochia]]'' <small>Balf.f.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Barleria]]'' <small>L.</small> (bush violets)
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| − | * ''[[Barleriola]]'' <small>Oerst</small>
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| − | * ''[[Benoicanthus]]'' <small>Heine & A.Raynal</small>
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| − | * ''[[Blechum]]'' <small>P.Browne</small>
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| − | * ''[[Blepharis]]'' <small>Juss.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Borneacanthus]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small>
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| − | * ''[[Boutonia]]'' <small>DC.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Brachystephanus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Bravaisia]]'' <small>DC.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Brillantaisia]]'' <small>P.Beauv.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Calacanthus]]'' <small>T.Anderson ex Benth. & Hook.f.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Calophanoides]]'' <small>(C.B.Clarke) Ridl.</small> (sometimes included in ''Justicia'')
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| − | * ''[[Calycacanthus]]'' <small>K.Schum.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Camarotea]]'' <small>Scott-Elliot</small>
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| − | * ''[[Carlowrightia]]'' <small>A.Gray</small> (wrightwort)
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| − | * ''[[Celrina (genus)|Celerina]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Cephalacanthus]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Chaetacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Chalarothyrsus]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Chamaeranthemum]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Championella]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small>
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| − | * ''[[Chileranthemum]]'' <small>Oerst.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Chlamydacanthus]]'' <small>Lindau</small> (sometimes included in ''Theileamea'')
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| − | * ''[[Chlamydocardia]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Chlamydostachya]]'' <small>Mildbr.
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| − | * ''[[Chroesthes]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Clinacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Clistax]]'' <small>Mart.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Codonacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Conocalyx]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Corymbostachys]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Cosmianthemum]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small>
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| − | * ''[[Crabbea]]'' <small>Harv.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Crossandra]]'' <small>Salisb.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Crossandrella]]'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>
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| − | * ''[[Cyclacanthus]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
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| − | * ''[[Cylindrosolenium]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Cyphacanthus]]'' <small>Leonard</small>
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| − | * ''[[Dactylostegium]]'' <small>Nees</small> (sometimes included in ''Dicliptera'')
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| − | * ''[[Danguya]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Dasytropis]]'' <small>Urb.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Dichazothece]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Dicladanthera]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Dicliptera]]'' <small>Juss.</small> (Foldwing)
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| − | * ''[[Didyplosandra]]'' <small>Wight ex [[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek]].</small>
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| − | * ''[[Dipteracanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small> (sometimes included in ''Ruellia'')
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| − | * ''[[Dischistocalyx]]'' <small>T.Anderson ex Benth. & Hook.f.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Dolichostachys]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Drejera]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Drejerella]]'' <small>Lindau</small> (sometimes included in ''Justicia'')
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| − | * ''[[Duosperma]]'' <small>Dayton</small>
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| − | * ''[[Dyschoriste]]'' <small>Nees</small> (snakeherb)
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| − | * ''[[Ecbolium]]'' <small>Kurz</small>
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| − | * ''[[Echinacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Elytraria]]'' <small>Michx.</small> (scalystem)
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| − | * ''[[Encephalosphaera]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Epiclastopelma]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Eranthemum]]'' <small>L.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Eremomastax]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Eusiphon]]'' <small>Benoist</small> (often included in ''Ruellia'')
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| − | * ''[[Filetia]]'' <small>Miq.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Fittonia]]'' <small>Coem.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Forcipella]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Forsythiopsis]]'' <small>Baker</small> (sometimes included in ''Oplonia'')
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| − | * ''[[Geissomeria]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Glossochilus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Golaea]]'' <small>Chiov.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Graphandra]]'' <small>J.B.Imlay</small>
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| − | * ''[[Graptophyllum]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Gymnophragma]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Gymnostachyum]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Gynocraterium]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek]].</small>
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| − | * ''[[Gypsacanthus]]'' <small>E.J.Lott et al.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Haplanthodes]]'' <small>Kuntze</small>
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| − | * ''[[Harpochilus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Hemiadelphis]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Hemigraphis]]'' <small>Nees</small> (sometimes included in ''Strobilanthes'')
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| − | * ''[[Henrya]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Herpetacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Heteradelphia]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Holographis]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Hoverdenia]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Hulemacanthus]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
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| − | * ''[[Hygrophila (plant)|Hygrophila]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (swampweed)
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| − | * ''[[Hypoestes]]'' <small></small> (including ''Periestes'')
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| − | * ''[[Ionacanthus]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Isoglossa]]'' <small>Oerst.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Isotheca]]'' <small>Turrill</small>
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| − | * ''[[Jadunia]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Juruasia]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Justicia]]'' <small>L.</small> (justicia, water-willow, shrimp plant)
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| − | * ''[[Kalbreyeriella]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Kosmosiphon]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Kudoacanthus]]'' <small>Hosok.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Lankesteria]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Lasiocladus]]'' <small>Bojer ex Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Leandriella]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Lepidagathis]]'' <small>Willd.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Leptostachya]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Liberatia]]'' <small>Rizzini</small> (sometimes included in ''Lophostachys'')
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| − | * ''[[Linariantha]]'' <small>B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Lophostachys]]'' <small>Pohl</small>
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| − | * ''[[Louteridium]]'' <small>S.Watson</small>
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| − | * ''[[Lychniothyrsus]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Marcania]]'' <small>J.B.Imlay</small>
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| − | * ''[[Megalochlamys]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Megalostoma]]'' <small>Leonard</small>
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| − | * ''[[Megaskepasma]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Melittacanthus]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
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| − | * ''[[Mellera]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
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| − | * ''[[Mendoncia]]'' <small>Vand.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Metarungia]]'' <small>Baden</small>
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| − | * ''[[Mexacanthus]]'' <small>T.F.Daniel</small>
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| − | * ''[[Meyenia (plant)|Meyenia]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Mimulopsis]]'' <small>Schweinf.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Mirandea]]'' <small>Rzed.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Monechma]]'' <small>Hochst.</small> (sometimes included in ''Justicia'')
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| − | * ''[[Monothecium]]'' <small>Hochst.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Morsacanthus]]'' <small>Rizzini</small>
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| − | * ''[[Nelsonia (plant)|Nelsonia]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Neohallia]]'' <small>Hemsl.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Neriacanthus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Neuracanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Odontonema]]'' <small>Nees</small> (toothedthread)
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| − | * ''[[Ophiorrhiziphyllon]]'' <small>Kurz</small>
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| − | * ''[[Oplonia]]'' <small>Raf.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Oreacanthus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Orophochilus]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Pachystachys]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Pelecostemon]]'' <small>Leonard</small>
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| − | * ''[[Pentstemonacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Perenideboles]]'' <small>Ram.</small> (Goyena)
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| − | * ''[[Pericalypta]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Peristrophe]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Petalidium]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Phaulopsis]]'' <small>Willd.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Phialacanthus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Phidiasia]]'' <small>Urb.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Phlogacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Physacanthus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Podorungia]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Poikilacanthus]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Polylychnis]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small> (often included in ''Ruellia'')
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| − | * ''[[Populina (genus)|Populina]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Pranceacanthus]]'' <small>Wassh.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Pseuderanthemum]]'' <small>Radlk.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Pseudocalyx]]'' <small>Radlk.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Pseudodicliptera]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Pseudoruellia]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Psilanthele]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Ptyssiglottis]]'' <small>T.Anderson</small>
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| − | * ''[[Pulchranthus]]'' <small>V.M.Baum et al.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Pupilla]]'' <small>Rizzini</small> (sometimes included in ''Justicia'')
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| − | * ''[[Razisea]]'' <small>Oerst.</small><!-- Biotropica 23:98 34:68 -->
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| − | * ''[[Rhinacanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Rhombochlamys]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Ritonia]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Rostellularia]]'' <small>Rchb.</small> (sometimes included in ''Justicia'')
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| − | * ''[[Ruellia]]'' <small>L.</small> (Wild Petunia)
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| − | * ''[[Ruelliopsis]]'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>
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| − | * ''[[Rungia]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Ruspolia]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Ruttya]]'' <small>Harv.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Saintpauliopsis]]'' <small>Staner</small> (sometimes included in ''Staurogyne'')
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| − | * ''[[Salpinctium]]'' <small>T.J.Edwards</small>
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| − | * ''[[Salpixantha]]'' <small>Hook.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Samuelssonia]]'' <small>Urb. & Ekman</small>
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| − | * ''[[Sanchezia]]'' <small>Ruiz & Pav.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Santapaua]]'' <small>N.P.Balakr. & Subr.</small> (sometimes included in ''Hygrophila'')
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| − | * ''[[Sapphoa]]'' <small>Urb.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Satanocrater]]'' <small>Schweinf.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Sautiera]]'' <small>Decne.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Schaueria]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Schwabea]]'' <small>Endl. & Fenzl</small>
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| − | * ''[[Sclerochiton]]'' <small>Harv.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Sebastiano-schaueria]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Sericospora]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Siphonoglossa]]'' <small>Oerst.</small> (tubetongue)
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| − | * ''[[Spathacanthus]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Sphacanthus]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Sphinctacanthus]]'' <small>Benth.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Spirostigma]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Standleyacanthus]]'' <small>Leonard</small>
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| − | * ''[[Staurogyne]]'' <small>Wall.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Steirosanchezia]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Stenandriopsis]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
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| − | * ''[[Stenandrium]]'' <small>Nees</small> (shaggytuft)
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| − | * ''[[Stenostephanus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Streblacanthus]]'' <small>Kuntze</small>
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| − | * ''[[Streptosiphon]]'' <small>Mildbr.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Strobilanthes]]'' <small>Blume</small>
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| − | * ''[[Strobilanthopsis]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
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| − | * ''[[Styasasia]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
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| − | * ''[[Suessenguthia]]'' <small>Merxm.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Synchoriste]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Taeniandra]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small>
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| − | * ''[[Tarphochlamys]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small>
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| − | * ''[[Teliostachya]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Tessmanniacanthus]]'' <small>Mildbr.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Tetramerium]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Theileamea]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Thunbergia]]'' <small>Retz.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Thysanostigma]]'' <small>J.B.Imlay</small>
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| − | * ''[[Tremacanthus]]'' <small>S.Moore</small>
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| − | * ''[[Triaenanthus]]'' <small>Nees</small>
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| − | * ''[[Trichanthera]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
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| − | * ''[[Trichaulax]]'' <small>Vollesen</small>
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| − | * ''[[Trichocalyx]]'' <small>Balf.f.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Trichosanchezia]]'' <small>Mildbr.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Ulleria]]'' <small>[[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek.]]</small> (often included in ''Ruellia'')
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| − | * ''[[Vavara]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Vindasia]]'' <small>Benoist</small>
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| − | * ''[[Warpuria]]'' <small>Stapf</small>
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| − | * ''[[Whitfieldia]]'' <small>Hook.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Xantheranthemum]]'' <small>Lindau</small>
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| − | * ''[[Xerothamnella]]'' <small>C.T.White</small>
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| − | * ''[[Yeatesia]]'' <small>Small</small> (Bractspike)
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| − | * ''[[Zygoruellia]]'' <small>Baill.</small><ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=34350 |taxon=Acanthaceae |accessdate=2011-07-29}}</ref>
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| − | }}
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| − | | |
| − | ===Excluded genera===
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| − | * ''[[Thomandersia]]'' <small>Baill.</small> → [[Thomandersia]]ceae<ref>{{cite journal| last = Wortley, A.H.| first = Harris, D.J. & Scotland, R.W. | title = On the Taxonomy and Phylogenetic Position of Thomandersia.| journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 32| issue = 2| year = 2007| pages = 415–444| doi=10.1600/036364407781179716| last2 = Harris| first2 = D. J.| last3 = Scotland| first3 = R. W.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnothlist.pl?6 |title=GRIN genera sometimes placed in ''Acanthaceae'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2011-07-29}}</ref>
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| | | | |
| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| − | {{Commons category|Acanthaceae}}
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| − | {{wikispecies}}
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| | {{Reflist}} | | {{Reflist}} |
| − | *{{cite journal|author1=Schwarzbach, Andrea E. |author2=McDade, Lucinda A.|title= Phylogenetic relationships of the mangrove family ''Avicenniaceae'' based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences|journal= Systematic Botany|volume= 27|pages=84–98|year=2002}}
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| | | | |
| − | ==External links==
| + | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} |
| − | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060202000101/http://delta-intkey.com:80/angio/www/acanthac.htm Acanthaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.
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| − | *[http://tolweb.org/Acanthaceae/20878 Tree of Life Acanthaceae]
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| − | *[http://www.flowersinisrael.com/FamAcanthaceae.html Family Acanthaceae] Flowers in Israel.
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| | | | |
| − | {{taxonbar}}
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| − | [[Category:Acanthaceae]]
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| | [[Category:Lamiales families]] | | [[Category:Lamiales families]] |
