Difference between revisions of "Erythranthe"

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|type_species = ''[[Erythranthe cardinalis]]'' (Douglas ex Benth.) Spach ≡''Mimulus cardinalis'' Douglas ex Bentham<ref name="ING"/> 1835<ref name="ipni">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_family=&find_genus=mimulus&find_species=cardinalis|publisher=The International Plant Names Index |title=The International Plant Names Index |accessdate=4 February 2016}}</ref>
 
|type_species = ''[[Erythranthe cardinalis]]'' (Douglas ex Benth.) Spach ≡''Mimulus cardinalis'' Douglas ex Bentham<ref name="ING"/> 1835<ref name="ipni">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_family=&find_genus=mimulus&find_species=cardinalis|publisher=The International Plant Names Index |title=The International Plant Names Index |accessdate=4 February 2016}}</ref>
 
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'''''Erythranthe''''', the '''monkey-flowers''' and '''musk-flowers''', is a diverse [[plant]] [[genus]] with at least 111 members (as of 2017) in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Phrymaceae]]. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section within the genus ''[[Mimulus]]'', and recently returned to generic rank. ''Mimulus'' sect. ''[[Diplacus]]'' was segregated from ''Mimulus'' as a separate genus at the same time. ''Mimulus'' remains as a small genus of eastern North America and the Southern Hemisphere. Molecular data show ''Erythranthe'' and ''Diplacus'' to be distinct evolutionary lines that are distinct from ''Mimulus'' as strictly defined.
 
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Member species are usually [[annual plant|annuals]] or [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennials]]. Flowers are red, pink, or yellow, often in various combinations. A large number of the ''Erythranthe'' species grow in moist to wet soils with some growing even in shallow water. They are not very drought resistant, but many of the species now classified as ''Diplacus'' are. Species are found at elevations from oceanside to high mountains as well as a wide variety of climates, though most prefer wet areas such as riverbanks.
 
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The largest concentration of species is in western North America, but species are found elsewhere in the United States and Canada, as well as from Mexico to Chile and eastern Asia.  Pollination is mostly by either [[bee]]s or [[hummingbird]]s. Member species are widely cultivated and are subject to several pests and diseases.  Several species are listed as threatened by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].
 
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==Description==
 
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''Erythranthe'' is a highly diverse genus with the characteristics unifying the various species being axile [[Placentation#Placentation in plants|placentation]] and long [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicel]]s.<ref name="names">{{cite web |title= Using Name in the Genus ''Mimulus''|url=http://www.guynesom.com/UsingMimulusNames.pdf |last=Nesom |first=Guy L. |publisher= guynesom.net |year=2014 |accessdate= 20 February 2017}}</ref> Other characteristics of species can vary widely, especially between the sections,<ref name="nesom2">{{cite journal |last1= Nesom |first1= Guy L. |year= 2014 |title= Taxonomy of ''Erythranthe'' Sect. ''Erythranthe'' (Phrymaceae) |url = http://www.phytoneuron.net/2014Phytoneuron/31PhytoN-sectErythranthe.pdf |journal= Phytoneuron |volume =31 | issue = |pages= 1–41 |issn= 2153-733X}}</ref> and even within some sections.<ref name="simiola">{{cite journal |last1= Nesom |first1= G.L. |year= 2012 |title= Taxonomy of ''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Simiola'' (Phrymaceae) in the USA and Mexico |url= http://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-sectSimiola.pdf |journal= Phytoneuron |volume=40 |issue = |pages= 1–123 |issn= 2153-733X}}</ref> Some species of ''Erythranthe'' are annuals, such as ''[[Erythranthe guttata]]'', and some are perennials, such as ''[[Erythranthe nasuta]]''.<ref name="kiang">{{cite journal |last=Kiang |first= Kelsey Y.T. |date=June 1973 |title= Floral Structure, Hybridization and Evolutionary Relationship of Two Species of ''Mimulus'' |journal= Rhodora |volume=75 |issue=802 |pages =225–238 |jstor= 23311832 }}</ref> Flowers are red, pink, purple, or yellow, often in various combinations and shades of those colors.<ref name="Pojar">{{cite book |last1= Pojar |first1=Jim |last2= MacKinnon |first2=Andy |title= Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska |publisher= Lone Pine Publishing |location= Edmonton |page= 264 |date= 2004 |isbn= 978-1-55105-530-5}}</ref><ref name="Turner">{{cite book |last1= Turner |first1= Mark |last2= Gustafson |first2= Phyllis |title= Wildflowers of the Pacific Northwest |publisher= Timber Press |location= Portland, OR |page= 244 |date= 2006 |isbn= 978-0-88192-745-0}}</ref> Some species produce copious amounts of aromatic compounds, giving them a [[musk]]y odor (hence "musk-flowers").<ref name="jeb">{{cite journal |last1=Byers |first1= Kelsey J. R. P. |last2= Bradshaw |first2=H.D. Jr.| last3= Riffell |first3=Jeffrey A. |year=2009 |title= Genetic divergence causes parallel evolution of flower color in Chilean ''Mimulus'' |url= http://jeb.biologists.org/content/217/4/614 |journal= Journal of Experimental Biology | volume=217 |issue=4 |pages=614–623 |doi= 10.1242/jeb.092213|pmc=3922836 }}</ref> ''Erythranthe'' is used as food by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, such as the [[mouse moth]] (''Amphipyra tragopoginis''), as a main part of their diet.<ref name="uci">{{cite web |url= http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/bflyplnt.htm |title= Butterflies and Their Larval Foodplants |publisher= University of California, Irvine |accessdate= 4 February 2017}}</ref>
 
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Within the section ''Erythranthe'', stems and leaves range from [[Glabrousness|glabrous]] to [[Hirsutism|hirsute]], and are generally glandular. Leaves can be oblong, elliptical, or oval, with small tooths. Fruiting [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicel]]s are longer than [[Sepal|calyce]]s. Calyces have sharp, definite angles and flat sides. Corollas are deciduous, relatively large (tube-throat {{cvt|8|-|42|mm|in|1|sp=us}} long), and strongly red to purplish, magentarose, pink, or white, rarely yellow.<ref name="nesom2" />
 
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''Erythranthe guttata'' is the most widespread of the genus ''Erythranthe'' and its characteristics are fairly representative of the genus. ''E. guttata'' is {{cvt|5|-|80|cm|in|0|sp=us}} tall with disproportionately large {{cvt|5|-|20|mm|in|1|sp=us}} long, tubular flowers. Leaves are opposite and oval, {{cvt|1|-|10|cm|in|1|sp=us}} long.<ref name="Klinkenberg2014">{{cite web |url= http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Mimulus%20guttatus |last= Klinkenberg |first= Brian (Editor) |year= 2014 |title= E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia ''Mimulus guttatus'' |publisher= Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver | accessdate= 25 February 2017}}</ref> The species as strictly defined is perennial and spreads with stolons or rhizomes. The stem may be erect or recumbent. In the latter form, roots may develop at lower leaf nodes. Sometimes dwarfed, it may be hairless or have some hairs. Leaves are opposite, round to oval, usually coarsely and irregularly toothed or lobed. The bright yellow flowers are born on a [[raceme]], most often with five or more flowers. The [[Sepal|calyx]] has five lobes that are much shorter than the flower. Each flower has bilateral symmetry and has two lips. The upper lip usually has two lobes; the lower, three. The lower lip may have one large to many small red to reddish brown spots. The opening to the flower is hairy.<ref name="WTU Herbarium2015">{{cite web |url= http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?SciName=Erythranthe%20guttata |last= Giblin |first= David |year= 2015 |title= ''Erythranthe guttata'' |publisher= Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington |accessdate= 25 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Jepson">{{cite web |url= http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=Mimulus%20guttatus |year= 2015 |title= Jepson eFlora: Taxon page ''Mimulus guttatus'' |publisher= Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley |accessdate= 25 February 2017}}</ref> The fruit is a two-valved capsule {{cvt|1|cm|in|1|sp=us}} long, containing many seeds.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=3178 |title= ''Erythranthe guttata'' |author= Champion, Paul; Hofstra, Deborah |date=21 August 2013 |work=New Zealand Plant Conservation Network |publisher=NZ Plant Protection Society |accessdate=27 April 2017}}</ref>
 
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''[[Erythranthe alsinoides]]'' is similar to several species found in the [[Pacific Northwest]]. It is an annual herb that blooms from April–June with a preference for shady and moist dense habitats. The plant is hairy to slightly hairy and grows from {{cvt|0.5|-|3|dm|in|0|sp=us}} tall. The stems are often reddish. The leaves are opposite and have a few prominent upper veins. Blades are {{cvt|0.5|-|2.5|cm|in|1|sp=us}} long. The petiole is about the same length. The flowers are yellow with reddish-brown spots, usually on the lower lip, and the upper and lower lips have fused, growing {{cvt|8|-|14|cm|in|sp=us}}. Each flower is attached by a [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicel]]. The fruits are [[Capsule (botany)|capsules]].<ref>{{cite web |title= ''Erythranthe alsinoides'' |url= http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Erythranthe&Species=alsinoides|publisher=Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington |date=2017 |accessdate= 28 April 2017}}</ref>
 
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==Etymology and taxonomy==
 
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The derivation of ''Erythranthe'' is from Greek ἐρυθρός ("''erythros''"), red, with ἄνθος ("''anthos''"), flower.<ref>{{cite web |title= Canadian Wildflowers: Erythranthe tilingii |url= http://www.fleurssauvages.ca/phrymaceae/erythranthe_tilingii.html |publisher= Fleurs Sauvage |accessdate= 12 February 2017 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170213090407/http://www.fleurssauvages.ca/phrymaceae/erythranthe_tilingii.html |archivedate= 13 February 2017 |df=  }}</ref> They are called monkey-flowers because some species have flowers shaped like a monkey's face.<ref name="Coombes">{{cite book |last= Coombes |first= Allen J. |year=1985 |title= Dictionary of Plant Names |location= Port Jervis, NY |publisher= Lubrecht & Cramer, LTD |page=119 |isbn= 978-0-600-35770-4}}</ref> The widely used [[name of a biological genus|generic name]], [[Latin]] ''mimus'' meaning "mimic actor", from the Greek ''mimos'' meaning "imitator" also alludes to the fancied monkey resemblance. The stem of ''Erythranthe'' can be either smooth or hairy, and this is known in a few species to be a trait determined by a simple [[allelic]] difference.<ref name="fs">{{cite web |last1= Rogers |first1= Deborah L. |last2= Montalvo |first2= Arlee M. |url= https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_039080.pdf |title= Genetically appropriate choices for plant materials to maintain biological diversity |publisher= University of California. Report to the USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Lakewood, CO |year=2004 |accessdate= 4 February 2017 }}</ref>  At least ''[[Erythranthe lewisii|E. lewisii]]'' is known to possess "[[Protocarnivorous plant#Flypaper traps|flypaper-type]]" traps and is apparently [[protocarnivorous]], supplementing its [[nutrient]]s with small insects.<ref name="Solomon">{{cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=Eldra Pearl |last2= Berg |first2= Linda R. |last3=Martin |first3=Diana W. |title=Biology |edition=8 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=PT_8DNZADs4C&pg=PA774&lpg=PA774&dq=Mimulus+lewisii+trap#v=onepage&q=Mimulus%20lewisii%20trap&f=false|year=2011|publisher=Thomson Brooks/Cole |location= Stamford, CT |isbn= 978-0-538-74125-5 |pages=772–775}}</ref> Variations in color largely reflect concentrations of [[anthocyanin]]s.<ref name="redpink">{{cite journal |last1=Cooley |first1= Arielle M. |last2=Willis |first2= John H. |year=2009 |title= Genetic divergence causes parallel evolution of flower color in Chilean ''Mimulus'' |url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02858.x/full |journal= New Phytologist |volume=183 |issue=3 |pages=729–739 |doi= 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02858.x}}</ref><ref name="Streisfeld">{{cite journal |last1= Streisfeld |first1= Matthew A. |last2= Rausher |first2= Mark D. |date= March 2011 |title= Population Genetics, Pleiotropy, and the Preferential Fixation of Mutations During Adaptive Evolution |journal = Evolution |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=  629–642 |jstor= 29782952}}</ref><ref name="cooleywillis">{{cite journal |last1= Cooley |first1= Arielle M. |last2= Carvallo| first2=G. |last3= Willis |first3= John H. |date= February 2008 |title= Is Floral Diversification Associated with Pollinator Divergence? Flower Shape, Flower Colour and Pollinator Preference in Chilean ''Mimulus'' |url= https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/aob/mcn014| journal= Annals of Botany |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages =641–650 |doi= 10.1093/aob/mcn014|pmc=2710177 }}</ref> The species that are [[subshrub]]s with [[wood]]y stems were originally placed in the section ''Diplacus'', and this was subsequently made a separate genus. ''Diplacus'' is clearly derived from within ''Mimulus,'' broadly defined, and was not usually considered to be a separate genus.<ref name="Schoenig" />
 
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The French botanist [[Édouard Spach]] established ''Erythranthe'' as a separate genus with just the type species  ''Erythranthe cardinalis''. In 1885, American botanist [[Edward Lee Greene]] classified ''Erythranthe'' as a section of ''[[Mimulus]]'' while adding ''E. lewisii'' and ''E. parishii''.<ref name="nesom2" /> In the 2012 restructuring of ''Mimulus'' by Barker ''et al''., based largely upon DNA evidence, seven species were left in ''Mimulus'' as strictly defined; ''Erythranthe'' was greatly enlarged to include 111 species, based upon axile placentation and long pedicels,<ref name="names" /> 46 placed into ''Diplacus'' (species with parietal placentation and [[Sessility (botany)|sessile]] flowers),<ref name="names" /> two placed in ''[[Uvedalia]]'', and one each placed in ''[[Elacholoma]]'', ''[[Mimetanthe]]'', and ''[[Thyridia repens|Thyridia]]''.<ref name="redpink" /><ref name="Schoenig">{{cite journal |last1= Beardsley |first1 = P. M. |last2= Schoenig |first2= Steve E. |last3= Whittall |first3= Justen B. |last4= Olmstead |first4= Richard G. |year= 2004 |title= Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae) |journal= American Journal of Botany |volume=91 |issue =3 |pages= 474–4890 |jstor= 4123743}}</ref><ref name="barker">{{cite journal |last1= Barker |first1= W. L. (Bill), et al. |year= 2012 |title= A Taxonomic Conspectus of Phyrmaceae: A Narrowed Circumscription for ''MIMULUS'', New and Resurrected Genera, and New Names and Combinations |url= http://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-Phrymaceae.pdf |journal= Phytoneuron |volume =39 |issue= |pages= 1–60 |issn= 2153-733X}}</ref><ref name="vallejo">{{cite journal |title= Speciation by genome duplication: Repeated origins and genomic composition of the recently formed allopolyploid species Mimulus peregrinus |first1= Mario |last1= Vallejo-Marín |first2= Richard J. |last2= Buggs |first3= Arielle M. |last3= Cooley | first4= Joshua R. |last4= Puzey |journal= Evolution |year=2015 |url= http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/evo.12678/abstract |doi= 10.1111/evo.12678 |accessdate= 4 February 2017 |volume= 69 |issue= 6 |pages= 1487–1500}}</ref><ref name="beardolm2">{{cite journal |last1= Beardsley |first1 = P. M. |last2=Yen |first2= Alan |last3= Olmstead |first3= R. G. |year= 2003 |title= AFLP Phylogeny of ''Mimulus'' Section ''Erythranthe'' and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination |journal= Evolution |volume= 57 |issue =6| pages= 1397–1410 |jstor= 3448862}}</ref><ref name="beardolm1">{{cite journal |last1= Beardsley |first1= P. M. |last2= Olmstead |first2= R. G. |year= 2002 |title= Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of ''Mimulus'', tribe Mimuleae, and ''Phryma'' |url= http://www.amjbot.org/content/89/7/1093.full |journal= American Journal of Botany | volume= 89 |issue=7 |pages= 1093–1102 |doi= 10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093|jstor=4122195}}</ref> All of the American genera are still referred to as "monkey-flowers".<ref>{{cite web |title= Monkeyflowers in Flux |url= http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/workshops/2013/ |last= Schoenig |first= Steve |year=2013 |publisher= University of California -Berkeley, Jepson Herbarium |accessdate= 18 February 2017}}</ref>
 
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Views on the evolutionary position of the monkey-flower species have changed. It was long considered to be in the family [[Scrophulariaceae]], but is now placed in Phyrmaceae, primarily on the basis of DNA evidence.<ref name="Schoenig" /><ref name="barker"/> The genus ''[[Phryma]]'' (comprising only a single species), for which the family is named, is considerably different in morphology from all of the monkey-flowers.<ref name="fremontia">{{cite journal |last= Olmstead |first= R.G. |title = Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae? |journal= Fremontia |volume= 30-2 |pages= 13–22 |year=2003 |url= http://www.cnps.org/cnps/publications/fremontia/Fremontia_Vol30-No2.pdf}}.</ref>
 
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Attempts at crossing species, whether from different sections or within the same section, of ''Erythranthe'' are not always successful.<ref name="nesom2" /><ref name="marin2012">{{cite journal |last1= Vallejo-Marin |first1= Mario |year=2012 |title= ''Mimulus peregrinus'' (Phrymaceae): A new British allopolyploid species |journal= PhytoKeys |volume=14 |issue=14 |pages=1–14 |doi= 10.3897/phytokeys.14.3305 |pmid= 23170069 |pmc= 3492922}}</ref> ''[[Erythranthe peregrina|E. peregrina]]'' is an example of a successful naturally occurring hybrid that not only arose independently in two different locations, but is also a rare example of evolutionary recent [[Polyploid#Allopolyploidy|allopolyploidization]], complete chromosomal inheritance.<ref name="marin2012" /><ref name="marin2015">{{cite journal |last1=Vallejo-Marín |first1= Mario |last2=Buggs |first2= Richard J.A. |last3=Cooley |first3= Arielle M. |last4= Puzey |first4= Joshua R. |year=2015 |title= Speciation by genome duplication: Repeated origins and genomic composition of the recently formed allopolyploid species ''Mimulus peregrinus'' |journal= Evolution |volume= 69 |issue=6 |pages= 1487–1500 |doi= 10.1111/evo.12678 }}</ref>
 
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[[Charles Darwin]]'s 1876 study of inbreeding depression and self-fertility in South American species was a progenitor for the study of ''Erythranthe'' biology. The genus has become a [[Conceptual model|model system]] "for studies of evolutionary and ecological functional genomics ... [as it] ... contains a wide array of phenotypic, ecological and genomic diversity."<ref name="wu">{{cite journal |last1= Wu |first1 = C.A. |last2= Lowry |first2= D.B. |last3= Cooley |first3= A.M. |last4=Wright |first4= K.M. |last5= Lee |first5= Y.W. |last6= Willis |first6= J.H. |year= 2008 |title= ''Mimulus'' is an emerging model system for the integration of ecological and genomic studies |url= http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v100/n2/full/6801018a.html |journal= Heredity |volume =100 |issue=2 |pages= 220–230 |doi= 10.1038/sj.hdy.6801018 |issn= 0018-067X}}</ref> Species under intense genomic study are mostly among the section ''Simiolus'' (''E. guttata'' and relatives) and the section ''Erythranthe'' (including ''E. lewisii'', ''E. cardinalis'', ''E. parishii'', and others).<ref name="simiola" /><ref name="fishman">{{cite journal |last1= Fishman |first1=Lila |last2= Kelly |first2=Alan J. |last3=Morgan |first3= Emily |last4=Willis |first4=John H. |title=A Genetic Map in the ''Mimulus guttatus'' Species Complex Reveals Transmission Ratio Distortion due to Heterospecific Interactions |url= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1461909/pdf/11779808.pdf |publisher= Genetics Society of America |year=2001 |volume= |pages= 1701–1716}}</ref> The [[genome sequence]] of ''E. guttata'' was released in late spring, 2007.<ref name="barker" />
 
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Many issues remain in ''Erythranthe'' taxonomy. ''E. guttata'' is highly complex, with many variations apparently reflecting differences in geographic environment and elevation.<ref name="fishman" /> Molecular geneticists regard the species broadly as including both perennial and annual populations, but there is rationale for treating this complex as several distinct species (perennials are ''E. guttata'', ''E. grandis'', and ''E. corallina''; annuals are ''E. microphylla'' and others).  The perennials and annuals differ as groups from each other by an inversion sequence on chromosome 8. Evidence tentatively indicates that the perennials evolved from annual ancestors, although some evidence has been interpreted to indicate that ''E. nasuta'' evolved from ''E. guttata'' in central California between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago and since then become primarily a self-pollinator.  Relationships among the apparently closely related ''E. tilingii'', ''E. minor'', and ''E. caespitosa'' are not clearly understood.  Some currently recognized species may be just variants of other species: ''E. arenicola'', ''E. brachystylis'', ''E. regni''.  Chromosomal issues may affect the classification of some species: ''E. corallina'', ''E. guttata'', ''E. nasuta'', ''E. tilingii'', and ''E. utahensis''.<ref name="problems">{{cite web |title= Conspicuous Problems and Interesting Directions in Monkeyflower Sect. ''Simiolus'' Taxonomy |url= http://www.mimulustaxonomy.net/06RemainingProblems.pdf |last=Nesom |first=Guy L. |publisher= Mimulus Taxonomy |date=28 December 2016 |accessdate=25 Feb 2017}}</ref>
 
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==Reproductive biology==
 
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Before recognition of ''E. cinnabarina'' as a species, ''E. lewisii'' was interpreted to be the sister of ''E. cardinalis''.  It is now clear that ''E. cinnabarina'' and ''E. cardinalis'' are sister species and that ''E. lewisii'' and ''E. erubescens'' are sister species.  In the hypothesized [[Phylogenetic tree|phylogeny]], the 'cinnabarina/cardinalis' pair is sister to the 'lewisii/erubescens' pair.<ref name="nesom2" />
 
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''Erythranthe lewisii'' is a model system for studying pollinator-based [[reproductive isolation]]. ''E. lewisii'' is [[pollinated]] by bees, primarily ''[[Bombus]]'' and ''[[Osmia]]'', which feed on its [[nectar]] and transfer its [[pollen]].  Although it is fully interfertile with its sister species ''E. cardinalis'', the two do not interbreed in the wild, a difference ascribed primarily to pollinator differences; ''E. cardinalis'' is pollinated by hummingbirds, especially  ''[[Calypte anna]]'' and ''[[Selasphorus rufus]]''.<ref name="nesom2" /><ref name="Schemske">{{cite journal |last1= Schemske |first1=Douglas W. |last2= Bradshaw, Jr. |first2=H.D. |title= Pollinator preference and the evolution of floral traits in monkeyflowers (''Mimulus'') |journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA |volume=96 |issue=21 |pages= 11910–11915 |year=1999 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.96.21.11910 |pmc=18386 }}</ref> It was previously reported that evidence strongly linking pollination preference to color differences between the species, but this has been disproven.<ref name="Schemske2">{{cite journal |doi= 10.1038/nature02106 |title= Allele substitution at a flower colour locus produces a pollinator shift in monkeyflowers |last1=Schemske |first1= Douglas W. |last2= Bradshaw, Jr. |first2=H.D. |journal= Nature |year=2003 |volume= 426 |issue= 6963 |pages= 176–178}}</ref><ref name="errata">{{cite journal |title= Errata: On the Relative Importance of Floral Color, Shape, and Nectar Rewards in Attracting Pollinators to Mimulus |journal= The Great Basin Naturalist |volume=56 |issue=31 |page=282 |year=1996 |jstor= 41712949}}</ref> ''E. erubescens'' is mostly pollinated by ''[[Bombus balteatus]]'', ''[[Bombus centralis|B. centralis]]'', ''[[Bombus flavifrons|B. flavifrons]]'', and ''[[Bombus vosnesenskii|B. vosnesenskii]]''.<ref name="nesom2" />
 
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''Erythranthe parishii'' is also closely related to ''E. lewisii'', but it has evolved in a different direction as a [[self-pollination|self-pollinated]] species with small flowers.<ref name=Fishman>{{citation |authors=Fishman, L.; Beardsley, P.M.; Stathos, A.; Williams, C.F.; Hill, J.P. |year=2015 |title=The genetic architecture of traits associated with the evolution of self-pollination in ''Mimulus'' |journal=New Phytologist |volume=205 |issue=2 |pages=907–917 |doi=10.1111/nph.13091}}</ref>
 
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''E. eastwoodiae'', ''E. nelsonii'', ''E. rupestris'', and ''E. verbenacea'' are also pollinated by hummingbirds. These four species as well as ''E. cardinalis'' and ''E. nelsonii'' produce [[Plant reproductive morphology|bisexual flowers]] and are [[Self-incompatibility in plants|self-compatible]].<ref name="Sutherland">{{cite journal |last1= Sutherland |first1=Steven D. |last2= Vickery |first2= Robert K. |title= On the Relative Importance of Floral Color, Shape, and Nectar Rewards In Attracting Pollinators to ''Mimulus'' |journal=The Great Basin Naturalist |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=107–117 |year=1993 |jstor= 41712764}}</ref> This approximate ratio of insect vs hummingbird pollination holds true for the rest of the genus. There have been two separate transformations to hummingbird pollination. Pollination changes are highly affected by changes in flower morphology.<ref name="Schemske" /><ref name="Beardsley">{{cite journal |last1= Beardsley |first1= Paul M. |last2= Yen |first2= Alan |last3= Olmstead |first3= Richard G. |title= AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination |journal= Evolution |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages= 1397–1410 |year=1993 |jstor= 3448862}}</ref> ''E. cardinalis'' and its sister species ''E. cinnabarina'' likely evolved via [[allopatric speciation]].<ref name="nesom2" />
 
−
 
−
''Erythranthe guttata'' is pollinated by bees, such as ''[[Bombus impatiens]]''. Inbreeding reduces flower quantity and size and pollen quality and quantity. ''E. guttata'' also displays a high degree of [[selfing|self-pollination]].<ref name="carr">{{cite journal |last1= Carr |first1= David E. |last2= Roulston |first2= T’ai H. |last3= Hart |first3= Haley |title= Inbreeding in ''Mimulus guttatus'' Reduces Visitation by Bumble Bee Pollinators |url= http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0101463 |year=2014 |journal=PLOS One |doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0101463}}</ref><ref name="Ritland">{{cite journal |last1=Ritland |first1=Kermit |title= Correlated Matings in the Partial Selfer ''Mimulus guttatus'' |url= http://genetics.forestry.ubc.ca/ritland/reprints/1989_Evolution_CorrMatings.pdf |year=1989 |journal= Evolution |publisher= University of British Columbia |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages= 848–859}}</ref> ''[[Erythranthe nasuta]]'' evolved from ''E. guttata'' in central California between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago and since then has become primarily a self-pollinator.<ref name="Brandvain">{{cite journal|last1=Brandvain|first1=Yaniv|last2=Kenney|first2=Amanda M.|last3=Flagel|first3=Lex
 
−
|last4=Coop|first4=Graham|last5=Sweigert|first5=Andrea L.|title=Speciation and Introgression between ''Mimulus nasutus'' and ''Mimulus guttatus''|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004410|year=2014|journal=PLOS Genetics |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004410}}</ref><ref name="Dole">{{cite journal|last1=Dole|first1=Jefferey A.|title=Reproductive Assurance Mechanisms in Three Taxa of the Mimulus guttatus Complex (Scrophulariaceae)|jstor=2444881|year=1992|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=79|issue=6|pages=650–659}}</ref>
 
−
 
−
==Distribution and habitat==
 
−
Over 80% of ''Erythranthe'' species are found in western [[North America]],<ref name="barker" /> especially California, Oregon, and Washington.<ref name="Fraga5New">{{cite journal|last=Fraga|first=Naomi S.|title=A Revision of ''Erythranthe montioides'' and ''Erythranthe palmeri'' (PHRYMACEAE), With Descriptions of Five New Species From California and Nevada, USA|journal=Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany|url=http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1105&context=aliso|year=2012|volume=30|issue=1|pages=49–68}}</ref> Genus members are also found in Baja California, Alaska, British Columbia, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and to a lesser extent the midwestern states, northeastern states, Canada, and Latin America.<ref name="nesom2" /><ref name="nesom1">{{cite journal | last1 = Nesom| first1 = Guy L.| year= 2013| title =New Distribution Records for ''Erythranthe'' (Phrymaceae) | url = http://www.phytoneuron.net/2013Phytoneuron/67PhytoN-ErythrantheDistribution.pdf | journal = Phytoneuron | volume =67 | issue = | pages = 1–15 | issn=2153-733X}}</ref> Members of this genus are found in eastern Asia; several species of which have a high degree of similarity with some of the species found in North and South America.<ref name="sinoalba">{{cite journal | last1 = Nesom| first1 =  G. L.| year= 2011| title =A New Species of ''Erythranthe'' (Phrymaceae) From China| url =http://www.phytoneuron.net/2017Phytoneuron/07PhytoN-Erythranthediminuens.pdf| journal = Phytoneuron | volume =7 | issue = | pages = 1–5 | issn=2153-733X}}</ref>
 
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−
A large number of the species grow in moist to wet soils with some growing even in shallow water.<ref name="brc">{{cite web|url=http://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/index.php?q=node/2631|title=''Mimulus luteus'' (Blood-drop-emlets)|publisher=Online Atlas of the British & Irish Flora|accessdate= 4 February 2017}}</ref> They are not very drought resistant, but the species now classified as ''Diplacus'' are.<ref name="Pilitas">{{cite web|url=http://www.laspilitas.com/groups/Monkey_flower/California_monkey_flower.html|title=California Monkey flowers|publisher=Las Pilitas Nursery|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="wallace">{{cite web|last=Wallace|first=Pam|url=http://ucanr.edu/datastoreFiles/268-677.pdf|title=Monkeyflower is a Drought Tolerant Addition to Your Landscape|publisher=University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources|access-date=19 February 2017}}</ref> Some species grow in dry areas, others in wet habitats, such as members of the section ''Simiolus'', which are [[Hydrophile|hydrophilic]]. Both overall plant size and [[petal|corolla]] size vary greatly throughout the genus.<ref name="simiola" /> A minimum of 25 of the species are listed as threatened by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]].<ref name="Fraga5New" /><ref name="threat">{{cite book|last1=Walter|first1=Kerry Scott|last2=Gillett|first2=Harriet J. |title=1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants|year=1998|publisher=World Conservation Union|location=Cambridge|pages=557–558|isbn=2-8317-0328-X}}</ref> Species are found at elevations from oceanside to high mountains as well as a wide variety of climates, though most prefer wet areas such as riverbanks.<ref name="simiola" />
 
−
 
−
==Pests and diseases==
 
−
{{further|List of Erythranthe, monkey-flower diseases}}
 
−
 
−
''Diplacus'', ''Erythranthe'', and ''Mimulus'' are subject to a very similar set of pests and diseases. The pests these genera are susceptible to include: [[Cecidomyiidae|gall midge]]s, golden [[Pseudococcidae|mealybug]]s, [[thrips]], and [[Pentatomomorpha|seed bug]]s.<ref name="calbipm">{{cite web|title=Monkey flower—''Diplacus'', ''Mimulus'' spp. Family Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family)|url=http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/GARDEN/PLANTS/monkeyflower.html|publisher=University of California – Integrated Plant Management|accessdate=18 January 2017}}</ref> Diseases they are susceptible to include: [[Agrobacterium tumefaciens|crown gall]], [[phytoplasma|aster yellows phytoplasma]], [[impatiens necrotic spot virus]] (INSV), [[leaf spot]]s, [[powdery mildew]] — especially ''[[Erysiphe brunneopunctata]]'' and
 
−
''[[Erysiphe cichoracearum]]'', [[Botrytis cinerea|botrytis blight]], [[pythium|pythium root rot]], [[Rust (fungus)|rust]]s, [[cucumber mosaic virus]] (CMV),<ref name="virus">{{cite journal|last1= Eubanks|first1=Micky D.|last2=Carr|first2=David E.|last3=Murphy|first3=John F.|title=Effects of Virus Infection of ''Mimulus guttatus'' (Phrymaceae) on Host Plant Quality for Meadow Spittlebugs, ''Philaenus spumarius'' (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)|url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1603/0046-225X-34.4.891|journal=Environmental Entomology|year=2005|volume=34|issue=4|pages=891–898|doi=10.1603/0046-225X-34.4.891}}</ref> as well as [[Mineral deficiency|mineral]] and [[Micronutrient deficiency|nutrient deficiencies]].<ref name="calbipm" /><ref name="apsnet">{{cite web|title=Diseases of Mimulus, Monkey-Flower (''Mimulus'' × ''hybridus'' hort. ex Siebert & Voss)|last=Daughtrey|first=Margery |year=2000|url=http://www.apsnet.org/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=[[American Phytopathological Society]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref>
 
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−
==Human culture==
 
−
===Horticulture===
 
−
In [[horticulture]], several species, [[cultivar]]s and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] are used.<ref name="McIndoe">{{cite book|last1=McIndoe|first1=Andy|last2=Hobbs|first2=Kevin|title=The Horticulture Gardener's Guides – Perennials|year=2005|publisher=Horticulture Publications|location=Boston|page=126|isbn=1-55870-764-6}}</ref> Because of their wide range and many variations, the most important are those derived from ''E. gutatta'' and ''E. lutea''.<ref name="fishman" /> ''E. cuprea'' alone has at least 10 cultivars and hybrids.<ref name="Bryant">{{Cite journal|last=Bryant|first=T. A.|date=April 2008|title=ContentSelect- Monkeyflowers, bees – but no birds|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=101|issue=5|pages=v|jstor=43575860}}</ref><ref name="alpine">{{cite web|url=http://encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/Mimulus/cupreus|title=''Mimulus cupreus''|publisher=Alpine Garden Society|accessdate=12 February 2017}}</ref>
 
−
 
−
===Culinary uses===
 
−
''Erythranthe'' species tend to concentrate [[sodium chloride]] and other salts absorbed from the soils in which they grow in their leaves and stem tissues. Native Americans and early travelers in the American West used this plant as a salt substitute to season wild game. The entire plant is edible, but reported to be very salty and bitter unless well cooked. The juice from the leaves was used as a [[poultice]] for mild skin irritations and burns.<ref name="tilford">{{cite book|last=Tilford|first=Gregory L.|title=Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West|publisher=Mountain Press Publishing Company|location=Missoula, MT|year=1997|pages=98–99|isbn=0-87842-359-1}}</ref> Leaves can be used in salads and soups; flowers taste best before blooming.<ref name="waking">{{cite web|title=52 Wild Plants You Can Eat|url=http://www.wakingtimes.com/2013/08/03/52-wild-plants-you-can-eat/|publisher=Waking Times|date=3 August 2013|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> ''E. lutea'' has been used for cooking in Peru.<ref name="Loudon">{{cite book|last=Loudon|first=John Claudius|title=Loudon's Hortus Britannicus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfoCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA528&lpg=PA528&dq=mimulus+culinary+use&source=bl&ots=VJ1TA0nsSk&sig=4fJlpK6ZVydshi5EdCwZHuIoh1Y&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6pqjDzcDSAhUKxGMKHSoGD2E4ChDoAQgmMAM#v=onepage&q=mimulus%20culinary%20use&f=false|location=London|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green|year=1830|page=528}}</ref>
 
−
 
−
===Alternative medical use===
 
−
''Erythranthe'' has been listed as one of the 38 plants that are used to prepare [[Bach flower remedies]],<ref name="Vohra2004">{{cite book|author=D. S. Vohra|title=Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icG8onA0ys8C&pg=PR3|accessdate=2 September 2013|date=1 June 2004|publisher=B. Jain Publishers|isbn=978-81-7021-271-3|page=3}}</ref> a kind of [[alternative medicine]] promoted for its effect on health. However, according to [[Cancer Research UK]], "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".<ref name="canceruk">{{cite web |url=http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/about-cancer/treatment/complementary-alternative/therapies/flower-remedies|title=Flower remedies|publisher=[[Cancer Research UK]]|accessdate=4 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="bach">{{cite web|url=https://www.bachcentre.com/centre/38/mimulus.htm|title=''Mimulus'' (Blood-drop-emlets)|publisher=Bach Flower Remedies|accessdate= 4 February 2017}}</ref>
 
  
 
==Species==
 
==Species==
Line 169: Line 106:
 
* ''[[Erythranthe naiandina]]'' <small>(J.M.Watson & C.Bohlen) G.L.Nesom</small>
 
* ''[[Erythranthe naiandina]]'' <small>(J.M.Watson & C.Bohlen) G.L.Nesom</small>
 
* ''[[Erythranthe nasuta]]'' <small>(Greene) G.L.Nesom</small>
 
* ''[[Erythranthe nasuta]]'' <small>(Greene) G.L.Nesom</small>
−
* ''[[Erythranthe nelsonii]]'' <small>(A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga</small> – In 2014 Nesom lists as a synonym of ''Erythranthe verbenacea''<ref name="nesom2" />
+
* ''[[Erythranthe nelsonii]]'' <small>(A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga</small> – In 2014 Nesom lists as a synonym of ''Erythranthe verbenacea''
 
* ''[[Erythranthe nepalensis]]'' <small>(Benth.) G.L.Nesom</small> (Asia)
 
* ''[[Erythranthe nepalensis]]'' <small>(Benth.) G.L.Nesom</small> (Asia)
 
* ''[[Erythranthe norrisii]]'' <small>(Heckard & Shevock) G.L.Nesom</small>
 
* ''[[Erythranthe norrisii]]'' <small>(Heckard & Shevock) G.L.Nesom</small>
Line 183: Line 120:
 
* ''[[Erythranthe pennellii]]'' <small>(Gentry) G.L.Nesom</small>
 
* ''[[Erythranthe pennellii]]'' <small>(Gentry) G.L.Nesom</small>
 
* ''[[Erythranthe percaulis]]'' <small>G.L.Nesom</small>
 
* ''[[Erythranthe percaulis]]'' <small>G.L.Nesom</small>
−
* ''[[Erythranthe peregrina]]'' <small>(M. Vallejo-Marin) G.L.Nesom</small> – newly discovered 2012, originally named ''M. peregrinus'' (Scotland)<ref name="marin2012" />
+
* ''[[Erythranthe peregrina]]'' <small>(M. Vallejo-Marin) G.L.Nesom</small> – newly discovered 2012, originally named ''M. peregrinus'' (Scotland)
 
* ''[[Erythranthe pilosiuscula]]'' <small>(Kunth) G.L.Nesom</small>
 
* ''[[Erythranthe pilosiuscula]]'' <small>(Kunth) G.L.Nesom</small>
 
* ''[[Erythranthe platyphylla]]'' <small>(Franch.) G.L.Nesom</small> – (Asia)
 
* ''[[Erythranthe platyphylla]]'' <small>(Franch.) G.L.Nesom</small> – (Asia)
Line 263: Line 200:
 
:''[[Erythranthe pennellii]]'' <small>(Gentry) G.L.Nesom</small>
 
:''[[Erythranthe pennellii]]'' <small>(Gentry) G.L.Nesom</small>
 
:''[[Erythranthe percaulis]]'' <small>G.L.Nesom</small>
 
:''[[Erythranthe percaulis]]'' <small>G.L.Nesom</small>
−
:''[[Erythranthe peregrina]]'' <small>M. Vallejo-Marin</small> – newly discovered 2012, originally named ''M. peregrinus'' (Scotland)<ref name="marin2012" />
+
:''[[Erythranthe peregrina]]'' <small>M. Vallejo-Marin</small> – newly discovered 2012, originally named ''M. peregrinus'' (Scotland)
 
:''[[Erythranthe regni]]'' <small>G.L.Nesom</small>
 
:''[[Erythranthe regni]]'' <small>G.L.Nesom</small>
 
:''[[Erythranthe scouleri]]'' <small>(Hook.) G.L.Nesom</small>
 
:''[[Erythranthe scouleri]]'' <small>(Hook.) G.L.Nesom</small>
Line 291: Line 228:
 
:''[[Erythranthe flammea]]''
 
:''[[Erythranthe flammea]]''
 
:''[[Erythranthe lewisii]]'' <small>(Pursh) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga</small> – great purple monkey-flower, Lewis' monkey-flower (Alaska to California to Colorado)
 
:''[[Erythranthe lewisii]]'' <small>(Pursh) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga</small> – great purple monkey-flower, Lewis' monkey-flower (Alaska to California to Colorado)
−
:''[[Erythranthe nelsonii]]'' <small>(A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga</small> – In 2014 Nesom lists as a synonym of ''Erythranthe verbenacea''<ref name="nesom2" />
+
:''[[Erythranthe nelsonii]]'' <small>(A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga</small> – In 2014 Nesom lists as a synonym of ''Erythranthe verbenacea''
 
:''[[Erythranthe parishii]]'' <small>(Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga</small> – Parish's monkey-flower (southern California, western Nevada, Baja California)
 
:''[[Erythranthe parishii]]'' <small>(Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga</small> – Parish's monkey-flower (southern California, western Nevada, Baja California)
 
:''[[Erythranthe rupestris]]'' <small>(Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga</small>
 
:''[[Erythranthe rupestris]]'' <small>(Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga</small>
Line 372: Line 309:
 
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
{{Reflist|30em}}
  
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==External links==
+
[[Category:Phrymaceae]]
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{{Commons category|Erythranthe}}
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[[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]]
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q17745902}}
 
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[[Category:Lamiales genera]]
 
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[[Category:Erythranthe| ]]
 
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[[Category:Plant models]]
 

Latest revision as of 23:30, 13 September 2018

Erythranthe
Erythranthe peregrina.jpg
E. peregrina in Scotland
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Phrymaceae
Genus: Erythranthe
(L.) G. L. Nesom
Type species
Erythranthe cardinalis (Douglas ex Benth.) Spach ≡Mimulus cardinalis Douglas ex Bentham[1] 1835[2]
Synonyms[1]

Mimulus sect. Erythranthe (Spach) Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 108. 1885

Species

Species alphabetically

E. alsinoides in Oregon
E. cardinalis in southern California
E. carsonensis in Nevada
E filicaulis in Sierra Nevada
E. guttata in Skagit County, Washington
E. lewisii in Mount Rainer National Park
E. primuloides in Washington
E. shevockii
E. floribunda in southern California

This is a listing of Erythranthe per Tropicos in February 2017, unless listed as "newly discovered":[3]

Species sectionally

E. alsinoides in Oregon
E. cuprea
E. dentatus
E. lutea
E. rubella on Fossil Ridge, Blue Diamond Hill, Nevada
E. suksdorfii in Butte County, Idaho
E. tilingii

In a 2014 paper, G. L. Nesom and N. S. Fraga placed Erythranthe members into the following 12 sections, unless listed as "newly discovered":[11]

  • Erythranthe sect. Simiolus
Erythranthe arenicola (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe arvensis (Greene) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe brachystylis (Edwin) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe brevinasuta G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe caespitosa (Greene) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe calciphila (Gentry) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe charlestonensis G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe chinatiensis G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe corallina (Greene) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe cordata (Greene) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe decora (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe diminuens G.L.Nesom – newly discovered in 2017 and added to this list (Sonora, Mexico)[5]
Erythranthe dentiloba (B.L.Rob. & Fernald) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe filicifolia (Sexton, K.G.Ferris & Schoenig) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe geyeri (Torr.) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe glabrata (Kunth) G.L.Nesom – roundleaf monkey-flower (widespread in North America, Mesoamerica and South America)
Erythranthe glaucescens (Greene) G.L.Nesom – shieldbract monkey-flower (California)
Erythranthe grandis (Greene) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe guttata (Fisch. ex DC.) G.L.Nesom – common large monkey-flower, common monkey-flower, stream monkey-flower, seep monkey-flower (AK, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, ID, MI, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, NY, OR, PA, SD, UT, WA, WY; Canada: BC, Yukon; Mexico to Guatemala; naturalized in Britain)
Erythranthe hallii (Greene) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe inamoena (Greene) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe laciniata (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe lagunensis G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe madrensis (Seem.) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe marmorata (Greene) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe michiganensis (Pennell) G.L.Nesom – Michigan monkey-flower (Michigan)
Erythranthe microphylla (Benth.) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe minima (C.Bohlen) J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores – (Michoacan, Mexico)[8]
Erythranthe minor (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe nasuta (Greene) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe nudata (Curran ex Greene) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe pallens (Greene) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe pardalis (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe parvula (Wooton & Standl.) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe pennellii (Gentry) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe percaulis G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe peregrina M. Vallejo-Marin – newly discovered 2012, originally named M. peregrinus (Scotland)
Erythranthe regni G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe scouleri (Hook.) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe sookensis B.G. Benedict – originally named M. sookensis (British Columbia to northern California)[9]
Erythranthe thermalis (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom – (Yellowstone National Park)
Erythranthe tilingii (Regel) G.L.Nesom – large mountain monkey-flower, Tiling's monkey-flower (Alaska to New Mexico)
Erythranthe unimaculata (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe utahensis (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe visibilis G.L.Nesom
    • (South America)
Erythranthe acaulis (Phil.) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe andicola (Kunth) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe cuprea (Dombrain) G.L.Nesom – Flor de cobre (Eng: copper flower) (central and southern Chile)
Erythranthe depressa (Phil.) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe lacerata (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe lutea (L.) G.L.Nesom – yellow monkey-flower, monkey musk, blotched monkey-flower, and blood-drop-emlets (North and South America, naturalized in Britain)
Erythranthe lutea var. lutea
Erythranthe lutea var. variegata (Lodd.) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe naiandina (J.M.Watson & C.Bohlen) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe parviflora (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe pilosiuscula (Kunth) G.L.Nesom
  • Erythranthe sect. Erythranthe
Erythranthe cardinalis (Douglas ex Benth.) Spach – scarlet monkey-flower (southwestern United States and Baja California)
Erythranthe cinnabarina G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe eastwoodiae (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga
Erythranthe erubescens G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe flammea
Erythranthe lewisii (Pursh) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – great purple monkey-flower, Lewis' monkey-flower (Alaska to California to Colorado)
Erythranthe nelsonii (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – In 2014 Nesom lists as a synonym of Erythranthe verbenacea
Erythranthe parishii (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Parish's monkey-flower (southern California, western Nevada, Baja California)
Erythranthe rupestris (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga
Erythranthe verbenacea (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga
  • Erythranthe sect. Mimulosma
Erythranthe ampliata (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe arenaria (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe austrolatidens G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe breviflora (Piper) G.L.Nesom – (British Columbia to California to Wyoming)
Erythranthe floribunda (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – manyflowered monkey-flower (western Canada, Pacific Coast, Rocky Mountains, northern Mexico)
Erythranthe geniculata (Greene) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe hymenophylla (Meinke) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe inflatula (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe inodora (Greene) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe jungermannioides (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom[7]
Erythranthe latidens (Greene) G.L.Nesom – broadtooth monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California)
Erythranthe moniliformis (Greene) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe moschata (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – (North and South America, naturalized in Britain and Finland)
Erythranthe norrisii (Heckard & Shevock) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe patula (Pennell) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe pulsiferae (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – candelabrum monkey-flower (Washington to northern California)
Erythranthe taylorii G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe trinitiensis G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe washingtonensis (Gand.) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe stolonifera (Novopokr.) G.L.Nesom – (Russia)[10]
  • Erythranthe sect. Achlyopitheca
Erythranthe acutidens (Greene) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe grayi (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom
Erythranthe inconspicua (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – (syns. Mimulus acutidens and M. grayi)[6]
  • Erythranthe sect. Paradantha
Erythranthe androsacea (Curran ex Greene) N.S.Fraga – rockjasmine monkey-flower (California)
Erythranthe barbata (Greene) N.S.Fraga
Erythranthe calcicola N.S.Fraga
Erythranthe carsonensis N.S.Fraga – Carson Valley monkey-flower (California and Nevada)
Erythranthe diffusa (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga
Erythranthe discolor (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga
Erythranthe gracilipes (B.L.Rob.) N.S.Fraga – slenderstalk monkey-flower (California)
Erythranthe hardhamiae N.S.Fraga
Erythranthe montioides (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – montia-like monkey-flower (California, Nevada)
Erythranthe palmeri (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Palmer's monkey-flower (central California south to Baja California)
Erythranthe purpurea (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga – little purple monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California)
Erythranthe rhodopetra N.S.Fraga
Erythranthe rubella (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – little redstem monkey-flower (CA, NV, UT, WY, CO, NM, TX)
Erythranthe shevockii (Heckard & Bacig.) N.S.Fraga – Kelso Creek monkey-flower (Kern County, California)
Erythranthe sierrae N.S.Fraga
Erythranthe suksdorfii (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Suksdorf's monkey-flower and miniature monkey-flower (Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico)
  • Erythranthe sect. Monantha
Erythranthe linearifolia (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga
Erythranthe primuloides (Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – primrose monkey-flower (WA, OR, CA, ID, NV, UT, AZ, MT, NM)
  • Erythranthe sect. Monimanthe
Erythranthe bicolor (Hartw. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – yellow and white monkey-flower (California)
Erythranthe breweri (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Brewer's monkey-flower (British Columbia to California to Colorado)
Erythranthe filicaulis (S.Watson) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – slender-stemmed monkey-flower (California)
  • Erythranthe sect. Alsinimimulus
Erythranthe alsinoides (Douglas ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – chickweed monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California)
  • Erythranthe sect. Simigemma
Erythranthe gemmipara (W.A.Weber) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Rocky Mountain monkey-flower (Colorado)
  • Erythranthe sect. Exigua
Erythranthe exigua (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – San Bernardino Mountains monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California)
  • Erythranthe sect. Sinopitheca
Erythranthe bracteosa (P.C.Tsoong) G.L.Nesom – (Asia)
Erythranthe bridgesii (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (South America)
Erythranthe platyphylla (Franch.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia)
Erythranthe sessilifolia (Maxim.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia)
Erythranthe tibetica (P.C.Tsoong & H.P.Yang) G.L.Nesom – (Asia)
  • Erythranthe sect. Mimulasia
Erythranthe dentata (Nutt. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom – toothleaf monkey-flower, coastal monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California)[4]
Erythranthe orizabae (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (Mexico)[4]
Erythranthe bhutanica (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom – (Asia)
Erythranthe bodinieri (Vaniot) G.L.Nesom – (Asia)
Erythranthe inflata (Miq.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia)
Erythranthe karakormiana (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom – (Asia)
Erythranthe nepalensis (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia)
Erythranthe procera (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom – (Asia)
Erythranthe sinoalba G.L.Nesom – (Asia)[4]
Erythranthe szechuanensis (Pai) G.L.Nesom – (Asia)
Erythranthe tenella (Bunge) G.L.Nesom – (Asia)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Farr, E. R. and G. Zijlstra (eds.). "Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum) 1996". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  2. ↑ "The International Plant Names Index". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  3. ↑ "Erythranthe". Tropicos. February 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Nesom, G. L. (2011). "A New Species of Erythranthe (Phrymaceae) From China" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 7: 1–5. ISSN 2153-733X.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nesom, G. L. (2017). "Erythranthe diminuens (Phrymaceae), a new species of sect. Simiolus from Sonora" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 7: 1–5. ISSN 2153-733X.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Nesom, G. L. (2012). "Taxonomic summary of Erythranthe sect. Achlyopitheca (Phrymaceae)" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 42: 1–4. ISSN 2153-733X.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Erythranthe jungermannioides (Suksd.) G.L. Nesom" (PDF). Washington Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Pérez, Emmanuel; Zamudio, Sergio (2011). "A new species of Mimulus L. (section Simiolus, Phrymaceae) in the northeastern part of Michoacan state, Mexico". Acta botánica Mexicana. 97 (1): 31–37.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Nesom, Guy L. (2013). "The Taxonomic Status of Mimulus sookensis (Phrymaceae) and Comments on Related Aspects of Biology in Species of Erythranthe" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 69: 1–18. ISSN 2153-733X.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Nesom, G. L. (2012). "Taxonomy of Erythranthe sect. Mimulosma (Phrymaceae)" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 41: 1–36. ISSN 2153-733X.
  11. ↑ Nesom, G. L.; Fraga, N. S. (2014). "Distribution Maps (Erythranthe)" (PDF). Mimulus Taxonomy. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
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