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| − | '''''Chenopodium album''''' is a fast-growing [[weed]]y [[annual plant]] in the genus ''[[Chenopodium]]''.
| + | [[Category:Amaranthaceae]] |
| − | | + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | Though cultivated in some regions, the plant is elsewhere considered a weed. Common names include '''lamb's quarters''', '''melde''', '''goosefoot''', manure weed, and '''fat-hen''', though the latter two are also applied to other species of the genus ''Chenopodium'', for which reason it is often distinguished as '''white goosefoot'''.<ref name=bsbi>BSBI: [http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBI2007.xls Database of names (xls file)] {{webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090707234654/http%3A//www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBI2007.xls |date=2009-07-07 }}</ref><ref name=fnwe>Flora of NW Europe: [http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=1815 ''Chenopodium album'']{{dead link|date=November 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name=pier/><ref name=fna/> It is sometimes also called '''pigweed'''. However, '''pigweed''' is also a name for a few weeds in the family Amaranthaceae;<ref name=fna/> it is for example used for the '''redroot pigweed''' (''[[Amaranthus retroflexus]]'').
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| − | ''Chenopodium album'' is extensively cultivated and consumed in Northern [[India]] as a food crop,<ref name="Niir Board p. 146">"Handbook of Herbs Cultivation and Processing", By Niir Board, p. 146</ref> and in English texts it may be called by its [[Hindi language|Hindi]] name '''''bathua''''' or '''''bathuwa''''' (बथुआ) ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]:चाकवत).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Bathua.html|title=Chenopodium album - Bathua|publisher=Flowersofindia.net|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> It is called ''pappukura'' in Telugu, ''paruppukkirai'' in Tamil, ''kaduoma'' in Kannada, ''vastuccira'' in Malayalam, and ''chakvit'' in Konkani.
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| − | ==Distribution==
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| − | Its native range is obscure due to extensive cultivation,<ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate = 2017-12-15}}</ref> but includes most of [[Europe]],<ref name=fe>Flora Europaea: [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Chenopodium&SPECIES_XREF=album&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Chenopodium album'']</ref> from where [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] described the species in 1753.<ref name=l>Linnaeus, C. (1753). ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' 1: 219. [http://www.botanicus.org/page/358238 Facsimile].</ref> Plants native in eastern Asia are included under ''C. album'', but often differ from European specimens.<ref name=foc>Flora of China: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006809 ''Chenopodium album'']</ref> It is widely introduced elsewhere, e.g. [[Africa]],<ref name=afpd>African Flowering Plants Database: [http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/bd/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=26527 ''Chenopodium album''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427160641/http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/bd/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=26527 |date=April 27, 2008 }}</ref> [[Australasia]],<ref name=apni>Australian Plant Name Index: [http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_name=Chenopodium%20album%25 ''Chenopodium album'']</ref> [[North America]],<ref name=fna>Flora of North America: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200006809 ''Chenopodium album'']</ref> and [[Oceania]],<ref name="pier">Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: [http://www.hear.org/pier/species/chenopodium_album.htm ''Chenopodium album'']</ref> and now occurs almost everywhere in soils rich in [[nitrogen]], especially on wasteland.
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| − | ==Botany==
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| − | It tends to grow upright at first, reaching heights of 10–150 cm (rarely to 3 m), but typically becomes recumbent after flowering (due to the weight of the foliage and seeds) unless supported by other plants. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate and varied in appearance. The first leaves, near the base of the plant, are toothed and roughly diamond-shaped, 3–7 cm long and 3–6 cm broad. The leaves on the upper part of the flowering stems are entire and lanceolate-rhomboid, 1–5 cm long and 0.4–2 cm broad; they are waxy-coated, unwettable and mealy in appearance, with a whitish coat on the underside. The small [[flower]]s are radially symmetrical and grow in small cymes on a dense branched [[inflorescence]] 10–40 cm long.<ref name=fnwe/><ref name=pier/><ref name=fna/><ref name=foc/>
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| − | ===Taxonomy===
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| − | ''Chenopodium album'' has a very complex [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] and has been divided in numerous microspecies, subspecies and varieties, but it is difficult to differentiate between them. The following infraspecific taxa are accepted by the ''Flora Europaea'':<ref name=fe/>
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| − | * ''Chenopodium album'' subsp. ''album''
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| − | * ''Chenopodium album'' subsp. ''striatum'' (Krašan) Murr
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| − | * ''Chenopodium album'' var. ''reticulatum'' (Aellen) Uotila
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| − | Published names and [[synonymy|synonyms]] include ''C. album'' var. ''microphyllum'', ''C. album'' var. ''stevensii'', ''C. acerifolium, C. centrorubrum, C. giganteum, C. jenissejense, C. lanceolatum, C. pedunculare'' and ''C. probstii''.
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| − | It also [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridises]] readily with several other ''Chenopodium'' species, including ''[[Chenopodium berlandieri|C. berlandieri]], C. ficifolium, C. opulifolium, C. strictum'' and ''C. suecicum''.
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| − | ==Cultivation==
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| − | ===Regions where cultivated===
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| − | The species are cultivated as a grain or vegetable crop (such as in lieu of spinach), as well as animal feed in Asia<ref name="Niir Board p. 146"/> and Africa, whereas in Europe and North America, it is commonly regarded as a [[weed]] in places such as potato fields.<ref name=prota>Grubben, G. J. H., & Denton, O. A. (2004). ''Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables''. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.</ref>
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| − | ===Potential impact on conventional crops===
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| − | It is one of the more robust and competitive weeds, capable of producing crop losses of up to 13% in [[maize|corn]], 25% in [[soybeans]], and 48% in [[sugar beet]]s at an average plant distribution.{{Citation needed|reason=these are specific values - where are they from?|date=August 2008}} It may be controlled by dark tillage, rotary hoeing, or flaming when the plants are small. Crop rotation of small grains will suppress an infestation. It is easily controlled with a number of pre-emergence herbicides.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fw011 |title=University of Florida IAS extension|publisher=Edis.ifas.ufl.edu|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> Its [[pollen]] may contribute to [[hay fever]]-like [[allergies]].<ref name=mbr>{{cite journal|journal=Molecular Biology Reports|author1=Amini, A.|author2=Sankian, M.|author3=Assarehzedegan, M.A.|author4=Vahedi, F.|author5=Varasteh, A.|title=''Chenopodium album'' pollen profilin (Che a 2): homology modeling and evaluation of cross-reactivity with allergenic profilins based on predicted potential IgE epitopes and IgE reactivity analysis|date=April 2011|volume=38|issue=4|pages=2578–87|doi=10.1007/s11033-010-0398-2|pmid=21086179}}</ref>
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| − | ===Beneficial use in ecological pest control===
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| − | ''Chenopodium album'' is vulnerable to [[leaf miner]]s, making it a useful [[trap crop]] as a [[companion plant]]. Growing near other plants, it attracts leaf miners which might otherwise have attacked the crop to be protected. It is a host plant for the [[beet leafhopper]], an insect which transmits curly top virus to [[beet]] crops.
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| − | ==Uses and consumption==
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| − | ===Food===
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| − | [[File:Rice and chenopodium album leaf curry with potatoes and onions40.JPG|thumb|left|[[Rice]] and ''Chenopodium album'' leaf [[curry]] with onions and potatoes]]
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| − | {{nutritionalvalue
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| − | | name=Lambsquarters, raw
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| − | | kJ=180
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| − | | protein=4.2 g
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| − | | fat=0.8 g
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| − | | carbs=7.3 g
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| − | | fiber=4 g
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| − | | calcium_mg=309
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| − | | iron_mg=1.2
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| − | | magnesium_mg=34
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| − | | phosphorus_mg=72
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| − | | potassium_mg=452
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| − | | sodium_mg=43
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| − | | zinc_mg=0.44
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| − | | manganese_mg=0.782
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| − | | vitC_mg=80
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| − | | thiamin_mg=0.16
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| − | | riboflavin_mg=0.44
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| − | | niacin_mg=1.2
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| − | | pantothenic_mg=0.092
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| − | | vitB6_mg=0.274
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| − | | folate_ug=30
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| − | | vitA_ug=580
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| − | | source_usda = 1
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| − | | note=[http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=11244&format=Full Link to USDA Database entry]
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| − | }}
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| − | The leaves and young shoots may be eaten as a [[leaf vegetable]], either steamed in its entirety, or cooked like [[spinach]], but should be eaten in moderation due to high levels of [[oxalic acid]].<ref>{{Cite book
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| − | | last = Johnson
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| − | | first = Derek
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| − | | last2 = Kershaw
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| − | | first2 =Linda
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| − | | last3 = MacKinnon
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| − | | first3 =Andy
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| − | | last4 = Pojar
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| − | | first4 =Jim
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| − | | title = Plants of the Western Boreal Forest and Aspen Parkland
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| − | | place =
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| − | | publisher = Lone Pine Publishing
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| − | | year = 1995
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| − | | volume =
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| − | | isbn=1-55105-058-7
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| − | | edition =
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| − | | url =
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| − | | doi =
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| − | | id =
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| − | | postscript = <!--None-->
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| − | }}</ref> Each plant produces tens of thousands of black [[seed]]s. These are high in protein, [[vitamin A]], [[calcium]], [[phosphorus]], and [[potassium]]. [[Quinoa]], a closely related species, is grown specifically for its seeds.<ref name=protabase>PROTAbase: [http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&TN=PROTAB~1&QB0=AND&QF0=Species+Code&QI0=Chenopodium+album&RF=Webdisplay ''Chenopodium album''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804060332/http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&TN=PROTAB~1&QB0=AND&QF0=Species+Code&QI0=Chenopodium+album&RF=Webdisplay |date=August 4, 2007 }}</ref> The [[Zuni people]] cook the young plants' greens.<ref>Castetter, Edward F. 1935 Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food. University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44 (p. 16)</ref> Bathua seeds also double up for rice and dal. Napoleon Bonaparte is said to have once relied on bathua seeds to feed his troops during lean times.
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| − | [[Archaeologist]]s analysing carbonized plant remains found in storage pits and ovens at [[Iron Age]], [[Viking]] Age, and Roman sites in Europe have found its seeds mixed with conventional grains and even inside the stomachs of [[Denmark|Danish]] [[bog body|bog bodies]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Miles, David |title=An introduction to Archaeology |year=1978 |publisher=Ward Lock |location=Great Britain |isbn=0-7063-5725-6 |page=99 }}</ref>
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| − | In India, the plant is popularly called ''bathua'' and found abundantly in the winter season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tarladalal.com/glossary-Bathua-(Cheel-Bhaji)-1815i |title=Bathua (cheel Bhaji) Glossary | Recipes with Bathua (cheel Bhaji) |publisher=Tarladalal.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref> The leaves and young shoots of this plant are used in dishes such as soups, curries, and [[paratha]]-stuffed breads, especially popular in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. The seeds or grains are used in ''[[phambra]]'' or ''[[laafi]]'', [[gruel]]-type dishes in [[Himachal Pradesh]], and in mildly alcoholic fermented beverages such as'' [[soora]]'' and ''[[ghanti]]''.<ref>The himalayan grain chenopods. I. Distribution and ethnobotany</ref>
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| − | ===Animal feed===
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| − | As some of the common names suggest, it is also used as feed (both the leaves and the seeds) for [[chicken]]s and other [[poultry]].<!-- Not cited, nitites converted to ammonia and used for amino acids by rumen microbes However, the [[nitrate]]s in the plant can be converted very efficiently to nitrites in the [[rumen]] of [[cattle]], leading to changes in haemoglobin and reducing the ruminants' oxygen-binding capacity.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}-->
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| − | ===Construction===
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| − | The juice of this plant is a potent ingredient for a mixture of wall plaster, according to the Samarāṅgaṇa Sūtradhāra, which is a Sanskrit treatise dealing with Śilpaśāstra (Hindu science of art and construction).<ref>{{Cite book
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| − | | last = Nardi
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| − | | first = Isabella
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| − | | title = The Theory of Citrasutras in Indian Painting
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| − | | place =
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| − | | publisher = Routledge
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| − | | year = 2007
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| − | | volume =
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| − | | isbn=1134165234
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| − | | pages = 121
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| − | | edition =
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| − | | url =
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| − | | doi =
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| − | | id =
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| − | | postscript = <!--None-->
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| − | }}</ref>
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| − | ==Gallery==
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| − | <gallery>
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| − | File:Melganzenvoet bloemen Chenopodium album.jpg|Close-up of flower and flower bud
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| − | File:6H-Lambs-quarter.jpg|Young ''Chenopodium album''
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| − | File:Lamb's Quarter.jpeg|Domestic Lamb's Quarter - Cecil County, MD - November 2015
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | ==References==<!-- BiolConserv137:248. -->
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| − | {{Reflist|30em}}
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | {{Commons|Chenopodium album}}
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| − | *{{Wikispecies inline}}
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q158610}}
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| − | [[Category:Chenopodium|album]]
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| − | [[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Nepal]]
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| − | [[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants used in traditional African medicine]]
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| − | [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
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