|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{Redirect|Carnation}}
| |
| − | {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
| |
| | {{speciesbox | | {{speciesbox |
| | |image = Moondust-carnation.JPG | | |image = Moondust-carnation.JPG |
| Line 9: |
Line 7: |
| | }} | | }} |
| | | | |
| − | '''''Dianthus caryophyllus''''', the '''carnation''' or '''clove pink''', is a species of ''[[Dianthus]]''. It is probably native to the [[Mediterranean region]] but its exact range is unknown due to extensive cultivation for the last 2,000 years.<ref name=mc>Med-Checklist: [http://ww2.bgbm.org/mcl/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=5019&PTRefFk=1273 ''Dianthus caryophyllus'']</ref><ref name=fe>Flora Europaea: [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Dianthus&SPECIES_XREF=caryophyllus&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= ''Dianthus caryophyllus'']</ref><ref name=blamey>Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). ''Flora of Britain and Northern Europe''. {{ISBN|0-340-40170-2}}</ref><ref name=rhs>Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan {{ISBN|0-333-47494-5}}.</ref>
| + | [[Category:Caryophyllaceae]] |
| − | | + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | It is an [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]] growing to 80 cm tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[glaucous]] greyish green to blue-green, slender, up to 15 cm long. The [[flower]]s are produced singly or up to five together in a [[Inflorescence#Organization|cyme]]; they are 3–5 cm diameter, and sweetly scented; the original natural flower colour is bright pinkish-purple, but [[cultivar]]s of other colours, including red, white, yellow and green, have been developed.<ref name=rhs/><ref name=fnwe>Flora of NW Europe: [http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=1990 ''Dianthus caryophyllus''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208024422/http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/BIS/flora.php?selected=beschrijving&menuentry=soorten&id=1990 |date=8 December 2007 }}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Some fragrance-less carnation cultivars are often used as [[boutonniere]]s for men.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Cultivation and uses==
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Growing ===
| |
| − | Carnations require well-drained, neutral to slightly alkaline soil, and full sun. Numerous [[cultivar]]s have been selected for garden planting.<ref name=rhs/> Typical examples include 'Gina Porto', 'Helen', 'Laced Romeo', and 'Red Rocket'.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Colombia is the largest carnation producer in the world.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Diseases===
| |
| − | {{Main|List of carnation diseases}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Symbolism===
| |
| − | [[File:Gartennelke 1.jpg|right|thumb|A carnation cultivar]]
| |
| − | [[File:Carnation buds.JPG|thumb|Flower buds]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Traditional meanings====
| |
| − | For the most part, carnations express love, fascination, and distinction, though there are many variations dependent on colour.
| |
| − | * Along with the [[Rose (symbolism)#Socialism|red rose]], the red carnation can be used as a symbol of [[socialism]] and the [[labour movement]], and historically has often been used in demonstrations on [[International Workers' Day]] ([[May Day]]).
| |
| − | * In Portugal, bright red carnations were used when in 1974 the authoritarian [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] regime was overthrown; therefore, this transition (brought about by a combination of a ''coup d'état'' with civil resistance) is known as the [[Carnation Revolution]].
| |
| − | * Light red carnations represent admiration, while dark red denote deep love and affection.
| |
| − | * White carnations represent pure love and good luck, while striped (variegated) carnations symbolise regret that a love cannot be shared.
| |
| − | * White carnations, in the [[Netherlands]] are associated with HRH prince Bernhard. He wore one during [[World War II]] and in a gesture of defiance some of the Dutch population took up this gesture. After the war the white carnation became a sign of the Prince, veterans and remembrance of the resistance.
| |
| − | * Purple carnations indicate capriciousness. In France, it is a traditional funeral flower, given in condolence for the death of a loved one.
| |
| − | * According to a Christian legend, carnations first appeared on [[Earth]] as Jesus carried the [[Cross]]. The [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin Mary]] shed tears at Jesus' plight, and carnations sprang up from where her tears fell. Thus the pink carnation became the symbol of a mother's undying love.<ref>{{citation |title= The magic garden: the myth and folklore of flowers, plants, trees, and herbs |author= Anthony S. Mercatante |publisher= Harper & Row |year= 1976 |isbn= 0-06-065562-3 |page= 9 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PZHfAAAAMAAJ&q=carnations+Jesus+christ+tears+virgin+mary&dq=carnations+Jesus+christ+tears+virgin+mary}}</ref><ref>{{citation |chapter= The legend of the carnation |title= Library notes |publisher= Alabama Public Library Service|year= 1965 |page= 6 |url= https://books.google.com/books?ct=result&id=SejoAAAAMAAJ&dq=carnations+Jesus+christ+tears+virgin+mary&q=carnation+tears+cross#search_anchor }}</ref>
| |
| − | * Carnation is the birth flower for those born in the month of January.<ref>http://www.teleflora.com/carnation/flowers-plant-info/carnation-detail.asp</ref>
| |
| − | The formal name for carnation, ''dianthus'', comes from Greek for "heavenly flower",<ref>{{cite web
| |
| − | | url =http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dianthus
| |
| − | | title =dianthus
| |
| − | | year =2010
| |
| − | | work =Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
| |
| − | | publisher =Merriam-Webster Online
| |
| − | | accessdate =4 March 2010
| |
| − | }}</ref> or the flower of [[Jove]].<ref>{{cite web
| |
| − | | url =http://www.calyxflowers.com/Floral-Library/Content/Standard-Carnation.aspx
| |
| − | | title =Care Information for Standard Carnation
| |
| − | | year =2010
| |
| − | | work =Calyx Flowers Floral Library
| |
| − | | publisher =Calyx & Corolla, Inc.
| |
| − | | accessdate =4 March 2010
| |
| − | }}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[File:E preciso salvar Abril Henrique Matos.jpg|thumb|left|Mural commemorating the Portuguese [[Carnation Revolution]]]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Holidays and events====
| |
| − | Carnations are often worn on special occasions, especially [[Mother's Day]] and weddings. In 1907, [[Anna Jarvis]] chose a carnation as the emblem of Mother's Day because it was her mother's favourite flower.<ref>{{Cite book| title = Consumer Rites: The Buying and Selling of American Holidays | author = Leigh Eric Schmidt | edition = reprint, illustrated | editor = [[Princeton University Press]] | year = 1997 | page = 260 | isbn = 0-691-01721-2 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=maF8mTPsJqsC&pg=PA260&dq=carnation+mother%27s+day}}</ref> This tradition is now observed in the United States and Canada on the second Sunday in May. Ann Jarvis chose the white carnation because she wanted to represent the purity of a mother's love.<ref name="vancouversun">{{Cite news | url = http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=c942370c-cdbb-43b2-af59-71ad4b546854 | title = Mother's Day creator likely 'spinning in her grave' | author = Louisa Taylor, Canwest News Service | work = [[Vancouver Sun]] | date = 11 May 2008 | accessdate = 7 July 2008 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080627112442/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=c942370c-cdbb-43b2-af59-71ad4b546854 | archivedate = 27 June 2008 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="msnbc">{{cite news| url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24556903/ | title = Mother's Day reaches 100th anniversary, The woman who lobbied for this day would berate you for buying a card | agency = Associated Press | work = MSNBC | date = 11 May 2008 | accessdate = 7 July 2008 }}</ref> This meaning has evolved over time, and now a red carnation may be worn if one's mother is alive, and a white one if she has died.<ref name="annie">{{cite web| url = http://www.annieshomepage.com/mothershistory.html | title = Annie's "Mother's Day" History Page | accessdate = 26 June 2008 }}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | In Korea, carnations express admiration, love and gratitude. Red and pink carnations are worn on [[Parents Day]] (Korea does not separate Mother's Day or Father's Day, but has Parents Day on 8 May). Sometimes, parents wear a corsage of carnation(s) on their left chest on Parents Day. Carnations are also worn on Teachers Day (15 May).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Society/view?articleId=136259|title=Teacher's Day|last=Eaves|first=Gregory|date=13 May 2016|website=korea.net|publisher=|access-date=2 February 2017}}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | Red carnations are worn on [[International Workers' Day|May Day]] as a symbol of [[socialism]] and the [[labour movement]] in some countries, such as Austria, Italy,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/sr263/flett.htm | title=May Day | author=Keith Flett | year=2002 | publisher=[[Socialist Review]] | accessdate=4 March 2010}}</ref> and successor countries of the former [[SFR Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. The red carnation is also the symbol of the Portuguese [[Carnation Revolution]].
| |
| − | | |
| − | Green carnations are for [[St. Patrick's Day]] and were famously worn by the Irish writer [[Oscar Wilde]]. The green carnation thence became a symbol of [[homosexuality]] in the early 20th century, especially through the book'' [[The Green Carnation]]'' and [[Noël Coward]]'s song, "We All Wear a Green Carnation" in his [[operetta]], ''[[Bitter Sweet]]''.
| |
| − | | |
| − | In Poland, in times of the [[People's Republic of Poland]], carnations were traditionally given to women on the widely celebrated [[International Women's Day|Women's Day]], together with commodities that were difficult to obtain due to the economic hardships faced by the country's communist system, such as tights, towels, soap and coffee.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | At the [[University of Oxford]], carnations are traditionally worn to all examinations; white for the first exam, pink for exams in between, and red for the last exam. One story explaining this tradition relates that initially a white carnation was kept in a red inkpot between exams, so by the last exam it was fully red; the story is thought to originate in the late 1990s.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://ask.metafilter.com/59198/Why-do-students-at-Oxford-University-wear-carnations-to-exams | title=Why do students at Oxford University wear carnations to exams | accessdate=4 March 2010}}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[File:Carnations redoute.JPG|frame|Carnations painted by [[Pierre-Joseph Redouté]]]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | Carnations are the traditional first wedding anniversary flower.<ref>[[Wedding anniversary#Flower gifts]]</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ====Symbols of territorial entities and organizations====
| |
| − | The carnation is the [[national flower]] of Spain, Monaco, and Slovenia, and the provincial flower of the autonomous community of the [[Balearic Islands]]. The [[List of U.S. state flowers|state flower]] of Ohio is a scarlet carnation, which was introduced to the state by [[Levi L. Lamborn]]. The choice was made to honor [[William McKinley]], Ohio Governor and U.S. President, who was assassinated in 1901, and regularly wore a scarlet carnation on his lapel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/gp5.02 |title=Lawriter - ORC - 5.02 State flower |publisher=Codes.ohio.gov |date= |accessdate=2015-12-08}}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Colors===
| |
| − | Carnations do not naturally produce the pigment [[delphinidin]], thus a blue carnation cannot occur by [[natural selection]] or be created by traditional [[plant breeding]]. It shares this characteristic with other widely sold flowers like [[Hybrid tea rose|rose]]s, [[Lilium|lilies]], [[tulip]]s, [[chrysanthemum]]s and [[gerbera]]s.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Around 1996 a company, [[Florigene]], used [[genetic engineering]] to extract certain genes from [[petunia]] and [[Antirrhinum|snapdragon]] flowers to produce a blue-mauve carnation, which was commercialized as ''Moondust''. In 1998 a violet carnation called ''Moonshadow'' was commercialized.<ref name=physorg>Phys.Org website. 4 April 2005 [http://www.physorg.com/news3581.html Plant gene replacement results in the world's only blue rose]</ref> As of 2004 three additional blue-violet/purple varieties have been commercialized.<ref>{{cite web |title= GM Carnations in Australia. A Resource Guide |publisher= Agrifood Awareness Australia |date= November 2004 |url= http://www.afaa.com.au/resource_guides/Resource_Carnations.pdf |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120508021951/http://www.afaa.com.au/resource_guides/Resource_Carnations.pdf |archivedate= 8 May 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Etymology==
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[File:Stilleben. Frukt. Binoit - Skoklosters slott - 22175.tif|thumb|300px|[[Peter Binoit]], ''Stilleben, frukt'' - Still life with carnations, 1618]]
| |
| − | Carnations were mentioned in Greek literature 2,000 years ago. "Dianthus" was coined by Greek botanist [[Theophrastus]], and is derived from the Greek words for divine ("dios") and flower ("anthos").<ref>"What in Carnation?", Wall Street Journal, Off Duty Section, 23–24 October 2010, p.D1</ref> Some scholars believe that the name "carnation" comes from "coronation" or "corone" (flower garlands), as it was one of the flowers used in Greek ceremonial crowns. Others think the name stems from the Latin "caro" (genitive "carnis") (flesh), which refers to the original colour of the flower, or incarnatio (incarnation), which refers to the incarnation of God made flesh. The legend that explains the name is that Diana the Goddess came upon the shepherd boy and took a liking to him. But the boy, for some reason, turned her down. Diana ripped out his eyes and threw them to the ground where they sprouted into the Dianthus flower.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Although originally applied to the species ''Dianthus caryophyllus'', the name Carnation is also often applied to some of the other species of ''[[Dianthus]]'', and more particularly to garden [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s between ''D. caryophyllus'' and other species in the genus.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==See also==
| |
| − | *[[List of Award of Garden Merit dianthus]]
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==References==<!-- BiolConserv137:248. -->
| |
| − | {{Reflist}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==External links==
| |
| − | {{Commons|Dianthus caryophyllus}}
| |
| − | {{Americana Poster|Carnation}}
| |
| − | {{EB1911 poster|Carnation}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{wiktionary}}
| |
| − | * [http://lib.colostate.edu/archives/agriculture/carnations/ Carnations and the Floriculture Industry: Records of the Colorado Flower Growers Association]
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q158984}}
| |
| − | {{Authority control}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Dianthus|caryophyllus]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Symbols of Ohio]]
| |
| − | [[Category:National symbols of Spain]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Garden plants]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Flowers]] | |
| − | [[Category:Plants described in 1753]] | |
