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| | | regnum = [[Plantae]] | | | regnum = [[Plantae]] |
| | | ordo = [[Sapindales]] | | | ordo = [[Sapindales]] |
| − | | familia = [[Aceraceae ]]<ref>http://online.sfsu.edu/bholzman/courses/Fall01%20projects/acermac.htm</ref> | + | | familia = [[Sapindaceae]] |
| | | genus = ''[[Maple|Acer]]'' | | | genus = ''[[Maple|Acer]]'' |
| | | species = '''''A. macrophyllum''''' | | | species = '''''A. macrophyllum''''' |
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| | | unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] | | | unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |
| | | unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] | | | unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] |
| − | | synonyms = | + | | synonyms =}} |
| − | {{collapsible list|bullets = true
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| − | |''Acer auritum'' <small>Greene</small>
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| − | |''Acer dactylophyllum'' <small>Greene</small>
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| − | |''Acer flabellatum'' <small>Greene 1912 not Rehder 1905</small>
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| − | |''Acer hemionitis'' <small>Greene</small>
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| − | |''Acer leptodactylon'' <small>Greene</small>
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| − | |''Acer murrayanum'' <small>Dippel</small>
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| − | |''Acer palmatum'' <small>Raf. 1836 not Thumb. 1784</small>
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| − | |''Acer platypterum'' <small>Greene</small>
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| − | |''Acer politum'' <small>Greene</small>
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| − | |''Acer stellatum'' <small>Greene</small>
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| − | }}
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| − | | synonyms_ref =
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| − | }} | |
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| − | '''''Acer macrophyllum''''', the '''bigleaf maple'''<ref name="PLANTS">{{PLANTS|id=ACMA3|taxon=Acer macrophyllum|accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref> or '''Oregon maple''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{cite web|title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |format=xls |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6VqJ46atN?url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |archive-date=2015-01-25 |accessdate=2014-10-17 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> is a large [[deciduous]] [[tree]] in the genus ''[[Acer (genus)|Acer]]''.
| + | [[Category:Sapindaceae]] |
| − | | + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | It can grow up to {{convert|157.80|ft|m}} tall,<ref name=mdv>{{cite web |title=World's Tallest Maple Discovery of 2012 |first=M. D. |last=Vaden |url=http://www.mdvaden.com/maple_tallest.shtml}}</ref><ref name=hh>{{cite news |title=The tall tale of 'Humboldt Honey' -- tree hunter says world's tallest maple is in Humboldt Redwoods State Park |first=Kasi |last=Poor |journal=[[Times-Standard]] |url=http://www.times-standard.com/ci_21937905/tall-tale-humboldt-honey-tree-hunter-says-worlds |date=2012-11-06}}</ref> but more commonly reaches {{convert|15|-|20|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on}} tall. It is native to western [[North America]], mostly near the [[Pacific]] coast, from southernmost [[Alaska]] to southern [[California]]. Some stands are also found inland in the foothills of the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] mountains of central California, and a tiny population occurs in central [[Idaho]].<ref name="Klinkenberg2014">{{cite web | url= http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Acer%20macrophyllum | last= Klinkenberg | first= Brian (Editor) | date= 2014 | title= ''Acer macrophyllum'' | website= E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. | publisher= Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver | accessdate= 2015-02-07}}</ref><ref name="Sullivan2015">{{cite web | url= http://www.wildflowersearch.com/search?&PlantName=Acer+macrophyllum | last= Sullivan | first= Steven. K. | date= 2015 | title= ''Acer macrophyllum'' | website= Wildflower Search | accessdate= 2015-02-07 }}</ref><ref name="PLANTS" />
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| − | [[File:Acer macrophyllum leaf.jpg|thumb|Huge ''Acer macrophyllum'' leaf in Washington State]]
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| − | == Description ==
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| − | It has the largest leaves of any maple, typically {{convert|15|-|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} across, with five deeply incised palmate lobes, with the largest running to {{convert|61|cm|in}}.<ref name="WTU Herbarium2015">{{cite web | url= http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Acer&Species=macrophyllum | last= Giblin | first= David (Editor) | date= 2015 | title= ''Acer macrophyllum'' | website= WTU Herbarium Image Collection | publisher= Burke Museum, University of Washington | accessdate= 2015-02-07}}</ref><ref name="Jepson">{{Jepson eFlora|11746|Acer macrophyllum |first=Alan T. |last=Whittemore |date=2012 |access-date=2015-02-07}}</ref> In the fall, the leaves turn to gold and yellow, often to spectacular effect against the backdrop of evergreen conifers.
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| − | The [[flower]]s are produced in spring in pendulous [[raceme]]s {{convert|10|-|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, greenish-yellow with inconspicuous petals. The [[fruit]] is a paired winged [[Samara (fruit)|samara]], each [[seed]] {{convert|1|-|1.5|cm|in|frac=8}} in diameter with a {{convert|4|-|5|cm|in|frac=8|adj=on|abbr=off}} wing.<ref name="Klinkenberg2014" /><ref name="Jepson" /><ref name="WTU Herbarium2015" />
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| − | In the more humid parts of its range, as in the [[Olympic National Park]], its [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is covered with [[epiphytic]] [[moss]] and [[fern]] species. {{clear|left}}
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| − | | |
| − | == Habitat ==
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| − | Bigleaf maple can form pure stands on moist soils in proximity to streams, but are generally found within [[riparian]] [[hardwood]] forests or dispersed, (under or within), relatively open [[Canopy (forest)|canopies]] of [[conifer]]s, mixed [[evergreen]]s, or [[oak]]s ([[Quercus]] spp.)<ref name="US Forest Service">{{FEIS |genus=Acer |species=macrophyllum |type=tree |last=Fryer |first=Janet L. |date=2011}}</ref><ref name="Sullivan2015" /> In cool and moist temperate [[California mixed evergreen forest|mixed woods]] they are one of the dominant species.<ref name="Las Pilitas Native Plant Nursery Plant Communities">{{cite web |title=Mixed Evergreen Forest |url=http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/communities/mixed-evergreen-forest |website=Nature of California |first=Bert |last=Wilson |date=2014 |publisher=Las Pilitas Nursery}}</ref> It is very rare north of [[Vancouver Island]] though cultivated in [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia|Prince Rupert]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://treesofprincerupert.blogspot.ca |title=Trees of Prince Rupert |date=2010 |type=blog}}</ref> near [[Ketchikan]] and in [[Juneau]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://treesneartheirlimitsalaska.blogspot.ca |title=Trees Near Their Limits -- Alaska |date=2010 |type=blog}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | == Uses ==
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| − | Bigleaf maple has been used for creating syrup but it is not common. This is because [[sugar maple]] has a higher sugar content. Nevertheless, syrup production has become a localized industry in bigleaf maple groves where weather conditions (including sub-freezing winters) are especially suitable, such as near sea-level in British Columbia and at higher elevations along the West Coast from Washington through Northern California.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}}
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| − | | |
| − | === Lumber ===
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| − | Bigleaf maple is the only commercially important maple of the [[Pacific Coast]] region.<ref name="US Forest Service" />
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| − | The [[wood]] is used for applications as diverse as furniture, piano frames and salad bowls. Highly figured wood is not uncommon and is used for veneer, stringed instruments, guitar bodies, and gun stocks.
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| − | The wood is primarily used in [[Wood veneer|veneer]] production for furniture, but is also used in musical instrument production, interior paneling, and other hardwood products; the [[heartwood]] is light, reddish-brown, fine-grained, moderately heavy, and moderately hard and strong.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arno |first1=Stephen F. |last2=Hammerly |first2=Ramona P. |date=1977 |title=Northwest trees |place=Seattle, WA |publisher=The Mountaineers}}</ref> [[Lakwungen]] First Nations people of Vancouver Island call it the paddle tree and used it to make paddles and spindle wheels.{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}
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| − | In California, land managers do not highly value bigleaf maple, and it is often intentionally knocked over and left un-harvested during harvest of [[Douglas fir]] and [[redwood]] stands.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bolsinger |first=Charles L. |date=1988 |title=The hardwoods of California's timberlands, woodlands, and savannas |journal=Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-148 |place=Portland, OR |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | === Food ===
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| − | [[Maple syrup]] has been made from the sap of bigleaf maple trees.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruth |first1=Robert H. |last2=Underwood |last3=J. Clyde |last4=Smith |first4=Clark E. |last5=Yang |first5=Hoya Y. |date=1972 |title=Maple sirup production from bigleaf maple |journal=PNW-181 |place=Portland, OR |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/rn181.pdf}}</ref> While the sugar concentration is about the same as in ''[[Acer saccharum]]'' (sugar maple), the flavor is somewhat different. Interest in commercially producing syrup from bigleaf maple sap has been limited.<ref>{{cite web |website=Island Net |url=http://www.island.net/~backlund/syrup_info.pdf |title=Maple syrup |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925031921/http://www.island.net/~backlund/syrup_info.pdf |archive-date=September 25, 2006 }}</ref>
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| − | Although not traditionally used for syrup production, it takes about 40 volumes of sap to produce 1 volume of maple syrup.
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| − | It is used as [[Browsing (predation)|browse]] by [[black-tailed deer]], [[mule deer]], and horses during the sapling stage.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Fowells |editor-first=H. A. |date=1965 |title=Silvics of forest trees of the United States. Agric. Handb. 271 |place=Washington, DC |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service}}</ref>
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| − | A western Oregon study found that 60 percent of bigleaf maple seedlings over {{convert|10|in|cm}} tall had been browsed by deer, most several times.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fried |first1=Jeremy S. |last2=Tappeiner |first2=John C. |last3=Hibbs |first3=David E. |date=1988 |title=Bigleaf maple seedling establishment and early growth in Douglas-fir forests |journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research |volume=18 |pages=1226–1233}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | == Big Tree ==
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| − | The current [[National register of big trees|national champion]] bigleaf maple is located in [[Lane County, Oregon]]. It has a circumference of {{convert|38.6|ft|m}}—or an average [[diameter at breast height]] of about {{convert|12.3|ft|m}}—and is {{convert|119|ft|m}} tall with a crown spread of {{convert|91|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bigleaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum) |url=http://www.americanforests.org/big-trees/bigleaf-maple-acer-macrophyllum-2/ |website=National Register of Big Trees |publisher=American Forests}}</ref> The previous national champion is located in [[Marion, Oregon]], and has a circumference of {{convert|25.4|ft|m}}—or an average diameter at breast height of about {{convert|8.1|ft|m}}—and is {{convert|88|ft|m}} tall with a crown spread of {{convert|104|ft|m}}.
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| − | | |
| − | ==Gallery==
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| − | <gallery>
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| − | File:Acer macrophyllum 1.jpg|Acer macrophyllum in early spring
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| − | File:Acer macrophyllum 2.jpg|The {{convert|10|–|15|cm|in|0|adj=on|abbr=off}}-long raceme of greenish-yellow flowers appear as the leaves are developing in the spring.
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| − | File:MossesHohRainForest 7306.jpg|Moss on Bigleaf maple in Hoh Rainforest in [[Olympic National Park]], Washington
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| − | File:Tall bigleaf maple.JPG|Bigleaf maple in the [[McKenzie River (Oregon)|McKenzie River]] valley in western Oregon
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| − | File:"WORLD'S LARGEST BIGLEAF MAPLE" IN ENGLISH CAMP - NARA - 545275.jpg|"WORLD'S LARGEST BIGLEAF MAPLE" IN ENGLISH CAMP on [[San Juan Island, Washington]]
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| − | Acer macrophyllum 6.jpg|Fallen ''Acer macrophyllum'' leaf in fall near [[Cashmere, Washington]]
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | | |
| − | == References ==
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| − | {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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| − | | |
| − | == External links ==
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| − | * {{Commons category-inline|Acer macrophyllum}}
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| − | *{{Calflora|Acer macrophyllum |link=1}}
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| − | *[http://www.tropicos.org/ImageFullView.aspx?imageid=20565 photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Yolo County, California, in 1903]
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q599523}}
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| − | [[Category:Acer|macrophyllum]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of the Western United States]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges]] | |
| − | [[Category:Plants described in 1813]] | |
| − | [[Category:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges]]
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| − | [[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
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| − | [[Category:Ornamental trees]]
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