Difference between revisions of "Erythronium"

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{{for|the chemical element formerly named erythronium|vanadium}}
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{{Italic title}}
 
{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
 
| image              = Dent-de-chien.JPG
 
| image              = Dent-de-chien.JPG
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| type_species      = ''[[Erythronium dens-canis]]''
 
| type_species      = ''[[Erythronium dens-canis]]''
 
| type_species_authority = [[L.]]
 
| type_species_authority = [[L.]]
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| synonyms_ref      = <ref name=vi>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=305736 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
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| synonyms_ref      = <ref name=vi>{{WCSP|305736|Erythronium}}</ref>
 
| synonyms          =
 
| synonyms          =
 
* ''Mithridatium'' <small>Adans. 1763, illegitimate superfluous name</small>
 
* ''Mithridatium'' <small>Adans. 1763, illegitimate superfluous name</small>
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}}
 
}}
  
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==References==
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'''''Erythronium''''' ('''fawn lily''', '''trout lily''', '''dog's-tooth violet''', '''adder's tongue''') is a genus of [[Eurasia]]n and [[North America]]n plants in the [[Liliaceae|lily family]],<ref>{{Jepson Manual |id=Erythronium |taxon=Erythronium}}</ref><ref>{{eFloras|2|112169|Erythronium}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Erythronium |website=Altervista Flora Italiana |title=Dente di cane, Dog's Tooth Violet, genere ''Erythronium''}}</ref><ref>Clennett, J.C.B. (2006). A taxonomic revision of ''Erythronium'' L. (Liliaceae): 1-290. Thesis, Open University, Ardingly, U.K..</ref><ref>Clennett, C. (2014). The genus ''Erythronium'': 1-158. Kew Publishing, Kew.</ref> most closely related to [[tulip]]s.<ref name="fna">{{eFloras|1|112169|Erythronium |first1=Geraldine A. |last1=Allen |first2=Kenneth R. |last2=Robertson |volume=26}}</ref> The name Erythronium derives from [[Ancient Greek]] {{wikt-lang|grc|ἐρυθρός}} ({{grc-tr|ἐρυθρός}}) "red" in Greek, referring to the red flowers of [[Erythronium dens-canis|''E. dens-canis'']].<ref name="fna" />
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<references/>
 
  
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{{Ack-Wikipedia}}
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== Species ==
 +
''Erythronium'' includes about 20–30 [[species]] of [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] spring-flowering [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[flowering plant|plants]] with long, tooth-like [[bulb]]s. Slender stems carry pendent [[flower]]s with recurved [[tepal]]s in shades of cream, yellow, pink and mauve. Species are [[native plant|native]] to forests and meadows in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions of the Northern Hemisphere.<ref name=vi /><ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=1-4053-3296-4|pages=1136}}</ref><ref>{{BONAP|ref|genus=Erythronium}}</ref>
  
−
[[Category:Liliaceae]]
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{| class="wikitable"
−
[[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]]
+
! Species
 +
! Common name
 +
! Distribution
 +
|-
 +
|''[[Erythronium albidum]]'' <small>Nutt.</small> || small white fawn-lily, white fawn-lily, white trout-lily || [[Ontario]], east-central United States ([[Minnesota|MN]] to [[Connecticut|CT]] south to [[Texas|TX]], [[Alabama|AL]])
 +
|-
 +
|''[[Erythronium americanum]]'' <small>Ker-Gawl.</small> || trout-lily, yellow trout-lily, yellow adder's-tongue, yellow dogtooth violet || Eastern Canada ([[Ontario]] to [[Labrador]]), Eastern United States ([[Maine|ME]] to [[Georgia (U.S. state)|GA]], West to [[Mississippi River]])
 +
|-
 +
|''[[Erythronium californicum]]'' <small>Purdy</small> || California fawn-lily || Northern [[California]]
 +
|-
 +
|''[[Erythronium caucasicum]]'' <small>Woronow</small> || Caucasian dog's tooth violet || [[Caucasus]], [[Iran]]
 +
|-
 +
|''[[Erythronium citrinum]]'' <small>S. Wats.</small> || cream fawn-lily || Oregon, Northern [[California]]
 +
|-
 +
|''[[Erythronium dens-canis]]'' <small>L.</small> || dog's-tooth violet || Southern, Central Europe from [[Portugal]] to [[Ukraine]]
 +
|-
 +
|''[[Erythronium elegans]]'' <small>Hammond & Chambers</small> || Coast Range fawn-lily || [[Oregon]]
 +
|-
 +
|''[[Erythronium grandiflorum]]'' <small>Pursh</small> || dogtooth lily, glacier lily, yellow avalanche-lily, yellow fawn-lily || western Canada, western United States
 +
|-
 +
| ''[[Erythronium helenae]]'' <small>Applegate</small> || Pacific fawn-lily || [[California]] ([[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma]], [[Napa County, California|Napa]], [[Lake County, California|Lake]] Cos.)
 +
|-
 +
|''[[Erythronium hendersonii]]'' <small>S. Wats.</small> || Henderson's fawn-lily || [[Oregon]], Northern [[California]]
 +
|-
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| ''[[Erythronium howellii]]'' <small>S. Wats.</small> || Howell's fawn-lily || [[Oregon]], Northern [[California]]
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|-
 +
|''[[Erythronium idahoense]]'' <small>H.St.John & G.N.Jones -</small> || Idaho fawn-lily || [[Montana]], [[Idaho]], [[Washington (state)|Washington State]]
 +
|-
 +
| ''[[Erythronium japonicum]]'' <small>Decne.</small> || katakuri || Japan, Korea, Russia ([[Kuril Islands]], [[Sakhalin]]), [[China]] ([[Jilin]], [[Liaoning]])
 +
|-
 +
| ''[[Erythronium klamathense]]'' <small>Applegate</small> || Klamath fawn-lily || [[Oregon]], Northern [[California]]
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|-
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| ''[[Erythronium krylovii ]]'' <small>Stepanov</small> || Tuvan trout-lily || Russia ([[Tuva]], [[Krasnoyarsk]])
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|-
 +
| ''[[Erythronium mesochoreum]]'' <small>Knerr</small> || midland fawn-lily, white fawn-lily || Central United States ([[Texas|TX]] to [[Nebraska|NE]], [[Indiana|IN]])
 +
|-
 +
| ''[[Erythronium montanum]]'' <small>S. Wats.</small> || avalanche lily, white avalanche-lily || [[British Columbia|BC]], [[Washington (state)|Washington State]], [[Oregon]]
 +
|-
 +
| ''[[Erythronium multiscapideum]]'' <small>(Kellogg) A. Nels. & Kennedy</small> || Sierra fawn-lily || [[California]]
 +
|-
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| ''[[Erythronium oregonum]]'' <small>Applegate</small> || giant white fawn-lily || [[British Columbia|BC]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[California]], [[Oregon]]
 +
|-
 +
| ''[[Erythronium pluriflorum]]'' <small>Shevock, Bartel & Allen</small> || manyflower fawn-lily || [[Madera County, California|Madera Co]] in [[California]]
 +
|-
 +
| ''[[Erythronium propullans]]'' <small>Gray</small> || dwarf trout-lily || [[Minnesota]]
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|-
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| ''[[Erythronium purpurascens]]'' <small>S. Wats.</small> || purple fawn-lily || [[California]]
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|-
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| ''[[Erythronium pusaterii]]'' <small>(Munz & J.T. Howell) Shevock, Bartel & Allen</small> || Kaweah Lakes fawn-lily || [[Tulare County, California|Tulare Co]] in [[California]]
 +
|-
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| ''[[Erythronium quinaultense]]'' <small>G A Allen</small> || Olympic fawn-lily || [[Olympic Peninsula]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington State]]
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|-
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| ''[[Erythronium revolutum]]'' <small>Sm.</small> || mahogany fawn-lily || [[British Columbia|BC]], [[Washington (state)|Washington State]], [[Oregon]], [[California]]
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|-
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| ''[[Erythronium rostratum]]'' <small>W. Wolf</small> || yellow trout-lily || south-central United States
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|-
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| ''[[Erythronium sajanense ]]'' <small>Stepanov & Stassova</small> || || [[Krasnoyarsk Krai|Krasnoyarsk]] in [[Russia]]
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|-
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| ''[[Erythronium sibiricum]]'' <small>(Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Krylov</small> || Siberian fawn-lily || [[Siberia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Xinjiang]], [[Mongolia]]
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|-
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| ''[[Erythronium sulevii ]]'' <small>(Rukšans) Stepanov</small> || || [[Altay Krai]] in Russia
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|-
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| ''[[Erythronium taylorii]]'' <small>Shevock & G A Allen</small> || Taylor's fawn-lily || [[Tuolumne County, California|Tuolumne Co]] [[California]]
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|-
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| ''[[Erythronium tuolumnense]]'' <small>Applegate</small> || Tuolumne fawn-lily || [[Tuolumne County, California|Tuolumne Co]] in [[California]]
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|-
 +
| ''[[Erythronium umbilicatum]]'' <small>Parks & Hardin</small> || dimpled trout-lily || southeastern United States ([[Florida]] to [[Kentucky]], [[West Virginia]], [[Maryland]])
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<gallery caption="Photos">
 +
File:Erythronium albidum NRCS-1.jpg|''Erythronium albidum''
 +
File:Erythronium americanum 002.JPG|''Erythronium americanum''
 +
File:Erythronium californicum 2.jpg|''Erythronium californicum''
 +
File:Erythronium citrinum.jpg|''Erythronium citrinum''
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File:Medvednica 0803.JPG|''Erythronium dens-canis''
 +
File:Erythronium grandiflorum 6031.JPG|''Erythronium grandiflorum''
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File:Erythronium helenae 1.jpg|''Erythronium helenae''
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File:Erythronium hendersonii 001.jpg|''Erythronium hendersonii''
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File:Erythronium japonicum 2006 010.jpg|''Erythronium japonicum''
 +
File:Erythronium montanum 5926.JPG|''Erythronium montanum''
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File:Erythronium oregonum 5504.JPG|''Erythronium oregonum''
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File:Erythronium propullans.jpg|''Erythronium propullans''
 +
File:Erythronium purpurascens 01.jpg|''Erythronium purpurascens''
 +
File:Erythronium purpurascens 02.jpg|''Erythronium purpurascens'', end of blooming
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File:Erythronium revolutum 2156.JPG|''Erythronium revolutum''
 +
File:Erythronium sibiricum.JPG|''Erythronium sibiricum''
 +
</gallery>
 +
 
 +
=== Formerly included ===
 +
Two species names were coined using the name ''Erythronium'' but have since been reclassified to other taxa.
 +
* ''Erythronium carolinianum'', now called ''[[Uvularia perfoliata]]''
 +
* ''Erythronium hyacinthoides'', now called ''[[Drimia indica]]''
 +
 
 +
== Uses ==
 +
The [[bulb]] is edible as a [[root vegetable]], cooked or dried, and can be ground into [[flour]].  The leaves can also be cooked as a [[leaf vegetable]]. In [[Japan]], ''Erythronium japonicum'' is called ''[[katakuri]]'', and the bulb is processed to produce [[starch]], which is used for food and other purposes.
 +
 
 +
They are also widely grown as [[ornamental plant]]s, with numerous [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s having been selected for garden use. Popular cultivars include [[Erythronium 'Pagoda'|''Erythronium'' 'Pagoda']], ''E.'' 'Sundisc', ''E.'' 'Joanna', ''E.'' 'Kondo', ''E.'' 'Citronella', ''E. californicum'' 'White Beauty', and ''E.'' 'Rosalind'. Propagation is best by seed in autumn or by division of bulbs, depending on species. Some species propagate vegetatively. The plant is also great as a ground cover, as it will spread over several years.
 +
 
 +
== References ==
 +
{{Reflist|30em}}
 +
 
 +
== Bibliography ==
 +
{{refbegin}}
 +
*{{cite web|title=Erythronium 'Pagoda'|url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/Gardens/Wisley/About-Wisley/Plant-of-the-month/April/Erythronium--Pagoda-|publisher=Royal Horrticultural Society|accessdate=17 March 2014}}
 +
* {{cite journal|last1=Clennett|first1=John C. B.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|last3=Forest|first3=Félix|last4=Maurin|first4=Olivier|last5=Wilkin|first5=Paul|authorlink2=Mark Chase|title=Phylogenetic systematics of ''Erythronium'' (Liliaceae): morphological and molecular analyses|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=December 2012|volume=170|issue=4|pages=504–528|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01302.x|ref={{harvid|Clennett et al|2012}}}}
 +
{{refend}}
 +
 
 +
{{Commons}}
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 +
{{Liliaceae}}
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q143756}}
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[[Category:Flowers]]
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[[Category:Erythronium| ]]
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[[Category:Liliaceae genera]]
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[[Category:Root vegetables]]

Latest revision as of 23:19, 13 August 2018

For the chemical element formerly named erythronium, see vanadium.

Erythronium
Dent-de-chien.JPG
Erythronium dens-canis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Liliales
Family:
Liliaceae
Subfamily:
Lilioideae
Tribe:
Lilieae
Genus:
Erythronium

Type species
Erythronium dens-canis
Synonyms[1]
  • Mithridatium Adans. 1763, illegitimate superfluous name
  • Dens-canis Tourn. ex Rupp. 1745, not validly published

Erythronium (fawn lily, trout lily, dog's-tooth violet, adder's tongue) is a genus of Eurasian and North American plants in the lily family,[2][3][4][5][6] most closely related to tulips.[7] The name Erythronium derives from Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός (Script error: No such module "Ancient Greek".) "red" in Greek, referring to the red flowers of E. dens-canis.[7]

Species

Erythronium includes about 20–30 species of hardy spring-flowering perennial plants with long, tooth-like bulbs. Slender stems carry pendent flowers with recurved tepals in shades of cream, yellow, pink and mauve. Species are native to forests and meadows in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.[1][8][9]

Species Common name Distribution
Erythronium albidum Nutt. small white fawn-lily, white fawn-lily, white trout-lily Ontario, east-central United States (MN to CT south to TX, AL)
Erythronium americanum Ker-Gawl. trout-lily, yellow trout-lily, yellow adder's-tongue, yellow dogtooth violet Eastern Canada (Ontario to Labrador), Eastern United States (ME to GA, West to Mississippi River)
Erythronium californicum Purdy California fawn-lily Northern California
Erythronium caucasicum Woronow Caucasian dog's tooth violet Caucasus, Iran
Erythronium citrinum S. Wats. cream fawn-lily Oregon, Northern California
Erythronium dens-canis L. dog's-tooth violet Southern, Central Europe from Portugal to Ukraine
Erythronium elegans Hammond & Chambers Coast Range fawn-lily Oregon
Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh dogtooth lily, glacier lily, yellow avalanche-lily, yellow fawn-lily western Canada, western United States
Erythronium helenae Applegate Pacific fawn-lily California (Sonoma, Napa, Lake Cos.)
Erythronium hendersonii S. Wats. Henderson's fawn-lily Oregon, Northern California
Erythronium howellii S. Wats. Howell's fawn-lily Oregon, Northern California
Erythronium idahoense H.St.John & G.N.Jones - Idaho fawn-lily Montana, Idaho, Washington State
Erythronium japonicum Decne. katakuri Japan, Korea, Russia (Kuril Islands, Sakhalin), China (Jilin, Liaoning)
Erythronium klamathense Applegate Klamath fawn-lily Oregon, Northern California
Erythronium krylovii Stepanov Tuvan trout-lily Russia (Tuva, Krasnoyarsk)
Erythronium mesochoreum Knerr midland fawn-lily, white fawn-lily Central United States (TX to NE, IN)
Erythronium montanum S. Wats. avalanche lily, white avalanche-lily BC, Washington State, Oregon
Erythronium multiscapideum (Kellogg) A. Nels. & Kennedy Sierra fawn-lily California
Erythronium oregonum Applegate giant white fawn-lily BC, Washington, California, Oregon
Erythronium pluriflorum Shevock, Bartel & Allen manyflower fawn-lily Madera Co in California
Erythronium propullans Gray dwarf trout-lily Minnesota
Erythronium purpurascens S. Wats. purple fawn-lily California
Erythronium pusaterii (Munz & J.T. Howell) Shevock, Bartel & Allen Kaweah Lakes fawn-lily Tulare Co in California
Erythronium quinaultense G A Allen Olympic fawn-lily Olympic Peninsula in Washington State
Erythronium revolutum Sm. mahogany fawn-lily BC, Washington State, Oregon, California
Erythronium rostratum W. Wolf yellow trout-lily south-central United States
Erythronium sajanense Stepanov & Stassova Krasnoyarsk in Russia
Erythronium sibiricum (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Krylov Siberian fawn-lily Siberia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia
Erythronium sulevii (Rukšans) Stepanov Altay Krai in Russia
Erythronium taylorii Shevock & G A Allen Taylor's fawn-lily Tuolumne Co California
Erythronium tuolumnense Applegate Tuolumne fawn-lily Tuolumne Co in California
Erythronium umbilicatum Parks & Hardin dimpled trout-lily southeastern United States (Florida to Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland)
  • Photos

  • Erythronium albidum

  • Erythronium americanum

  • Erythronium californicum

  • Erythronium citrinum

  • Erythronium dens-canis

  • Erythronium grandiflorum

  • Erythronium helenae

  • Erythronium hendersonii

  • Erythronium japonicum

  • Erythronium montanum

  • Erythronium oregonum

  • Erythronium propullans

  • Erythronium purpurascens

  • Erythronium purpurascens, end of blooming

  • Erythronium revolutum

  • Erythronium sibiricum

Formerly included

Two species names were coined using the name Erythronium but have since been reclassified to other taxa.

Uses

The bulb is edible as a root vegetable, cooked or dried, and can be ground into flour. The leaves can also be cooked as a leaf vegetable. In Japan, Erythronium japonicum is called katakuri, and the bulb is processed to produce starch, which is used for food and other purposes.

They are also widely grown as ornamental plants, with numerous hybrids and cultivars having been selected for garden use. Popular cultivars include Erythronium 'Pagoda', E. 'Sundisc', E. 'Joanna', E. 'Kondo', E. 'Citronella', E. californicum 'White Beauty', and E. 'Rosalind'. Propagation is best by seed in autumn or by division of bulbs, depending on species. Some species propagate vegetatively. The plant is also great as a ground cover, as it will spread over several years.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Erythronium". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  2. ↑ "Erythronium". Jepson Manual. University and Jepson Herbaria. 1993.
  3. ↑ "Erythronium". Flora of China – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  4. ↑ "Dente di cane, Dog's Tooth Violet, genere Erythronium". Altervista Flora Italiana.
  5. ↑ Clennett, J.C.B. (2006). A taxonomic revision of Erythronium L. (Liliaceae): 1-290. Thesis, Open University, Ardingly, U.K..
  6. ↑ Clennett, C. (2014). The genus Erythronium: 1-158. Kew Publishing, Kew.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Allen, Geraldine A.; Robertson, Kenneth R. (2002). "Erythronium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 26. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  8. ↑ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1-4053-3296-4.
  9. ↑ "Erythronium". County-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.

Bibliography

<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

  • "Erythronium 'Pagoda'". Royal Horrticultural Society. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  • Clennett, John C. B.; Chase, Mark W.; Forest, Félix; Maurin, Olivier; Wilkin, Paul (December 2012). "Phylogenetic systematics of Erythronium (Liliaceae): morphological and molecular analyses". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 170 (4): 504–528. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01302.x.

Lua error in Module:Taxonbar at line 144: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).

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