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| − | '''''Viburnum trilobum''''' ('''cranberrybush viburnum''', '''American cranberrybush''', or '''high bush cranberry''') is a species of ''[[Viburnum]]'' native to northern [[North America]], from [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] west to [[British Columbia]], south to [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] state and east to northern [[Virginia]].<ref>{{PLANTS |symbol=VIOPA2 |taxon=Viburnum opulus var. americanum |access-date=2009-02-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/assessments/viburnumopulusvaramericanum.pdf |first=James E. |last=Nellessen |date=2006 |title=''Viburnum opulus'' L. var. ''americanum'' (Mill.) Ait. (American cranberrybush): A Technical Conservation Assessment |publisher=USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project}}</ref> It is very closely related to the [[Europe]]an and [[Asia]]n ''[[Viburnum opulus]]'', and is often treated as a [[variety (biology)|variety]] of it, as ''Viburnum opulus'' [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] var. ''americanum'' [[William Aiton|Ait.]], or as a [[subspecies]], ''[[Viburnum opulus]]'' subsp. ''trilobum'' (Marshall) Clausen. | + | '''Cranberrybush viburnum''', '''American cranberrybush''', or '''high bush cranberry''' |
| − | [[File:Viburnum trilobum (highbush cranberry).png|left|upright|thumb|Fall foliage - Viburnum trilobum]]
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| − | [[File:Viburnum opulus flowers.jpg|thumb|right|Detail of the inflorescence]]
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| − | ==Description==
| + | [[Category:Adoxaceae]] |
| − | It is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] growing to {{cvt|4|m|ft|0}} tall. The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is gray and rough and has a scaly texture. The stems arch and are very dense, and the twigs are a reddish-brown color. The leaves are opposite, three-lobed, {{cvt|6–12|cm|in|frac=4}} long and {{cvt|5–10|cm|in|frac=4}} broad, with a rounded base and serrated margins; they are superficially similar to many [[maple]] leaves, most easily distinguished by their somewhat wrinkled surface with impressed leaf venation. The leaf buds are green. The bud scales are [[bud|valvate]]. The [[flower]]s are white, produced in [[corymb]]s up to {{cvt|13|cm|in|frac=4}} in diameter at the top of the stems; each corymb comprises a ring of outer sterile flowers {{cvt|2-2.5|cm|in|frac=8}} diameter with conspicuous petals, surrounding a center of small ({{cvt|5|mm|in|2|disp=comma}}), fertile flowers; the flowers are [[pollinated]] by [[insect]]s. The [[fruit]] is an oblong red [[drupe]] {{cvt|15|mm|in|2}} long and {{cvt|12|mm|in|2}} broad, containing a single flat, white [[seed]]. Plants begin to produce fruit at approximately five years of age; when animals, including birds, eat the fruits, they deposit the seeds in another location in their droppings.
| + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
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| − | ==Uses==
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| − | Although often called "highbush cranberry", it is not a [[cranberry]]. The name comes from the red fruits which look superficially like cranberries, and have a similar flavor and ripen at the same time of year. The fruits, sour and rich in [[vitamin C]], can be eaten raw or cooked into a sauce to serve with meat or game.<ref name=UMaine>{{cite web | url = http://extension.umaine.edu/cranberries/highbush-cranberry/ | title = Highbush Cranberry | accessdate = 2010-03-13 | publisher = [[University of Maine]] Cooperative Extension}}</ref> The [[Inupiat]] mix the berries with [[rosehips]] and [[Ribes triste]] and boil them into a syrup.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Anore |date=1983 |title=Nauriat Niginaqtuat: Plants That We Eat |place=Kotzebue, Alaska |publisher=Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program |page=105}}</ref>
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| − | ==Pests and diseases==
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| − | The larvae and adults of the [[Pyrrhalta viburni|Viburnum leaf beetle]] feed on the leaves and may completely defoliate the plant, and repeated damage can kill it.<ref name=UMaine/>
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| − | ==In culture==
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| − | This is a commonly used berry in western Canadian cultures. Peoples of various origins both Native and European have used the berries for many years.
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| − | The Canadian French name for the berries is ''pembina''. The name pembina was then applied to [[Pembina River (disambiguation)|three rivers]], one in Manitoba and North Dakota, one in Ontario, and one in Alberta.
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| − | The Ukrainians call the berry '''''kalyna''''', which is now the name of an ecomusem in Alberta, [[Kalyna Country]] associated with [[Ukrainian Canadians]].
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| − | In [[Ukraine]], ''[[Viburnum opulus]]'' (kalyna) is seen as a national symbol, an emblem for both the [[Koliada]] festivities and the concept of young girl’s love and tenderness. It is the key element of the Ukrainian traditional [[wreath]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kievcolours.com/articles/13.html |script-title=uk:Верба и калина - символы Украины |trans-title=''Verba'' and ''kalyna'' are Ukraine’s national symbols |via=kievcolours.com |quote={{lang|uk|Калина… символизировала праздник Коляды, Рождества мира. Надругательство над ней покрывало человека позором, также как и убийство аиста.}} (Kalyna symbolized the [[Kolyada]] festivities. Somebody who’d kill a stork or abuse kalyna was considered forever disgraced.)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://myphs.jimdo.com/2013/07/23/%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0/ |title=The herbs. Myths and Legends |via=myphs.jimdo.com |quote={{lang|uk|Без верби і калини нема України}} (Without ''verba'' [pussy-willow] and ''kalyna'' [viburnum], there is no Ukraine.)}}</ref>
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{Reflist}}
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | {{Commons}}
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| − | *{{Missouri Plants |color=White |leaf=opp |genus=Viburnum |species=opulus |link=1}}
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| − | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060813205747/http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/v/vibtri/vibtri1.html UConn Plant Database: ''Viburnum trilobum'']
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q210971}}
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| − | [[Category:Berries]]
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| − | [[Category:First Nations culture]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Alberta]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Ontario]] | |
| − | [[Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine]] | |
| − | [[Category:Viburnum|trilobum]]
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