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| − | {{Redirect|Toyon|the community in California|Toyon, California}}
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| | {{Taxobox | | {{Taxobox |
| | | image = Heteromeles arbutifolia 1.jpg | | | image = Heteromeles arbutifolia 1.jpg |
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| | |range_map_caption = Natural range | | |range_map_caption = Natural range |
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| − | '''''Heteromeles arbutifolia''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|ɛ|t|ᵻ|r|oʊ-|ˈ|m|iː|l|iː|z|_|ɑːr|ˌ|b|juː|t|ᵻ|ˈ|f|oʊ|l|i|ə}};<ref>''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607</ref> more commonly {{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|ɛ|t|ə|ˈ|r|ɒ|m|əl|iː|z}} by Californian botanists), commonly known as '''toyon''', is a common [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[shrub]] native to extreme southwest [[Oregon]],{{cn|date=January 2014}} [[California]], [[Baja California]],<ref name=PhippsHA/> and [[British Columbia]].<ref name=Jepson1/> It is the sole species in the genus '''''Heteromeles'''''.
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| − | Toyon is a prominent component of the [[coastal sage scrub]] plant community, and is a part of drought-adapted [[chaparral]] and mixed [[California oak woodland|oak woodland]] [[habitat]]s.<ref>C.M. Hogan, 2008</ref> It is also known by the common names '''Christmas berry'''<ref name=FNA>{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=115321 |chapter=''Heteromeles'' M. Roemer, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 100, 105. 1847. [name conserved] |title=Flora of North America |year=2015 |volume=9 |author=James B. Phipps}}</ref> and '''California holly'''. Accordingly, "the abundance of this species in the hills above [[Los Angeles]] gave rise to the name [[Hollywood]]."<ref>{{cite book|title=Introduction to the Plant Life of Southern California: Coast to Foothills|year=2005|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|isbn=0-520-24199-1|page=103|author=Rundel, Philip W|author2=Gustafson, Robert}}</ref>
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| − | ==Description==
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| − | Toyon typically grows from 2–5 m (rarely up to 10 m in shaded conditions) and has a rounded to irregular top. Its [[leaf|leaves]] are [[evergreen]], alternate, sharply toothed, have short [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]s, and are 5–10 cm in length and 2–4 cm wide. In the early summer it produces small white [[flower]]s 6–10 mm diameter in dense terminal [[corymb]]s. Flowering peaks in June <ref> [https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/53405-Heteromeles-arbutifolia Heteromeles arbutifolia] at iNaturalist</ref>
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| − | The five [[petal]]s are rounded. The [[fruit]] is a small [[pome]],<ref name=Jepson1>{{cite web|title=''Heteromeles arbutifolia'', in Jepson Flora Project|url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=28072|publisher=Regents of the University of California|accessdate=14 November 2013}}</ref> 5–10 mm across, bright red and berry-like, produced in large quantities, maturing in the fall and persisting well into the winter.
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| − | ==Cultivation==
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| − | Toyon can be grown in domestic gardens in well-drained soil, and is cultivated as an ornamental plant as far north as Southern England. It can survive temperatures as low as -12°C.{{Fact|date=April 2009}} In winter, the bright red pomes (which birds often eat voraciously) are showy.
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| − | Like many other genera in the [[Rosaceae]] tribe [[Maleae]], toyon includes some cultivars that are susceptible to [[fireblight]].<ref>[http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0542/ANR-0542.pdf Austin Hagan, Edward Sikora, William Gazaway, Nancy Kokalis- Burelle, 2004. ''Fire Blight on Fruit Trees and Woody Ornamentals'', Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities]</ref> It survives on little water, making it suitable for xeriscape gardening, and is less of a fire hazard than some chaparral plants.<ref>[http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/58417/ Dave's Garden]</ref>
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| − | ==Wildlife value==
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| − | They are visited by [[butterfly|butterflies]], and have a mild, [[Crataegus|hawthorn]]-like scent. The fruit are consumed by [[bird]]s, including [[mockingbird]]s, [[American robin]]s, [[cedar waxwing]]s and [[hermit thrush]]es.<ref>{{cite | title=Ask The Naturalist: How Important Are Red Toyon Berries To the Winter Food Chain?| first1=Alan | last1=Kaplan | first2=Alison | last2=Hawkes | work=Bay Nature | date=December 22, 2016|url=http://baynature.org/article/ask-the-naturalist-how-important-are-all-those-red-berries-we-see-to-the-winter-food-chain/}}</ref> [[Mammal]]s including [[coyote]]s and [[bear]]s also eat and disperse the pomes.
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| − | ==Traditional use==
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| − | The pomes provided food for local [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes, such as the [[Chumash (tribe)|Chumash]], [[Tongva people|Tongva]], and [[Tataviam people|Tataviam]]. The pomes also can be made into a jelly. Native Americans also made a tea from the leaves as a stomach remedy. Most were dried and stored, then later cooked into porridge or pancakes. Later settlers added sugar to make [[custard]] and [[wine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnoherbalist.com/southern-california-native-plants-medicinal/toyon-berries/ |title=Ethnobotany of southern California native plants: Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia) |website= EthnoHerbalist}}</ref>
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| − | ==Toxicity==
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| − | Toyon pomes are [[acid]]ic and astringent, and contain a small amount of cyanogenic [[glycoside]]s, which break down into [[hydrocyanic acid]] on digestion. This is removed by mild cooking.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
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| − | Some pomes, though mealy, astringent and acid when raw, were eaten fresh, or mashed into water to make a beverage.
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| − | ==Legislation==
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| − | In the 1920s,{{cn|date=November 2016}} collecting toyon branches for [[Christmas]] became so popular in Los Angeles that the State of [[California]] passed a law forbidding collecting on public land or on any land not owned by the person picking any plant without the landowner's written permission (CA Penal Code § 384a).<ref>{{cite news|title=California Holly Adds Color to Trail Up Mt. Hollywood|first=JOHN |last=McKINNEY|work=Los Angeles Times |date=December 6, 1986|page=12|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1986-12-06/news/vw-1626_1_hollywood-trail}}</ref><ref>[http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&group=00001-01000&file=369a-402c California Penal Code Section 384a] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627103906/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&group=00001-01000&file=369a-402c |date=2009-06-27 }}</ref>
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| − | Toyon was adopted as the official native plant of the city of Los Angeles by the LA City Council on April 17, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Item No. (28)|url=http://ens.lacity.org/clk/oldactions/clkcouncilactions276843_04272012.pdf|work=Journal/Council Proceedings|publisher=LA City Council|accessdate=23 November 2013}}</ref>
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| − | ==Taxonomy==
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| − | The genera ''[[Photinia]]'', ''[[Aronia]]'', ''[[Pourthiaea]]'', and ''[[Stranvaesia]]'' have historically been variously combined by different taxonomists.<ref name=Nesom>{{citation |authors=Nesom, G.L.; Gandhi, K. |year=2009 |title=(1884–1885) Proposals to conserve the names ''Photinia'', with a conserved type, and ''Heteromeles'' (Rosaceae) |journal=Taxon |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=310-311}}</ref> The genus ''Heteromeles'' as originally published by [[Max Joseph Roemer]] was [[Monotypic taxon|monospecific]], including ''Photinia arbutifolia'' Lindl. (1820), as ''H. arbutifolia'' (Lindl.) M. Roem, but the name was [[Nomen illegitimum|illegitimate]] (superfluous) because it included the [[type (biology)|type]] of the genus ''Photinia''.<ref name=Nesom/> This has since been corrected by [[conserved name|conservation]],<ref>{{citation |url=http://botany.si.edu/references/codes/props/index.cfm |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants: Appendices II-VIII (Appendix III)}}</ref> and the name is therefore often written as ''Heteromeles'' M. Roem. ''nom. cons.'' (1847).
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[California native plants]]
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | {{reflist}} | | {{reflist}} |
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| − | ==External links==
| + | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} |
| − | *{{GRIN | ''Heteromeles salicifolia'' | 414959}}
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| − | *[http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=84109C. Michael Hogan (2008) ''Toyon: Heteromeles arbutifolia'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg]{{dead link|date=November 2016}}
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| − | *[http://www.bahiker.com/plantpages/toyon.html Photos of Toyon in flower and fruit]
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| − | *[http://naeb.brit.org/uses/species/1860/ University of Michigan: Dearborn — Native American Ethnobotany (''Heteromeles arbutifolia'')]
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| − | *[http://clkrep.lacity.org/onlinedocs/2012/12-0353_CA_04-17-12.pdf Los Angeles City Clerk - Council Files: Toyon]
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| − | {{Commons category|Heteromeles arbutifolia}}
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| − | *[http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=4140 CalFlora database: ''Heteromeles arbutifolia'']
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| − | *[http://www.livingwild.org/winter/toyon/ The Living Wild Project: Toyon]
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| − | *[http://plants.usda.gov/java/nameSearch?mode=symbol&keywordquery=HEAR5 USDA Plants Profile for ''Heteromeles arbutifolia'' (toyon)]
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| − | *[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Heteromeles+arbutifolia ''Heteromeles arbutifolia'' — U.C. Photo gallery]
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| − | [[Category:Maleae]] | + | [[Category:Rosaceae]] |
| − | [[Category:Monotypic Rosaceae genera]]
| + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | [[Category:Flora of California]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Baja California]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]] | |
| − | [[Category:Bird food plants]]
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| − | [[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
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| − | [[Category:Drought-tolerant plants]]
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