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| − | '''Tofieldiaceae''' is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[monocot]] [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Alismatales]].<ref name="heywood2007">Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.</ref> The family is divided into four [[genera]], which together comprise 28 known [[species]] (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 <ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref>). They are small, [[herbaceous plant]]s, mostly of [[arctic]] and [[subarctic]] regions, but a few extend further south, and one genus is [[Endemism|endemic]] to northern [[South America]] and [[Florida]]. ''[[Tofieldia pusilla]]'' is sometimes grown as an [[Ornamental plant|ornamental]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).</ref>
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| − | [[William Hudson (botanist)|William Hudson]] (1730-1793) named ''Tofieldia'' for the British botanist [[Thomas Tofield]] (1730–1779).<ref name="quattrocchi2000">Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume IV. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN 978-0-8493-2673-8 (set). (see ''External links'' below).</ref> The family Tofieldiaceae was erected by [[Armen Takhtajan]] in 1995.<ref name="ipnitofieldiaceae">Tofieldiaceae. At: International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> [[Molecular phylogenetic]] studies of [[DNA sequence]]s have shown it to be the second diverging clade in Alismatales, after the most basal clade, the family [[Araceae]].<ref name="apweb">Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Tofieldiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> Before the [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregation]] of Tofieldiaceae was confirmed by [[cladistic]] methods, its genera had usually been assigned to [[Nartheciaceae]],<ref name="Tamura1998">Minoru N. Tamura. 1998. "Nartheciaceae" pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8 (vol. III).</ref> [[Liliaceae]],<ref name="fna26">Frederick H. Utech, Loran C. Anderson, and John C. Packer. 2002. pages 5-6. In: "Liliaceae". pages ??. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. ''Flora of North America'' vol. 26. Oxford University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-19-513729-3 (vol. 22). (see ''External links'' below).</ref> or [[Melanthiaceae]]. Tofieldiaceae is recognized by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] in their [[APG III system]] of plant classification.
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| − | The [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of genera in Tofieldiaceae has been controversial. Many authors do not recognize ''Triantha'' as a separate genus from ''Tofieldia''.<ref name="Tamura1998"/><ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4</ref><ref name="takhtajan2009">Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). ''Flowering Plants'' second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2.</ref> A few authors have sunk other genera into ''Tofieldia'' as well.<ref name="zomlefer1997">Wendy B. Zomlefer. 1997. "The genera of Tofieldiaceae in the southeastern United States". ''Harvard Papers in Botany''. 2:179-194.</ref> A phylogenetic analysis, based on two nuclear genes and ten chloroplast genes, has confirmed that all five of the genera are monophyletic and that ''Triantha'' and ''Tofieldia'' are close [[sister taxon|sister taxa]].<ref name="azuma2011"/>
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| − | == Description ==
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| − | Small herbaceous perennials. [[Leaf|Leaves]] equitant ([[Phyllotaxis|distichous]] and overlapping), isobifacial. [[Inflorescence]] a [[raceme]]. Calyculus present. [[Tepal]]s free. [[Fruit]] a [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]], usually septicidal.
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| − | == Genera ==
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| − | *''[[Harperocallis]]'' <small>[[Sidney G. McDaniel|McDaniel]]</small>
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| − | *''[[Pleea]]'' <small>[[André Michaux|Michx.]]</small>
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| − | *''[[Tofieldia]]'' <small>[[William Hudson (botanist)|Huds.]]</small>
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| − | *''[[Triantha]]'' <small>([[Thomas Nuttall|Nutt.]]) [[John Gilbert Baker|Baker]]</small>
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| − | == Phylogeny ==
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| − | The following [[phylogenetic tree]] is based on a DNA paper that was published in 2011,<ref name="azuma2011">Hiroshi Azuma and Hiroshi Tobe. 2011. "Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Tofieldiaceae (Alismatales): family circumscription and intergeneric relationships". ''Journal of Plant Research'' '''124'''(3):349-357. {{doi|10.1007/s10265-010-0387-5}}</ref> modified to accommodate the transfer of the species in ''Isidrogalvia'' to ''Harperocallis''.
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| − | {{clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:120%
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| − | |label1='''Tofieldiaceae'''
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| − | |1={{clade
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| − | |1=''[[Pleea]]''
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| − | |2={{clade
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| − | |1=''[[Harperocallis]]''
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| − | |2={{clade
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| − | |1=''[[Triantha]]''
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| − | |2=''[[Tofieldia]]''
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| − | }}
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| − | }}
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| − | }}
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| − | }} | |
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| | == References == | | == References == |
| | {{Reflist|32em}} | | {{Reflist|32em}} |
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | {{commons category|Tofieldiaceae}}
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| − | * [http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849326783 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: R-Z] At: [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF02A Botany & Plant Science] At: [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF Life Science] At: [http://www.crcpress.com/ CRC Press]
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| − | * [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=7EBBAEA3B947D536905A012BC6B6A1C4?find_family=Tofieldiaceae&find_genus=&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch Tofieldiaceae] at: [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do Plant Names] at: [http://www.ipni.org/ IPNI]
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| − | * [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/genera/tofieldiaceaegen.html Genus List] at: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/alismatalesweb.htm#Tofieldiaceae Tofieldiaceae] at: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/alismatalesweb.htm Alismatales] at: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Trees] at: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html APweb] at: [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/alldb.shtml botanical databases] at: [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plant-science/plant-science/about-science-conservation.aspx About Science & Conservation] at: [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden]
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| − | * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220006071 ''Harperocallis flava''] and [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220010641 ''Pleea tenuifolia''] and [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=133087 ''Tofieldia''] and [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=133373 ''Triantha''] at: [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10507 Liliaceae] at: [http://www.efloras.org/volume_page.aspx?volume_id=1026&flora_id=1 Volume 26] at: [http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1 FNA] at: [http://www.efloras.org/ eFloras.org]
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| − | *[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=85243&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
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| − | *[http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Tofieldiaceae links at CSDL, Texas]
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| | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} | | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} |
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| | [[Category:Alismatales]] | | [[Category:Alismatales]] |
