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| − | '''Hydatellaceae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of small, aquatic [[flowering plant]]s. The family consists of tiny, relatively simple, plants occurring in Australasia and India. It was formerly considered to be related to the grasses and sedges (order [[Poales]]), but has been reassigned to the order [[Nymphaeales]] as a result of DNA and morphological analyses showing its closer affinity to [[basal angiosperm]]s than to the order Poales, to which it bears a superficial resemblance. The family includes only the [[genus]] ''[[Trithuria]]'' with 12 species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 <ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref>).
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| − | == Description ==
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| − | The family consists of ten or more species with substantial variation among them.<ref name=SaarRaiDoylEndr07 /> Plants are submerged and emergent aquatic annuals, rooted in the substrate below the water. They are tiny (a few cm tall) and relatively simple. The simple leaves are concentrated basally around a short stem.
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| − | The members of this plant family are [[monoecious]] or [[dioecious]] and are likely [[Wind pollination|wind-pollinated]] (anemophilous), water-pollinated ([[hydrophily|hydrophilous]]) or self-pollinating ([[autogamy|autogamous]]). Flower-like reproductive units are composed of small collections of minute stamen- and/or pistil-like structures that may each represent very reduced individual flower, so that the reproductive units may be [[pseudanthium|pseudanthia]]. The non-fleshy fruits are [[follicle (fruit)|follicles]] or [[achene]]s.<ref name=FloraBase />
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| − | == Taxonomy ==
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| − | [[File:Trithuria_submersa_in_fruit.jpg|thumb|''[[Trithuria submersa]]'', fruiting]]
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| − | The family was for many years assumed to be a close relative of the [[Poales|grasses and sedges]] and was even sometimes lumped under the poalean family [[Centrolepidaceae]]. Even as recently as 2003, the [[APG II system]] assigned Hydatellaceae to the grass order Poales in the [[commelinid]] [[monocots]]. However, research based on DNA sequences and morphology by Saarela ''et al.'' indicates that Hydatellaceae is the living sister group of the water lilies ([[Nymphaeaceae]] and [[Cabombaceae]]) and thus represents one of the most ancient lineages of flowering plants.<ref name=SaarRaiDoylEndr07 /> Developers of earlier classifications were misled by the apparently reduced vegetative and reproductive morphology of these plants. As aquatic herbs, Hydatellaceae have environmental adaptations leading to [[derived trait|derived characteristics]] that create a morphological similarity to the more distant taxon. Careful reanalysis of their morphological traits and comparisons with other basal angiosperms have supported this "dramatic taxonomic adjustment".<ref name=RudaSokoRemiConr07 /><ref name=FriiCranPede11 /> This realignment is now recognized in the [[APG III system|APG III]] and [[APG IV system]]s of classification.<ref name=APGIII /><ref name=APGIV />
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| − | The family now includes only the [[genus]] ''[[Trithuria]]'', which in 2008 was re-defined to include the genus ''Hydatella''.<ref name=SokoRemiMacfRuda08 />
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| | == References == | | == References == |
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| | <ref name=APGIII>{{cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref> | | <ref name=APGIII>{{cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref> |
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| − | <ref name=APGIV>{{Cite journal|authors=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|authorlink=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/boj.12385/epdf|format=PDF|issn=00244074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385}}</ref>
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| | <ref name=FloraBase>{{cite web |editor1-first=T.D. |editor1-last=Macfarlane |editor2-first=L. |editor2-last=Watson |editor3-first=N.G. |editor3-last=Marchant |date=2000 |title=Hydatellaceae U Hamann |work=FloraBase: Flora of Western Australian |url=http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/flora?f=040a&level=f&id=040a |accessdate=2013-11-15 |lastauthoramp=yes }}</ref> | | <ref name=FloraBase>{{cite web |editor1-first=T.D. |editor1-last=Macfarlane |editor2-first=L. |editor2-last=Watson |editor3-first=N.G. |editor3-last=Marchant |date=2000 |title=Hydatellaceae U Hamann |work=FloraBase: Flora of Western Australian |url=http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/flora?f=040a&level=f&id=040a |accessdate=2013-11-15 |lastauthoramp=yes }}</ref> |
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| − | <ref name=FriiCranPede11>{{cite book |last=Friis |first=Else Marie |last2=Crane |first2=Peter R. |last3=Pederses |first3=Kaj Raunsgaard |year=2011 |title=Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-12392-1 |lastauthoramp=yes }}</ref>
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| − | <ref name=RudaSokoRemiConr07>{{cite journal |last=Rudall |first=Paula J. |last2=Sokoloff |first2=Dmitry D. |last3=Remizowa |first3=Margarita V. |last4=Conran |first4=John G. |last5=Davis |first5=Jerrold I. |last6=Macfarlane |first6=Terry D. |last7=Stevenson |first7=Dennis W. |year=2007 |title=Morphology of Hydatellaceae, an anomalous aquatic family recently recognized as an early-divergent angiosperm lineage |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=94 |issue=7 |pages=1073–1092 |lastauthoramp=yes |doi=10.3732/ajb.94.7.1073 |pmid=21636477}}</ref>
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| − | <ref name=SaarRaiDoylEndr07>{{cite journal |last=Saarela |first=Jeffery M. |last2=Rai |first2=Hardeep S. |last3=Doyle |first3=James A. |last4=Endress |first4=Peter K. |last5=Mathews |first5=Sarah |last6=Marchant |first6=Adam D. |last7=Briggs |first7=Barbara G. |last8=Graham |first8=Sean W. |year=2007 |title=Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree |journal=Nature |volume=446 |pages=312–315 |doi=10.1038/nature05612 |lastauthoramp=yes |pmid=17361182}}</ref>
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| − | <ref name=SokoRemiMacfRuda08>{{cite journal |last=Sokoloff |first=Dmitry D. |last2=Remizowa, Terry D. Macfarlane, Paula J. Rudall. |first2=Margarita V. |last3=Macfarlane |first3=Terry D. |last4=Rudall |first4=Paula J. |year=2008 |title=Classification of the early-divergent angiosperm family Hydatellaceae: one genus instead of two, four new species and sexual dimorphism in dioecious taxa |journal=Taxon |volume=57 |pages=179–200 |lastauthoramp=yes }}</ref>
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | :* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/Hydatell.htm Hydatellaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 27 April 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060424062016/http://delta-intkey.com/
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| − | :* [http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/03/hydatellaceae_1.php Hydatellaceae photographs]
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| − | :* [http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/flora?f=040a&level=g&id=335 ''Hydatella'' in western Australia]
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| − | :* [http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/flora?f=040a&level=g&id=336 ''Trithuria'' in western Australia]
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| − | :* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=178426&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
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| − | :* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Hydatellaceae links at CSDL]
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| − | :* [http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjb/1976/24.pdf Original paper recognising the family]
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| | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} | | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} |
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