Difference between revisions of "Asarum"

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==References==
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'''''Asarum''''' is a genus of plants in the birthwort family [[Aristolochiaceae]], commonly known as '''wild ginger'''.
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<references/>
 
  
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{{Ack-Wikipedia}}
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''Asarum'' is the genitive plural of the [[Latin]] ''āsa'' (an alternate form of ''āra'') meaning [[altar]] or [[sanctuary]].
  
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[[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]]
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== Description ==
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''Asarum ''is a genus of low-growing herbs distributed across the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere, with most species in East Asia (China, Japan, and Vietnam) and North America, and one species in Europe. Biogeographically, ''Asarum'' originated in Asia.
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They have characteristic kidney-shaped leaves, growing from creeping [[rhizome]]s, and bear small, [[wikt:axil|axil]]lary, brown or reddish flowers.
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The plant is called wild ginger because the rhizome tastes and smells similar to [[ginger]] root, but the two are not particularly related. However, the FDA warns against consuming ''Asarum'', as it is [[nephrotoxic]] and contains the potent [[carcinogen]] [[aristolochic acid]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schaneberg BT, Applequist WL, Khan IA |title=Determination of aristolochic acid I and II in North American species of ''Asarum'' and ''Aristolochia'' |journal=Pharmazie |volume=57 |issue=10 |pages=686–9 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12426949  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aristolochic Acid: FDA Warns Consumers to Discontinue Use of Botanical Products that Contain Aristolochic Acid |date=April 11, 2001 |work= |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/DietarySupplements/Alerts/ucm096388.htm }}</ref>
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<ref>[http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/2001/2001_91_e.html Health Canada advising not to use products labelled to contain Aristolochia] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216065115/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/2001/2001_91_e.html |date=February 16, 2006 }}.
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</ref> The birthwort family also contains the genus ''[[Aristolochia]]'', known for [[carcinogens]].
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Wild ginger favors moist, shaded sites with [[humus]]-rich soil.  The deciduous, heart-shaped [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite, and borne from the rhizome which lies just under the soil surface.  Two leaves emerge each year from the growing tip.  The curious jug-shaped [[flower]]s, which give the plant an alternate name, '''little jug''', are borne singly in spring between the leaf bases.
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Wild ginger can easily be grown in a [[shade garden]], and makes an attractive [[groundcover]].
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[[File:Asarum europaeum flower 050403.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''[[Asarum europaeum]]'' flower]]
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== Taxonomy ==
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Traditionally, the genus ''Asarum'' was considered as a single genus with about 85 species. However, a trend exists among botanists to segregate the genus into  separate genera, based on considerations of chromosome number and floral morphology :
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* ''Asarum'' [[Sensu#Common qualifiers|''sensu stricto'']] (about 17 species), distributed in Asia (mainly China), North America, and Europe
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* ''[[Heterotropa]]'' (about 50 species), distributed in Asia
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* ''[[Asiasarum]]'' (three or four species), distributed in Asia
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* ''[[Geotaenium]]'' (three or four species), distributed in Asia
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* ''[[Hexastylis]]''  (ten species), distributed in North America
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Study of the [[internal transcribed spacer]] region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal [[DNA]], combined with morphological data, has yielded a better-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis, confirming the distinctiveness of the above-named genera.<ref>*{{cite journal | author=Lawrence M. Kelley| title=Phylogenetic relationships in Asarum (Aristolochiaceae) based on morphology and ITS sequences| journal=American Journal of Botany| year=1998| volume=85| pages=1454–67 | url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/85/10/1454 | issue=10 | doi=10.2307/2446402 | pmid=21684897| jstor=2446402}}</ref>
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*''Asarum'' ''sensu stricto'' (''s.s.'') : the North American species are [[monophyletic]] and are derived from within the [[paraphyletic]] Asian species group.
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* ''Geotaenium'' is a sister to ''Asarum'' ''s.s.'', showing its close relationship to ''Asarum'' ''s.s.''.
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* ''Asiasarum'' is a sister to the ''Hexastylis'' + ''Heterotropa'' clade, showing several [[Synapomorphy|synapomorphies]] with this clade.
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* ''Hexastylis'': this genus has been recognized solely on the study by H.L. Blomquist.<ref name="Blomquist">{{cite journal | author=H.L. Blomquist| title=A revision of Hexastylis of North America| journal=Brittonia| year=1957| volume=8| pages=255–281|jstor=2804978 | issue=4 | doi=10.2307/2804978}}</ref> However, the above-mentioned DNA study provided indications that ''Hexastylis'' is not monophyletic and that some species of ''Hexastylis'' are more closely related to Asiatic species of  ''Heterotropa'' than they are to other species of ''Hexastylis''.
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* ''Heterotropa'': this is a complex monophyletic group, well nested within the ''Asiasarum'' + ''Hexastylis'' + ''Heterotropa'' clade
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However, many botanists still treat these segregated genera as sections of ''Asarum'' ''sensu lato'', especially ''Hexastylis''.<ref name="GRIN">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?14843|title=Hexastylis|accessdate=2009-06-14|publisher=USDA - GRIN|year=2009}}</ref>
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== Species ==
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{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
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*''[[Asarum arifolium]]''
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*''[[Asarum bashanense]]''
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*''[[Asarum campaniflorum]]''
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*''[[Asarum canadense]]''
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*''[[Asarum caudatum]]''
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*''[[Asarum caudigerellum]]''
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*''[[Asarum caudigerum]]''
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*''[[Asarum caulescens]]''
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*''[[Asarum chengkouense]]''
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*''[[Asarum chinensis]]''
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*''[[Asarum controversum]]''
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*''[[Asarum crassisepalum]]''
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*''[[Asarum crassum]]''
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*''[[Asarum crispulatum]]''
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*''[[Asarum debile]]''
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*''[[Asarum delavayi]]''
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*''[[Asarum dimidiatum]]'' (synonym of ''Asiasarum dimidiatum'')
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*''[[Asarum epigynum]]'' (synonym of ''Geotaenium epigynum'')
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*''[[Asarum europaeum]]''
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*''[[Asarum forbesii]]'' (synonym of ''Heterotropa forbesii'')
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*''[[Asarum fukienense]]''
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*''[[Asarum geophilum]]'' (synonym of ''Geotaenium geophilum'')
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*''[[Asarum gusuk]]''
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*''[[Asarum hartwegii]]''
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*''[[Asarum hayatanum]]''
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*''[[Asarum heterotropioides]]'' (synonym of ''Asiasarum heterotropiodes'')
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*''[[Asarum himalaicum]]''
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*''[[Asarum hongkongense]]''
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*''[[Asarum hypogynum]]''
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*''[[Asarum ichangense]]''
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*''[[Asarum inflatum]]''
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*''[[Asarum insignis]]''
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*''[[Asarum kooyanum]]''
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*''[[Asarum lemmonii]]''
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*''[[Asarum leptophyllum]]''
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*''[[Asarum longerhizomatosum]]''
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*''[[Asarum macranthum]]''
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*''[[Asarum magnificum]]''
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*''[[Asarum majale]]''
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*''[[Asarum marmoratum]]''
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*''[[Asarum maruyamae]]''
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*''[[Asarum maximum]]''
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*''[[Asarum mikuniense]]''
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*''[[Asarum mitoanum]]''
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*''[[Asarum nanchuanense]]''
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*''[[Asarum nobilissimum]]''
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*''[[Asarum petelotii]]''
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*''[[Asarum porphyronotum]]''
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*''[[Asarum pulchellum]]''
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*''[[Asarum renicordatum]]''
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*''[[Asarum sagittarioides]]''
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*''[[Asarum senkakuinsulare]]''
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*''[[Asarum sieboldii]]'' (synonym of ''Asiasarum sieboldii'')
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*''[[Asarum splendens]]''
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*''[[Asarum taipingshanianum]]''
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*''[[Asarum tohokuense]]''
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*''[[Asarum tongjiangense]]''
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*''[[Asarum wagneri]]''
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*''[[Asarum wulingense]]''
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*''[[Asarum yunnanense]]'' (synonym of ''Geotaenium yunnanse'')
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}}
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<!--already linked above  == See also ==
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*''[[Hexastylis]]'', a closely related genus sometimes treated as synonymous with ''Asarum'' -->
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== References ==
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{{Reflist}}
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== External links ==
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{{Wikispecies|Asarum}}
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{{Commons|Asarum}}
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*{{cite journal | author=Takashi Sugawara| title=Taxonomic studies of ''Asarum sensu lato''| journal=Journal of Plant research| year=1982| volume=95| issue=3| pages=295–302| url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/m1m8585288p32671/| doi=10.1007/bf02488540}}
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*{{cite journal | author=Lawrence M. Kelly| title=Taxonomy of Asarum Section Asarum (Aristolochiaceae)| journal=Systematic Botany| year=2001| volume=26| issue=1| pages=17–53| url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0363-6445-26.1.17 | doi=10.1043/0363-6445-26.1.17 | doi-broken-date=2017-01-15}}
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*[http://www.vc-net.ne.jp/~oota/asarum2.htm List of ''Asarum'' species]
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*[http://www.iarc.fr/ The International Agency for Research on Cancer].
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q157718}}
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[[Category:Asarum| ]]
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[[Category:Piperales genera]]
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[[Category:Herbs]]
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[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
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[[Category:Poisonous plants]]

Latest revision as of 23:09, 13 August 2018

Asarum
Asarum caudatum 1117.JPG
Asarum caudatum (western wild ginger)
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Piperales
Family: Aristolochiaceae
Subfamily: Asaroideae
Genus: Asarum
L.
Species
See text

Asarum is a genus of plants in the birthwort family Aristolochiaceae, commonly known as wild ginger.

Asarum is the genitive plural of the Latin āsa (an alternate form of āra) meaning altar or sanctuary.

Description

Asarum is a genus of low-growing herbs distributed across the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere, with most species in East Asia (China, Japan, and Vietnam) and North America, and one species in Europe. Biogeographically, Asarum originated in Asia.

They have characteristic kidney-shaped leaves, growing from creeping rhizomes, and bear small, axillary, brown or reddish flowers.

The plant is called wild ginger because the rhizome tastes and smells similar to ginger root, but the two are not particularly related. However, the FDA warns against consuming Asarum, as it is nephrotoxic and contains the potent carcinogen aristolochic acid.[1][2] [3] The birthwort family also contains the genus Aristolochia, known for carcinogens.

Wild ginger favors moist, shaded sites with humus-rich soil. The deciduous, heart-shaped leaves are opposite, and borne from the rhizome which lies just under the soil surface. Two leaves emerge each year from the growing tip. The curious jug-shaped flowers, which give the plant an alternate name, little jug, are borne singly in spring between the leaf bases.

Wild ginger can easily be grown in a shade garden, and makes an attractive groundcover.

Asarum europaeum flower

Taxonomy

Traditionally, the genus Asarum was considered as a single genus with about 85 species. However, a trend exists among botanists to segregate the genus into separate genera, based on considerations of chromosome number and floral morphology :

  • Asarum sensu stricto (about 17 species), distributed in Asia (mainly China), North America, and Europe
  • Heterotropa (about 50 species), distributed in Asia
  • Asiasarum (three or four species), distributed in Asia
  • Geotaenium (three or four species), distributed in Asia
  • Hexastylis (ten species), distributed in North America

Study of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA, combined with morphological data, has yielded a better-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis, confirming the distinctiveness of the above-named genera.[4]

  • Asarum sensu stricto (s.s.) : the North American species are monophyletic and are derived from within the paraphyletic Asian species group.
  • Geotaenium is a sister to Asarum s.s., showing its close relationship to Asarum s.s..
  • Asiasarum is a sister to the Hexastylis + Heterotropa clade, showing several synapomorphies with this clade.
  • Hexastylis: this genus has been recognized solely on the study by H.L. Blomquist.[5] However, the above-mentioned DNA study provided indications that Hexastylis is not monophyletic and that some species of Hexastylis are more closely related to Asiatic species of Heterotropa than they are to other species of Hexastylis.
  • Heterotropa: this is a complex monophyletic group, well nested within the Asiasarum + Hexastylis + Heterotropa clade

However, many botanists still treat these segregated genera as sections of Asarum sensu lato, especially Hexastylis.[6]

Species


References

  1. ↑ Schaneberg BT, Applequist WL, Khan IA (October 2002). "Determination of aristolochic acid I and II in North American species of Asarum and Aristolochia". Pharmazie. 57 (10): 686–9. PMID 12426949.
  2. ↑ "Aristolochic Acid: FDA Warns Consumers to Discontinue Use of Botanical Products that Contain Aristolochic Acid". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. April 11, 2001.
  3. ↑ Health Canada advising not to use products labelled to contain Aristolochia Archived February 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine..
  4. ↑ *Lawrence M. Kelley (1998). "Phylogenetic relationships in Asarum (Aristolochiaceae) based on morphology and ITS sequences". American Journal of Botany. 85 (10): 1454–67. doi:10.2307/2446402. JSTOR 2446402. PMID 21684897.
  5. ↑ H.L. Blomquist (1957). "A revision of Hexastylis of North America". Brittonia. 8 (4): 255–281. doi:10.2307/2804978. JSTOR 2804978.
  6. ↑ "Hexastylis". USDA - GRIN. 2009. Retrieved 2009-06-14.

External links

Lua error in Module:Taxonbar at line 144: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).

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