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| − | The [[Family (biology)|family]] '''Stylidiaceae''' is a taxon of [[dicot]]yledonous [[flowering plant]]s. It consists of five genera with over 240 species, most of which are [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]. Members of Stylidiaceae are typically grass-like herbs or small shrubs and can be [[perennial plant|perennials]] or [[annual plant|annuals]]. Most species are free standing or self-supporting, though a few can be climbing or scrambling (''[[Stylidium scandens]]'' uses leaf tips recurved into hooks to climb).
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| − | The pollination mechanisms of ''[[Stylidium]]'' and ''[[Levenhookia]]'' are unique and highly specialized. In ''Stylidium'' the [[column (botany)|floral column]] that consists of the fused [[stamen]] and [[carpel|style]] springs violently from one side (usually under the flower) when triggered, which deposits the pollen on a visiting insect. In ''Levenhookia'', however, the column is immobile, but the hooded [[Labellum (botany)|labellum]] is triggered and sheds pollen.
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| − | In 1981, only about 155 species were known in the family.<ref>{{cite book | last = Cronquist | first = Arthur | year = 1981 | title = An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants | pages=986–987 | location = New York | publisher = Columbia University Press | isbn = 0-231-03880-1 }}</ref> The current number of species by genus (reported in 2002) is as follows: ''Forstera'' - 5, ''Levenhookia'' - 10, ''Oreostylidium'' - 1, ''Phyllachne'' - 4, and ''Stylidium'' - 221. These numbers, especially for ''Stylidium'', are changing rapidly as new species are described.<ref name="Wagstaff and Wege 2002">Wagstaff, S.J. and Wege, J. (2002). Patterns of diversification in New Zealand Stylidiaceae. ''[[American Journal of Botany]]'', 89(5): 865-874. (Available online: [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/5/865 HTML] or [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/89/5/865 PDF] versions).</ref>
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| − | == Taxonomy ==
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| − | The genus ''[[Donatia]]'' is sometimes included in Stylidiaceae in the monogeneric subfamily [[Donatioideae]]. The [[APG II system]] recommends its inclusion in Stylidiaceae but allows for the optional recognition of the family [[Donatiaceae]].<ref name="APG">[http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/asteralesweb.htm#Stylidiaceae Stylidiaceae] (at the [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb Angiosperm Phylogeny Website])</ref> Molecular and [[phylogenetics|phylogenetic analysis]] have determined that ''Donatia'' is a sister-group to Stylidiaceae and therefore placing ''Donatia'' in its own family has been recommended by several authorities. Including ''Donatia'' within the Stylidiaceae would endanger its status as a [[monophyletic]] group.<ref name="Laurent">Laurent, N., Bremer, B., and Bremer, K. (1999). Phylogeny and generic interrelationships of the Stylidiaceae (Asterales), with a possible extreme case of floral paedomorphosis. ''Systematic Botany'', 23(3): 289-304.</ref>
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| − | Donatioideae and Stylidioideae were described by [[Johannes Mildbraed]] in his 1908 taxonomic monograph of the family. The subfamilies were created to distinguish the difference between the five typical [[genus|genera]] of the Stylidiaceae from the single genus ''[[Donatia]]'', which Mildbraed placed in Donatioideae.<ref name="Mildbraed">Mildbraed, J. (1908). Stylidiaceae. ''In'' Engler, A. ''Das Pflanzenreich: Regni vegetabilis conspectus'', IV. 278. Leipzig, 1908.</ref> The subfamily taxonomy represents the taxonomic uncertainty of ''Donatia'', which has often been placed in its own family, Donatiaceae, or other families such as the [[Saxifragaceae]].<ref name="Wagstaff and Wege 2002" /><ref name="Good">Good, R. (1925). On the geographical distribution of the Stylidiaceae. ''New Phytologist'', 24(4): 225-240.</ref>
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| − | Mildbraed's classification also included two [[tribe (biology)|tribes]]: Phyllachneae, which included the genera ''Forstera'' and ''Phyllachne'', and Stylidieae, which included ''Levenhookia'', ''Oreostylidium'', and ''Stylidium''.<ref name="Mildbraed" /> This level of infraspecific taxonomy is not used in recent research, but the groupings are supported by molecular data that suggest ''Forstera'' and ''Phyllachne'' are closely related but distinct from the other three.<ref name="Wagstaff and Wege 2002" />
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| − | APG II places Stylidiaceae and Donatiaceae in the [[Asterales]]. The [[Cronquist system]] placed both families in the [[Campanulales]]. The [[Takhtajan system|Takhtajan]] and [[Reveal system|Reveal]] systems place both families in the order Stylidiales. The [[Dahlgren system]] uses the same Stylidiales order, but it omits Donatiaceae. The [[Thorne system (1992)|Thorne system]] shifts Stylidiaceae into the [[Saxifragales]] order.
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| − | == References ==
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| − | {{Reflist}}
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | {{Commons}}
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| − | {{Wikisource|Edwards's Botanical Register/Appendix to the First Twenty-three Volumes/A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony/Stylidiaceae|A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony/​Stylidiaceae}}
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| − | *[http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/stylidia.htm Stylidiaceae Family Description]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Australasia]]
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| − | [[Category:Asterales families]] | |
| − | [[Category:Stylidiaceae| ]]
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