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| − | The '''Hernandiaceae''' are a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plants]], [[angiosperm]]s, in the order [[Laurales]]. Consisting of five genera with caabout 58 known species,<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> they are distributed over the world's tropical areas, some of them widely distributed in coastal areas, but they occur from sea level to over 2000 m.
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| − | The family is closely related to the [[Lauraceae]], and many species inhabit [[laurel forest]] habitat; they have laurel-like (lauroid) leaves. Based on morphology, chromosome numbers, geographical distribution, and phylogenetic analyses, the family is clearly divided into two groups that have been given the rank of subfamilies Gyrocarpoideae and Hernandioideae.
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| − | == Overview==
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| − | The Hernandaceae are important components of tropical forests ranging from low-lying to [[montane]] forests.
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| − | Because of the special lack of worldwide knowledge about the family in general, little is known about their diversity yet. The knowledge of this family to national level, is that to be expected in countries with limited economic means with the vast majority of species indeterminate or even poorly determined. Recently described new species come from collections made in countries with limited economic means. Therefore, an increase in the study of family, at national level, is of utmost importance for the progress of the systematics of the family in general. Trees of the Hernandiaceae family predominate in the world's laurel forests and [[cloud forest]]s, which occur in tropical, subtropical, and mild temperate regions of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, highlighting the African, Indian, and Pacific Ocean islands, [[New Caledonia]], [[Madagascar]], and central [[Chile]].
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| − | The main economical uses for this family are [[essential oils]], found in many species that are important for spices and perfumes, and the hardwood of many species is a source for timber around the world. A great number of species is in danger of extinction due to overexploitation as medicinal plants or timber extraction and loss of habitat.
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| − | <!-- please complete the sentences ==Description==
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| − | [[Trees]], [[shrubs]], or lianas; bearing [[essential oil]]s. Self-supporting, or climbing. [[Leaves]] alternate; aromatic; simple, or compound; peltate (often, in Hernandia), or not peltate; if compound, palmate. Lamina dissected, or entire; when dissected, palmatifid; palmately veined; cross-venulate. Leaves estipulate. Cork cambium present; initially superficial. Nodes unilacunar. Primary vascular tissue in a cylinder, without separate bundles. [[Cortical bundle]]s absent. Medullary bundles absent. Internal phloem absent. Secondary thickening developing from a conventional cambial ring. Included [[phloem]] absent. [[Xylem]] with libriform fibres. [[Vessel element|Vessel]] end-walls simple. Vessels without vestured pits. Wood [[parenchyma]] paratracheal. Sieve-tube plastids P-type; type I. -->
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| − | ==Ecology==
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| − | The Hernandiaceae are a very important family; their species inhabit the ecosystems with [[monoecious]], rarely [[dioecious]], deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and perennial climbing plants. The mode of dispersion is variable among the species.
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| − | Most species of genus ''Hernandia'' have red domes, suggesting [[zoochory]], while ''Hernandia guianensis'' is [[hydrochory|hydrochorian]] in fresh water, and ''H. nymphaeifolia'' and ''Gyrocarpus americanus'' are hydrochorian in sea water.
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| − | The fruits are eaten by birds, passing through their digestive tracts, or are regurgitated; seeds germinate easily after. Zoocorian seeds are mostly in small fruits, desired by birds, containing many times a sticky substance coating the seed. Expelled, the seed sticks to the branch of trees and even dead bodies, or just in soil, germinating later.
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| − | Some fruits open very violently, expelling the seeds away. Others are small nuts or nonfleshy bodies ([[achene]]s) provided with hooks or filaments that stick to the fur of animals or are shaped to float in water or facilitate transport by wind.
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| − | They are distributed in the lower areas of the tropics, especially in rain forests, cloud forests, and laurel forest, although some species exist even in subtropical or arid areas; they occur from sea level to over 2000 m. Distributions in Africa and the Americas, for example, from ''Gyrocarpus hababensis ''and ''G. americanus'', relict character, appear to be due to marine transgressions in the past.
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| − | The family originated in the coastal laurel forests of [[Gondwana]], which is the reason for its pattern of distribution. The Hernandaceae inhabit montane tropical forests, some species reaching 4000 m above sea level, but most species are more frequent in low-altitude rainforests. Some deciduous species have adapted to demanding conditions in semiarid climates, but then they tend to depend on favorable [[edaphic]] conditions, for example, perennial aquifers, periodic groundwater flows, or periodically flooded forests in sand containing hardly any nutrients.
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| − | ==Flowers and fruit==
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| − | The plants can be hermaphrodite, or monoecious. The [[flowers]] are aggregated in [[inflorescences]], in cymes, regular, cyclic or tetracyclic. They present a [[perianth]] with distinct calyx and corolla. The [[corolla (flower)|corolla]] is not fleshy. Androecial members are free of the perianth and free of one another, single-whorled. Androecium exclusively of fertile stamens, or including staminodes (these in the form of 1–2 nectariferous glands outside the stamens, cf. Lauraceae). Staminodes external to the fertile [[stamens]] (3–5); oppositisepalous (alternating with the inner perianth whorl). [[Anthers]] dehiscing by longitudinal valves. Anther wall of the ‘dicot’ type. Pollen grains nonaperturate; 2-celled. Gynoecium 1 carpelled. Carpels reduced in number relative to the perianth. The pistil 1 celled. [[Gynoecium]] monomerous; of one carpel; inferior. Carpel stylate; apically stigmatic; 1 ovuled. Placentation apical. Ovules pendulous; anatropous; bitegmic; crassinucellate. Endosperm formation cellular.<ref name="delta-intkey.com">http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/hernandi.htm The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 3 May 2006. http://delta-intkey.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/ |date=2007-01-03 }}.</ref>
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| − | The fruit in some species is not fleshy and presents these characteristics: fruiting carpel indehiscent, winged or enclosed in an inflated envelope derived from connate bracteoles, with only one nonendospermic seed, two cotyledons (fleshy, oily, smooth, or ruminate). The embryo is straight.<ref name="delta-intkey.com"/>
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| − | == Taxonomy==
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| − | The family has been recognised by most taxonomists.
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| − | The [[APG II system]] of 2003 also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Laurales in the clade '''[[magnoliids]]'''. As circumscribed by APG, the family includes those plants that sometimes have been treated as forming the family Gyrocarpaceae. The family is usually described as counting four genera, totalling several dozen species.
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| − | <!-- plese complete sentences ==Phytochemistry==
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| − | Not [[Glycoside|cyanogenic]]. [[Alkaloids]] present (Efatine, (+)-O,O-dimethyl corytuberine, hernandaline, hernandine, hernanymphine and herveline A). [[Iridoids]] not detected. Arthroquinones detected (''Illigera''); polyacetate derived. [[Proanthocyanidins]] absent. [[Lignan]]s present (Deoxypodophyllic acid, (+)-hernangerine, hernolactone, epimagnolin, epieudesmine, epiaschantin). [[Flavonols]] present: [[kaempferol]] and [[quercetin]]. [[Ellagic acid]] absent (''[[Hernandia]]''). Saponins/sapogenins absent. [[Aluminium]] accumulation not found. Sugars transported as [[sucrose]] (''[[Hernandia]]''). -->
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| − | [[File:Hernandine.png|thumb|Hernandine, [[aporphine]] [[alkaloid]] from ''[[Hernandia]]'']]
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| − | ==Uses==
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| − | The bark, seeds, and young leaves are purgative. The root is chewed as a remedy against eating poisonous crabs and fishes. The juice of the bark and leaves has depilatory properties. The available information on the plant parts used by Samoan healers, their modes of preparation, and application have been listed in Table 1. <!-- The leaves of the plant are used as hypertensive antitumor prophylaxis of arteriosclerosis piscicide The stem bark, root bark, twigs, stalks, and seeds of the plant are used as hypotensive, noncholinergic, relaxant smooth musculature, [[vasopressive]], [[Sympathomimetic drug|sympathicomimetic]] for inflammation and irritation of the upper respiratory system and the [[gastrointestinal tract]]. Also used as mild laxative, antidiarrheal, cytotoxic, cytostatic, antiviral, externally on boils, ulcers, sores, inflammations. The pericarp of the fruits also relaxes the smooth musculature, produces a cataleptic action, [[anti-convulsive]], in convulsive disorders, vasopressive, reduces intestinal movement, hypotensive, non-cholinergic, dilation of capillary blood vessels (nontoxic low doses) respiration is accelerated, uterus-stimulating (large doses) respiration is slowed, uterus- inhibitor, stimulation of the secretion of tears and saliva, might cause emesis and moderate [[tachycardia]], hypnotic, sedative, narcotic, adrenolytic, psychomimetic, induces [[hyperglycemia]] --><ref name="Family Hernandiaceae 2009">An Overview of Family Hernandiaceae. Lakshmi et al., Rec. Nat. Prod. 3:1 (2009) 1-22.</ref>
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| − | Among the chemical compounds isolated from the family Hernandiaceae, the [[alkaloid]] [[corytuberine]] is the oldest known compound. Later, its derivative O,O-Dimethylcorytuberine was reported from several ''[[Hernandia]]'' species, including ''[[Hernandia nymphaeifolia|H. nymphaeifolia]]''. Actinodaphnine and hernandion, were the earliest chemical compounds reported from the family hernandiaceae respectively. .<ref name="Family Hernandiaceae 2009"/>
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| − | ==Species==
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| − | <!-- Species 54. Genera 3; ''[[Hazomalania]]'', ''[[Hernandia]]'', ''[[Illigera]]''. -->
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| − | *''[[Gyrocarpus]]'' is considered in the Cronquist system to belong to a separate family, the Gyrocarpaceae. <!-- (Propellerbaum, Whirly Whirly Tree, Stinkwood, Helicopter Tree) --><ref name="delta-intkey.com"/>
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| − | Genus ''[[Hernandia]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia ovigera]]'' (syn. ''H. peltata'') is the most abundant species in terms of the sheer number of compounds isolated and subsequent biological activities reported in the literature.
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| − | *''[[Hernandia albiflora]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia beninensis]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia bivalvis]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia catalpifolia]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia cordigera]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia cubensis]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia didymantha]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia drakeana]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia guianensis]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia hammelii]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia jamaicensis]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia kunstleri]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia leucomphala]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia lychnifera]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia mascarenensis]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia moerenhoutiana]]'' <small> Guill.</small> (indigenous to [[Samoa Islands]], also occurs westward to [[Melanesia]])
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| − | *''[[Hernandia nukuhivensis]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia nymphaeifolia]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia obovata]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia olivacea]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia papuana]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia peltata]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia rostrata]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia samoensis]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia sonora]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia stenura]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia stokesii]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia tahitensis]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia temarii]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia voyroni]]''
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| − | *''[[Hernandia wendtii]]''
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| − | Genus ''[[Illigera]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera appendiculata]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera aromatica]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera brevistaminata]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera cardiophylla]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera celebica]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera cordata]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera coryzadenia]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera cucullata]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera dasyphylla]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera diptera]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera dubia]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera dunniana]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera elegans]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera elliptifolia]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera fordii]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera gammiei]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera glabra]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera glandulosa]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera grandiflora]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera henryi]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera khasiana]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera kurzii]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera lucida]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera luzonensis]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera madagascariensis]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera megaptera]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera meyeniana]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera mollissima]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera nervosa]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera novoguineensis]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera obtusa]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera orbiculata]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera ovatifolia]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera parviflora]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera pentaphylla]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera petelotii]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera pierrei]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera platyandra]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera pseudoparviflora]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera pubescens]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera pulchra]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera reticulata]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera rhodantha]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera rhodanthe]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera ternata]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera thorelii]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera trifoliata]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera vespertilio]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera villosa]]''
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| − | *''[[Illigera yaoshanensis]]''
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| − | Genus ''[[Hazomalania]]''
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| − | *''[[Hazomalania voyronii]]''
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | * [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/hernandi.htm Hernandiaceae], [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/gyrocarp.htm Gyrocarpaceae] in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants]: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 3 May 2006. http://delta-intkey.com.
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| − | * [http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/hernandi.htm Hernandiaceae at the University of Hawaii]
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| − | * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=22009&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
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| − | * [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Hernandiaceae links at CSDL, Texas]
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| − | * [http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/1423/1/v32n1-79-94.pdf Vegetation of the Montane Region of Savai'i, W. Arthur Whistler.]
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| − | * "The Families of Flowering Plants". L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz: Hernandiaceae [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/hernandi.htm]
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| − | * Lakshmi et al., ''Rec. Nat. Prod.'' 3:1 (2009) 1-22 [http://acgpubs.org/RNP/2009/Volume%203/Issue%201/1_RNP-0808-44.pdf]
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
