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| − | {{italic title}}
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| | {{taxobox | | {{taxobox |
| | | name = Shepherd's purse | | | name = Shepherd's purse |
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| | | binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Friedrich Kasimir Medikus|Medik.]] | | | binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Friedrich Kasimir Medikus|Medik.]] |
| | | synonyms = Many, over 200 known including: | | | synonyms = Many, over 200 known including: |
| − | * ''Capsella elegans'' (E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.<ref>(E.B. Almq.) E.B. Almq. Acta Horti Berg. 7: 61 1921</ref><ref name="Plantlist"/> | + | * ''Capsella elegans'' (E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.<ref>(E.B. Almq.) E.B. Almq. Acta Horti Berg. 7: 61 1921</ref> |
| | }} | | }} |
| − | '''''Capsella bursa-pastoris''''', known by its common name '''shepherd's purse''' because of its triangular flat fruits,<ref>{{cite book | author = Parnell, J. Curtis, T. | date = 2012 | title = Webb's An Irish Flora | page = 262 | publisher = Cork University Press | isbn = 978-185918-4783}}</ref> which are purse-like, is a small [[annual (plant)|annual]] and [[ruderal species|ruderal]] [[flowering plant]] in the mustard family [[Brassicaceae]] that grows up to {{convert|0.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall. It is native to eastern [[Europe]] and [[Asia minor]],<ref name=Aksoy1998>{{cite journal | last1 = Aksoy | first1 = A | last2 = Dixon | first2 = JM | last3 = Hale | first3 = WH | year = 1998 | title = Biological flora of the British Isles. ''Capsella bursa-pastoris'' (L.) Medikus (''Thlaspi bursapastoris'' L., ''Bursa bursa-pastoris'' (L.) Shull, ''Bursa pastoris'' (L.) Weber) | journal = Journal of Ecology | volume = 86 | issue = | pages = 171–186 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00260.x}}</ref> but is naturalized and considered a common weed in many parts of the world, especially in colder climates,<ref name="pakistan">{{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200009292 | work = Flora of Pakistan | title = Capsella bursa-pastoris}}</ref> including [[British Isles]],<ref>Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. ''Excursion Flora of the British Isles.'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-04656-4}}</ref> where it is regarded as an [[archaeophyte]],<ref name=Preston2002>Preston CD, Pearman DA & Dines TD (2002) New Atlas of the British Flora. Oxford University Press</ref><ref name=Preston2004>{{cite journal | last1 = Preston | first1 = CD | last2 = Pearman | first2 = DA | last3 = Hall | first3 = AR | year = 2004 | title = Archaeophytes in Britain | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 145 | issue = 3| pages = 257–294 | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00284.x}}</ref> [[North America]]<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CABU2 USDA PLANTS Profile: Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik]</ref><ref name="neltje">{{cite book | author=Blanchan, Neltje | title=[[Wild Flowers Worth Knowing]] | year=2005 | publisher=[[Project Gutenberg|Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation]] | authorlink=Neltje Blanchan }}</ref> and China,<ref name="china">{{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200009292 | work = Flora of China | title = Capsella bursa-pastoris }}</ref> but also in the [[Mediterranean]] and North Africa.<ref name=Aksoy1998/> ''C. bursa-pastoris'' is the second most common weed in the world.<ref name="china"/>
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| − | == Description ==
| + | Frozen '''shepherd's purse''' greens were purchased from 99 Ranch. The taste was quite mild and agreeable (not bitter like dandelion or spicy like arugula), and the texture, while definitely on the chewy/stringy side, was not unpleasant. In fact the "crowns" of the rosettes that were also included had a nice chewy/meaty texture. |
| − | [[Image:Capsella bursa-pastoris Sturm23.jpg|thumb|left|rosette (a), pointed leaves, flowers (c–e), pods (i, k)]]
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| − | ''C. bursa-pastoris'' plants grow from a [[rosette (botany)|rosette]] of lobed leaves at the base. From the base emerges a stem about {{convert|0.2-0.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall, which bears a few pointed leaves which partly grasp the stem. The flowers, which appear in any month of the year in the [[British Isles]],<ref name=CTW>{{cite book |last1=Clapham |first1=A.R. |last2=Tutin |first2=T.G. |last3=Warburg |first3=E.F. |date=1981 |title=Excursion Flora of the British Isles |edition=Third |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521232902 }}</ref>{{rp|56}} are white and small, {{convert|2.5|mm|abbr=on}} in diameter, with four petals and six stamens.<ref name=CTW/> They are borne in loose [[raceme]]s, and produce flattened, two-chambered seed pods known as [[siliques]], which are triangular to heart-shaped, each containing several seeds.<ref name="neltje" /> | |
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| − | Like a number of other plants in several plant families, its seeds contain a substance known as [[mucilage]], a condition known as myxospermy.<ref name="western">{{cite journal | journal = Plant Physiology | date = February 2000 | volume = 122 | pages = 345–355 | title = Differentiation of Mucilage Secretory Cells of the Arabidopsis Seed Coat |author1=Tamara L. Western |author2=Debra J. Skinner |author3=George W. Haughn | pmc = 58872 | doi = 10.1104/pp.122.2.345 | pmid = 10677428 | issue = 2}}</ref> The adaptive value of myxospermy is unknown,<ref name="western"/> although the fact that mucilage becomes sticky when wet has led some to propose that ''C. bursa-pastoris'' traps insects which then provide nutrients to the seedling, which would make it [[Protocarnivorous plant|protocarnivorous]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Barber, J.T. | year = 1978 | title = ''Capsella bursa-pastoris'' seeds: Are they "carnivorous"? | url = http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv07n2p39_42.pdf | journal = [[Carnivorous Plant Newsletter]] | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 39–42 }}</ref>
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| − | ''Capsella bursa-pastoris'' is closely related to the [[model organism]] such as ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' and is also used as a model organism, due to the variety of genes expressed throughout its life cycle that can be compared to genes that are well studied in ''A. thaliana''. Unlike most [[angiosperm|flowering plants]], it [[phenology|flowers]] almost all year round.<ref name="neltje" /><ref name="china"/> Like other annual ruderals exploiting disturbed ground, ''C. bursa-pastoris'' reproduces entirely from seed, has a long [[soil seed bank]],<ref name=Preston2002/> and short generation time,<ref name=Aksoy1998/> and is capable of producing several generations each year.
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| − | ==Taxonomy==
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| − | It was formally described by the Swedish botanist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his seminal publication '[[Species Plantarum]]' in 1753, and then published by [[Friedrich Kasimir Medikus]] in ''Pflanzen-Gattungen'' (Pfl.-Gatt.) on page 85 in 1792.<ref name="Plantlist">{{cite web|title=Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. is an accepted name|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2697999|date=23 March 2012|publisher=theplantlist.org|accessdate=14 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris Medik.|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=279929-1|publisher=ipni.org|accessdate=14 December 2017}}</ref>
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| − | ''Capsella bursa-pastoris'' subsp. ''thracicus'' (Velen.) Stoj. & Stef. is the only known subspecies.<ref name="Plantlist"/>
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| − | [[William Coles (botanist)]] wrote in his book, 'Adam in Eden' (published in 1657), "It is called Shepherd's purse or Scrip (wallet) from the likeness of the seed hath with that kind of leathearne bag, wherein Shepherds carry their Victualls [food and drink] into the field.""<ref name=Readers>{{cite book |year=1981 |title=Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain |page=54 |publisher=[[Reader's Digest]] |isbn=9780276002175}}</ref>
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| − | In England and Scotland, it was once commonly called 'mother's heart', which is derived from a child's game/trick of picking the seed pod, which then would burst and the child would be accused of 'breaking his mother's heart'.<ref name=Readers/>
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| − | ==Habitat==
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| − | Common on cultivated ground, waysides and meadows, disturbed land and roadworks.<ref name=CTW/>
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| − | == Uses ==
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| − | ''C. bursa-pastoris'' is gathered from the wild,<ref name="fao"/> or grown.<ref name="future">{{cite web | url = http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Capsella+bursa-pastoris | title = Capsella bursa-pastoris - (L.)Medik. | work = Plants For A Future database report }}</ref> It has many uses, including for food,<ref name="china"/><ref name="future"/> to supplement animal feed,<ref name="fao"/> for cosmetics,<ref name="fao"/> and in traditional medicine.<ref name="china" /><ref name="fao">{{cite web | title = Capsella bursa-pastoris (Ecocrop code 4164) | url = http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/dataSheet?id=4164 | work = ecocrop | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations }}</ref> It is cultivated as a commercial food crop in Asia.<ref name="naturesrestaurant">{{cite book |last1=Mills |first1=David |title=Nature's Restaurant: Fields, Forests & Wetlands Foods of Eastern North America - A Complete Wild Food Guide|date=March 11, 2014 |url=http://natures-restaurant-online.com/ShepherdsPurse.html}}</ref>
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| − | === China ===
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| − | In Chinese, this plant is known as ''jìcài'' ({{lang|zh-Hans|荠菜}}; {{lang|zh-Hant|薺菜}}).<ref name="boston">{{cite news|last1=Samuels|first1=Debra|title=This Chinese grandma forages and cooks|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/food-dining/2015/05/12/this-chinese-grandma-forages-and-cooks/Aw3Nl9IUj4UpaJi4UN9feI/story.html|accessdate=14 December 2017|work=bostonglobe.com|date=12 May 2015}}</ref> It is commonly used in food in [[Shanghai]] and the surrounding [[Jiangnan]] region, where it is stir-fried with [[Nian gao|rice cakes]] and other ingredients or as part of the filling in [[wonton]]s.
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| − | === Japan ===
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| − | It is one of the ingredients of the symbolic dish consumed in the Japanese spring-time festival, ''[[Nanakusa-no-sekku]]''.
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| − | <gallery>
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| − | File:Nanakusa gayu on Nanakusa no sekku.jpg|''Nanakusa-[[congee|gayu]]'' (seven herb congee)
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | === Korea ===
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| − | In Korea, it is known as ''naengi'' ({{lang|ko|냉이}}) and used as a root vegetable in the characteristic Korean dish, [[namul]] (fresh greens and wild vegetables).<ref name="korea">{{cite book |title=Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary |pages=310–310 |author=Pratt, Keith L. |author2=Richard Rutt |author3=James Hoare |isbn=0-7007-0464-7 |year=1999 |publisher=Curzon Press |location=Richmond, Surrey.}}</ref>
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| − | <gallery>
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| − | File:Naenginamul (Capsella bursa-pastoris).jpg|''Naengi-[[namul]]'' (blanched shepherd's purse, seasoned with [[soy sauce]] and [[perilla oil]] and sprinkled with ground toasted [[sesame]])
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| − | File:Naengi-doenjang-guk.jpg|''Naengi-[[doenjang-guk]]'' (soybean paste soup with shepherd's purse)
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| − | </gallery>
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| − | ==Chemistry==
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| − | [[Fumaric acid]] is one chemical substance that has been isolated from ''C. bursa-pastoris''.<ref name=Kuroda_1976>{{Cite journal
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| − | | journal = Cancer Research
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| − | | title = Inhibitory effect of Capsella bursa-pastoris extract on growth of Ehrlich solid tumor in mice
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| − | | volume = 36
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| − | | issue = 6
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| − | | year = 1976
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| − | | pages = 1900–1903
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| − | | last1 = Kuroda
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| − | | last4 = Miyaki
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| − | | last2 = Akao
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| − | | pmid = 1268843
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| − | | last3 = Kanisawa | first1 = K. | first2 = M. | first3 = M. | first4 = K.
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| − | }}</ref>
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| − | ==Parasites==
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| − | * White rust ''[[Albugo candida]]''
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| − | * One species of downy mildew ''[[Hyaloperonospora parasitica]]''
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| − | == See also ==
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| − | * [[List of beneficial weeds]]
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| − | * [[List of companion plants]]
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| − | * [[Nanakusa-no-sekku]]
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| | == References == | | == References == |
| | <references/> | | <references/> |
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | * [http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Capsella+bursa-pastoris Plants for a Future: Capsella bursa-pastoris]
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| − | * [http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/s/shephe47.html Mrs. M. Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Shepherd's Purse]
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| − | * [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2697999 ''Capsella bursa-pastoris''] at the Plant List
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| − | * {{Commons-inline|Capsella bursa-pastoris}}
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| − | {{CarnivorousPlants}}
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q27264}}
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| − | [[Category:Asian vegetables]]
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| | [[Category:Brassicaceae]] | | [[Category:Brassicaceae]] |
| − | [[Category:Carnivorous plants of Europe]]
| + | [[Category:Plants Keenan has eaten]] |
| − | [[Category:Cosmopolitan species]]
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| − | [[Category:Ruderal species]]
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| − | [[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
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| − | [[Category:Edible plants]]
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| − | [[Category:Medicinal plants of Europe]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of the United Kingdom]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants described in 1753]] | |
