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| − | '''''Rubus ursinus''''' is a North American species of [[blackberry]] or [[dewberry]], known by the common names '''California blackberry''', '''California dewberry''', '''Douglas berry''', '''Pacific blackberry''', '''Pacific dewberry''' and '''trailing blackberry'''.
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| − | The name is from ''rubus'' for "bramble" and ''ursinus'' for "bear." <ref name=emilygreen>[http://www.laweekly.com/restaurants/rubus-ursinus-a-guide-to-the-elusive-pacific-blackberry-2174278 L.A. Weekly: "Rubus Ursinus, A Guide to the Elusive Pacific Blackberry"]; published 15 March 2012; by Emily Green; accessed 9.9.2015.</ref>
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| − | ==Distribution==
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| − | The plant is native to western [[North America]], found in [[British Columbia]] (Canada); [[California]], [[Idaho]], [[Montana]], [[Oregon]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] (Western U.S.); and [[Baja California]] state (Mexico).<ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Rubus%20ursinus.png Biota of North America Program 2014: ''Rubus ursinus'' by U.S. county distribution map]</ref><ref>[http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Rubus+ursinus Calflora taxon report, University of California; ''Rubus ursinus'' Cham. & Schldl.; (California blackberry, Pacific blackberry)]</ref>
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| − | [[File:6b Trailing blackberries (7518582588).jpg|thumb|225px|''Rubus ursinus'' berries.]]
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| − | [[File:Rubus ursinus flower.jpg|thumb|225px|''Rubus ursinus'' flower.]]
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| − | ==Description==
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| − | ''Rubus ursinus'' is a wide, mounding shrub or vine, growing to {{convert|2|-|5|ft|m}} high, and more than {{convert|6|ft|m}} wide.<ref name=ladybird>[http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=RUUR Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Information Network−NPIN: ''Rubus ursinus'' (California blackberry, California dewberry, Western blackberry)]</ref> The prickly branches can take root if they touch soil, thus enabling the plant to spread vegetatively and form larger clonal colonies.
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| − | Leaves usually have 3 leaflets but sometimes 5 or only 1, and are [[deciduous]]. The plant is dioeocious, with male and female plants on separate plants, also unusual for the genus. As with other ''Rubus'', the canes are typically vegetative the first year, and reproductive in the second.
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| − | Flowers are white with narrower petals than most related species, and have a fragrance.<ref>[http://www.ecoplexity.org/?q=node/896 Ecoplexity.org: ''Rubus ursinus'']; description + images.</ref> The sweet, very aromatic, edible fruits are dark purple, dark red, or black and up to 2 centimeters (0.8 inches) in length.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250100448 Flora of North America, ''Rubus ursinus'' Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 1827. California or Pacific or creeping blackberry ]</ref>
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| − | ===Subspecies and varieties===
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| − | Current or recent subspecies and varieties include:
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| − | *''Rubus ursinus'' subsp. ''macropetalus'' — all of distribution range.<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RUURM USDA: ''Rubus ursinus'' subsp. ''macropetalus'']</ref>
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| − | *''Rubus ursinus'' subsp. ''ursinus'' — California and Oregon.<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RUURU USDA: ''Rubus ursinus'' subsp. ''ursinus'']</ref>
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| − | *''Rubus ursinus'' var. ''sirbenus'' — [[endemic]] to California.<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RUURS USDA: ''Rubus ursinus'' var. ''sirbenus'']</ref>
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| − | *''Rubus ursinus'' var. ''ursinus'' — California and Oregon.<ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RUURU2 USDA: ''Rubus ursinus'' var. ''ursinus'']</ref>
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| − | ==Uses==
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| − | Diverse wildlife eat the berries, including songbirds, deer, bear, and other large and small mammals.<ref name=ladybird/> It is of notable pollinator and nesting material value for native [[bee]] and [[bumble bee]] species.<ref name=ladybird/> This blackberry species is a larval food source for the [[western tiger swallowtail|western tiger swallowtail butterfly (''Papilio rutulus'')]], the [[Nymphalis antiopa|mourning cloak butterfly (''Nymphalis antiopa'')]], the [[Strymon melinus|gray hairstreak butterfly (''Strymon melinus'')]], and the [[Celastrina ladon|spring azure butterfly (''Celastrina ladon'')]].<ref name=pilitas>[http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/593--rubus-ursinus Las Pilitas Horticulture Database: ''Rubus ursinus'']</ref>
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| − | [[Native Americans of the United States|Native Americans]], such as the [[Kumeyaay people|Kumeyaay]], [[Maidu people|Maidu]], [[Pomo people|Pomo]] and [[Salish people|Salish]] peoples, used ''Rubus ursinus'' as a fresh and dried fruit source and as a traditional [[medicinal plant]].<ref>[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Rubus+ursinus University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of ''Rubus ursinus'']</ref> The [[Maidu#Local divisions|Concow tribe]] calls this plant '''wân-kö-mil′-ē''' in the [[Konkow language]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chesnut | first1 =Victor King |title=Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLkUAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=24 August 2012|year=1902|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office|Government Printing Office]]|page = 408}}</ref>
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| − | ===Cultivation===
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| − | ''Rubus ursinus'' is cultivated for its fruit, and also [[ornamental plant]] qualities.<ref name=emilygreen/><ref name=pilitas/> It is planted in home, [[native plant]], and [[wildlife garden]]s, and in [[natural landscaping]] projects.<ref name=ladybird/><ref name=cnps>[http://calscape.cnps.org/Rubus-ursinus-(Pacific-Blackberry) CNPS−California Native Plant Society.org: ''Rubus ursinus'' (California Blackberry−Pacific Blackberry)]</ref> It can be [[espalier]]ed or trained on fences and trellising.<ref name=emilygreen/> When mature/established, the plant is effective in stabilizing creek banks and edges of [[bioswale]]s.<ref name=pilitas/>
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| − | To set large fruit, the plant needs consistent amounts of moisture.<ref name=cnps/> Otherwise it is moderately drought tolerant when established. Seed size seems to be related to fruit "cell" size, and the smallest (1 cm) fully formed berries are most highly prized. These are sometimes called "little wild blackberries."
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| − | ;Cultivars
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| − | A [[cultivar]] of this species named the 'Aughinbaugh' blackberry was a parent of the [[loganberry]]. ''Rubus ursinus'' is also a second generation parent of the [[boysenberry]] and the [[marionberry]], or 'Marion' blackberry.<ref name=emilygreen/>
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| − | 'Wild Treasure' has the fruit size and flavor of the wild species, but without prickles, and the berries are machine harvestable. It was released by the USDA-ARS in 2010, and is a hybrid between a selection of ''Rubus ursinus'' and 'Waldo' (another cultivar that is a second generation descendant of the marionberry that has no prickles).
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} | | {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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| − | ==External links==
| + | {{Ack-Wikipedia}} |
| − | *[http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-taxon=Rubus+ursinus CalFlora Database: ''Rubus ursinus'' (California blackberry)]
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| − | *[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=42267 Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of ''Rubus ursinus'']
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| − | *[http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Rubus&Species=ursinus University of Washington, Burkey Museum herbarium image collection] — ''photos, description, Washington distribution map''.
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| − | *[http://web.pdx.edu/~maserj/ESR410/rubisursinus.html Northwest Oregon Wetland Plants Project, ''Rubus ursinus'' - Trailing blackberry; Dewberry; Pacific blackberry ]
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| − | *[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Rubus+ursinus ''Rubus ursinus'' — Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California]
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| − | {{Commons category|Rubus ursinus|position=left}} | |
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| − | {{Hybrid Rubus}}
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q3775270}}
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| − | {{Clear}}
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| − | [[Category:Rubus|ursinus]] | + | [[Category:Rubus]] |
| − | [[Category:Berries]]
| + | [[Category:Plants Keenan has eaten]] |
| − | [[Category:Flora of California]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Baja California]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of British Columbia]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of the Northwestern United States]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of the Cascade Range]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)]]
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| − | [[Category:Fruits originating in North America]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine]] | |
| − | [[Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants described in 1827]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the Central Valley (California)]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the Channel Islands of California]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains]]
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| − | [[Category:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges]]
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| − | [[Category:Bird food plants]]
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| − | [[Category:Butterfly food plants]]<!--larval food source-->
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| − | [[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
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