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| − | '''''Lonicera japonica''''', known as '''Japanese honeysuckle'''<ref name=BSBI07>{{cite web|title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |format=xls |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6VqJ46atN?url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |archive-date=2015-01-25 |accessdate=2014-10-17 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> and '''golden-and-silver honeysuckle''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=525|access-date=4 January 2017|via=[[Korea Forest Service]]|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017|df=}}</ref> is a species of [[honeysuckle]] native to eastern Asia including China, Japan, and Korea. It is a twining [[vine (botany)|vine]]<ref>{{Cite book|title = Dictionary of Plant Lore|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WAagnZNb0cAC|publisher = Academic Press|date = 2007-05-02|isbn = 9780080546025|language = en|first = D. C.|last = Watts}}</ref> able to climb up to {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} high or more in [[tree]]s, with opposite, simple oval [[leaf|leaves]] {{convert|3|–|8|cm|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|2|–|3|cm|abbr=on}} broad. The [[flower]]s are double-tongued, opening white and fading to yellow, and sweetly vanilla scented. The [[fruit]] is a black spherical [[berry (botany)|berry]] {{convert|3|–|4|mm|abbr=on}} diameter containing a few [[seed]]s.<ref>[http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/udth/bin/fot1.exe/browse?BID=4&page=744 Flora of Taiwan: ''Lonicera japonica'']</ref>
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| − | It is an [[invasive species]] in a number of countries.
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| − | ==Cultivation, management, and uses==
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| − | [[File:Honeysuckle-1.jpg|thumb|right]]
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| − | This species is often sold by American nurseries as the [[cultivar]] 'Hall's Prolific' (''Lonicera japonica'' var. ''halliana''),{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} and in the UK as the cultivar 'Halliana'. The cultivar is also known as Hall's Japanese honeysuckle.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Lonicera japonica'' 'Halliana' |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |website=Plants |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/93277/Lonicera-japonica-Halliana/Details |accessdate=13 July 2018}}</ref> It is an effective [[groundcover]] and has pleasant, strong-smelling [[flower]]s. It can be cultivated by [[seed]], [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]], or [[layering]]. In addition, it will spread itself via [[shoot]]s if given enough space to grow. The variety ''L. japonica'' var. ''repens''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1188|title=RHS Plant Selector - ''Lonicera japonica'' var. ''repens''|accessdate=22 May 2013}}</ref> has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf|title=AGM Plants - Ornamental|date=July 2017|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society|page=61|accessdate=25 March 2018}}</ref>
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| − | Japanese honeysuckle flowers are edible to humans and appreciated for their sweet-tasting nectar. The flowers can also be a significant source of food for deer, rabbits, hummingbirds, and other wildlife.<ref>''Forest Plants of the Southeast and Their Wildlife Uses'', James H. Miller and Karl V. Miller, University of Georgia Press, Revised Ed. 2005, p.278</ref>
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| − | In [[traditional Chinese medicine]],<ref name="Shang">{{cite journal |author1=Shang, X. |author2=Pan, H. |author3=Li, M. |author4=Miao, X. |author5=Ding, H. |year=2011 |title=''Lonicera japonica'' Thunb.: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional Chinese medicine |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=138 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874111005897 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.016 |pmid=21864666}}</ref> ''Lonicera japonica'' is called ''rěn dōng téng'' ({{zh|c=忍冬藤}};<ref name="Shang" /> literally "winter enduring vine" {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}) or ''jīn yín huā''<ref name="Shang" /> ({{zh|c=[[wiktionary:金|金]][[wiktionary:銀|銀]][[wiktionary:花|花]]}}; literally "gold silver flower"). Alternative Chinese names include ''er hua'' and ''shuang hua''.<ref>''Chinese Medical Herbology and Pharmacology'', John and Tina Chen, Art of Medicine Press, 1st ed. 2001, p. 171</ref> In Korean, it is called ''geumeunhwa''.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} The dried leaves and flowers (Flos Lonicerae Japonicae) are employed in traditional Chinese medicine, being used to treat fever, headache, cough, thirst, and sore throat.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bensky |first1=Dan |last2=Barolet |first2=Randall |title=Chinese Herbal Medicine Formulas & Strategies |edition=2nd |publisher=Eastland Press |page=44 }}</ref>
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| − | ==As an invasive species==
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| − | [[File:Japanese Honeysuckle plants growing in NJ in April.jpg|thumb|right]]
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| − | Japanese honeysuckle has become naturalized in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Mexico, New Zealand, and much of the US, including Hawaii, as well as a number of Pacific and Caribbean islands. It is classified as a noxious weed in Texas,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.texasinvasives.org/plant_database/detail.php?symbol=LOJA|title= Lonicera japonicaJapanese honeysuckle}}</ref> Illinois, and Virginia, and is banned in New Hampshire.<ref>http://gencourt.state.nh.us/rules/agr3800.html</ref> It is listed on the New Zealand [[National Pest Plant Accord]] as an unwanted organism.<ref>[http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/japanese-honeysuckle Biosecurity New Zealand] - Japanese honeysuckle</ref>
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| − | It grows extremely rapidly in parts of America such as southwestern Ohio and is virtually impossible to control in [[woodland edge]] zones due to its rapid spread via tiny fruit seeds. Japanese honeysuckle was first found in the US in the late 1800s in Ohio.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} It aggressively grows over native shrubs and trees, choking them, and can also form mat-like monocultures that prevent the establishment of native species. The succession cycle of a forest is not all that different than a human life span - 70 to 100 years. Accordingly, it is the aggressive displacement that poses a long term threat to future generations of native forests. It is also very difficult to manage in semi-wild areas such as in large rural yards.
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| − | It can be controlled to some degree via labor-intensive methods such as cutting or burning the plant to root level and repeating at two-week intervals until nutrient reserves in the roots are depleted. It can also be controlled through annual applications of [[glyphosate]], or through grubbing if high labor and soil destruction are not of concern. Cutting the honeysuckle to within {{convert|5–10|cm|abbr=on}} of the ground and then applying glyphosate has proven to be more effective,{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} provided that the mixture is rather concentrated (20–25%) and is applied immediately after making the cut.
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| − | In urban environments of Southwest Ohio where deer population is high, some level of longer-term management has been observed by cutting the honeysuckle to within 18-24" of the ground. Grazing deer substantially slow down regrowth. Once the canopy from a stand of honeysuckle or that of an individual plant exceeds the grazing height of deer, this control method is ineffective. As recently as the late 1990s, Japanese honeysuckle was not considered to be part of a deer's diet, but by 2010 urban deer in southwest Ohio could be observed grazing on it with enthusiasm, especially freshly cut honeysuckle stocks.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}
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| − | == Chemistry ==
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| − | ''Lonicera japonica'' contains [[methyl caffeate]], [[3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid]], [[methyl 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinate]], [[protocatechuic acid]], [[methyl chlorogenic acid]], and [[luteolin]]. The two biflavonoids, [[3′-O-methyl loniflavone]] and [[loniflavone]], along with luteolin and [[chrysin]], can be isolated from the leaves.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.10.002| pmid = 16293275| title = Biflavonoids from Lonicera japonica| journal = Phytochemistry| volume = 66| issue = 23| pages = 2740| year = 2005| last1 = Kumar| first1 = Neeraj| last2 = Singh| first2 = Bikram| last3 = Bhandari| first3 = Pamita| last4 = Gupta| first4 = Ajai P.| last5 = Uniyal| first5 = Sanjay K.| last6 = Kaul| first6 = Vijay K.}}</ref> Other phenolic compounds present in the plant are [[hyperoside]], [[chlorogenic acid]], and [[caffeic acid]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1002/elan.200403102| title = Determination of Phenolic Acids and Flavones in ''Lonicera'' japonica Thumb. By Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection| journal = Electroanalysis| volume = 17| issue = 4| pages = 356| year = 2005| last1 = Peng| first1 = Youyuan| last2 = Liu| first2 = Fanghua| last3 = Ye| first3 = Jiannong}}</ref> The two secoiridoid glycosides, [[loniceracetalide A|loniceracetalides A]] and [[loniceracetalide B|B]], can be isolated, together with 10 known iridoid glycosides, from the flower buds.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00279-X| title = Secoiridoid glycosides from the flower buds of Lonicera japonica| journal = Phytochemistry| volume = 55| issue = 8| pages = 879| year = 2000| last1 = Kakuda| first1 = Rie| last2 = Imai| first2 = Mio| last3 = Yaoita| first3 = Yasunori| last4 = Machida| first4 = Koichi| last5 = Kikuchi| first5 = Masao}}</ref> The plant also contains the saponins [[loniceroside A]] and [[loniceroside B|B]]<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90656-3| title = Triterpenoid saponins from the aerial parts of Lonicera japonica| journal = Phytochemistry| volume = 35| issue = 4| pages = 1005| year = 1994| last1 = Ho Son| first1 = Kun| last2 = Young Jung| first2 = Keun| last3 = Wook Chang| first3 = Hyeun| last4 = Pyo Kim| first4 = Hyun| last5 = Sik Kang| first5 = Sam}}</ref> and the antiinflammatory [[loniceroside C]].<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1248/cpb.51.333| title = Loniceroside C, an Antiinflammatory Saponin from Lonicera japonica| journal = Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin| volume = 51| issue = 3| pages = 333| year = 2003| last1 = Kwak| first1 = Wie Jong| last2 = Han| first2 = Chang Kyun| last3 = Chang| first3 = Hyeun Wook| last4 = Kim| first4 = Hyun Pyo| last5 = Kang| first5 = Sam Sik| last6 = Son| first6 = Kun Ho}}</ref>
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| − | [[File:Lonicera japonica, Fruit.JPG|thumb|right|Fruit]]
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |
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| − | ==External links==
| + | [[Category:Caprifoliaceae]] |
| − | {{Commons category}}
| + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | *[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Lonicera+japonica Plants For A Future: Lonicera japonica]
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| − | *[http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/honeysuckle.shtml Species Profile- Japanese Honeysuckle (''Lonicera japonica'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]. Lists general information and resources for Japanese Honeysuckle.
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| − | {{Dietary supplement|state=collapsed}}
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q161083}}
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| − | [[Category:Lonicera|japonica]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Eastern Asia]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of China]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Japan]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Korea]] | |
| − | [[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
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| − | [[Category:Dietary supplements]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]] | |
| − | [[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
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| − | [[Category:Drought-tolerant plants]]
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| − | [[Category:Groundcovers]]
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| − | [[Category:Vines]]
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| − | [[Category:Invasive plant species]]
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| − | [[Category:Invasive plant species in Australia]]
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| − | [[Category:Invasive plant species in New Zealand]]
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| − | [[Category:Invasive plant species in South Africa]]
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| − | [[Category:Invasive plant species in the United States]]
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| − | [[Category:Introduced plants of North America]]
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| − | [[Category:Introduced plants of South America]]
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