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| − | '''''Lonicera caerulea''''', the '''honeyberry''', '''haskap berry''', '''blue-berried honeysuckle''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{cite web|title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |format=xls |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6VqJ46atN?url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |archive-date=2015-01-25 |accessdate=2014-10-17 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> or '''sweetberry honeysuckle''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=LOCA6|taxon=Lonicera caerulea|accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref> is a [[honeysuckle]] native throughout the cool temperate [[Northern Hemisphere]] in countries such as Canada, Japan, Russia, and Poland. Haskap is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] growing to 1.5–2 m tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite, oval, 3–8 cm long and 1–3 cm broad, greyish green, with a slightly waxy texture. The [[flower]]s are yellowish-white, 12–16 mm long, with five equal lobes; they are produced in pairs on the shoots. The [[fruit]] is an edible, blue [[berry (botany)|berry]], somewhat [[rectangle|rectangular]] in shape weighing 1.3 to 2.2 grams, and about 1 cm in diameter.<ref name="usask">{{cite web|title=Haskap: University of Saskatchewan Fruit Program|url= http://www.fruit.usask.ca/haskap.html|author=University of Saskatchewan|date=2007|accessdate=25 November 2016}}</ref>
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| − | ==Classification==
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| − | The classification within the species is not settled. One classification uses nine [[variety (biology)|varieties]]:<ref>{{citation |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=22559 |title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy |accessdate=18 May 2016}}</ref>
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| − | *''Lonicera caerulea'' var. ''altaica''. Northern Asia.
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| − | *''Lonicera caerulea'' var. ''caerulea''. Europe.
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| − | *''Lonicera caerulea'' var. ''cauriana''. Western North America.
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| − | *''Lonicera caerulea'' var. ''dependens''. Central Asia.
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| − | *''Lonicera caerulea'' var. ''edulis'', synonym: ''L. edulis''. Eastern Asia.
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| − | *''Lonicera caerulea'' var. ''emphyllocalyx'' (also known as haskap). Eastern Asia.
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| − | *''Lonicera caerulea'' var. ''kamschatica''. Northeastern Asia.
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| − | *''Lonicera caerulea'' var. ''pallasii''. Northern Asia, northeastern Europe.
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| − | *''Lonicera caerulea'' var. ''villosa''. Eastern North America.
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| − | ===Varieties===
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| − | * Tundra
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| − | * Borealis
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| − | * Indigo Treat
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| − | * Indigo Gem
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| − | * Indigo Yum
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| − | * Honeybee
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| − | * Aurora
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| − | * Wojtek
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| − | * Atlaj
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| − | * Nimfa
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| − | * Berry Blue
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| − | * Polar Jewel
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| − | According to research at the [[University of Saskatchewan]], each variety can be distinguished by the size of berries, taste, and bush dimensions.<ref name=usask/>
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| − | ===Common names===
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| − | [[File:LoniceraBerryDiversity.JPG|thumb|Haskap berry diversity]]
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| − | ''Lonicera caerulea'' is known by several common names:<ref name="haskap">{{cite web|url=http://www.fruit.usask.ca/articles/growinghaskapinCanada.pdf|title=Growing Haskap in Canada|author=Bob Bors|year=|publisher=University of Saskatchewan, Department of Plant Sciences}}</ref>
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| − | * ''Haskap'': an ancient Japanese name of the [[Ainu people]] (also spelled phonetically as haskappu, hascap, hascup); used today in Japan and North America
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| − | * ''Blue honeysuckle'': descriptive translation from Russian origin
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| − | * ''Honeyberry'': common in North America
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| − | * ''Swamp fly honeysuckle'': coined by [[botanists]] who found it growing wild in swampy areas of Canada
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| − | ==Distribution and habitat==
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| − | The species is circumpolar, primarily found in or near wetlands of [[taiga|boreal forests]] in heavy [[peat]] soils.<ref name=rhs/> However, it also can be found in high-calcium soils, in mountains, and along the coasts of northeastern Asia and northwestern North America. The plant is [[winter-hardy]] and can tolerate temperatures below minus 47 degrees Celsius.<ref name=haskap/>
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| − | ==Cultivation==
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| − | [[File:HaskapProducts1.JPG|thumb|Haskap products on retail display in a Japanese market]]
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| − | [[File:Haskap berries.jpg|thumb|Haskap berries and leaves]]
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| − | Haskap variety ''edulis'' has been used frequently in breeding efforts, but other varieties have been bred with it to increase productivity and flavor. In several haskap breeding programs, the variety ''emphyllocalyx'' has been the dominant one used.<ref name=haskap/>
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| − | Plants of many haskap cultivars grow to be 1.5 to 2 meters tall and wide, can survive a large range of soil acidity, from 3.9-7.7 (optimum 5.5-6.5), requiring high organic matter, well drained soils, and plentiful sunlight for optimum productivity. ''Lonicera caerulea'' plants are more tolerant of wet conditions than most fruit species.<ref name=haskap/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Janick, J. |author2=Paull, R.E. |year=2008|title=The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts|publisher=CABI|isbn=9780851996387|url=https://books.google.com/?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC&pg=PA234&lpg=PA234&dq=blue+honeysuckle+ph#v=onepage&q=blue%20honeysuckle%20ph&f=false|page=232}}</ref>
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| − | Each berry has approximately 20 seeds that resemble tomato seeds based on their size and shape, but the seeds are not noticeable during chewing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fractionation and processing of small fruits for applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals Program|url=http://albertafarmfresh.com/ahc/SmallFruitINTERIMREPORTApril152011.pdf|author=Utioh, A., Nivet, M., Gopal,R., Alejo, D., Ghosh, P., Appah, P. |date=2011|accessdate=28 November 2016}}</ref>
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| − | ===Disease===
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| − | [[Powdery mildew]] is one disease documented to affect ''Lonicera caerulea'', usually after fruit maturity in mid– to late summer.<ref name="haskap" /> When the plant is affected, it is common for the leaves to turn white with brown patches eventually developing.<ref name="haskap" />
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| − | ==Harvest and uses==
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| − | Honeysuckle is harvested in late spring or early summer two weeks before strawberries for Russian type varieties, with Japanese types ripening at a similar time to [[strawberries]].<ref name=haskap/> The berries are ready to harvest when the inner layer is dark purple or blue. The outer layer is dark blue and looks ripened, but the inner layer may be green with a sour flavor.<ref name=haskap/><ref name="rhs">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=728 |title=Honeyberry |publisher=The Royal Horticultural Society |location=London, UK |publication-date=2016}}</ref> Two compatible varieties are needed for [[cross pollination]] and fruit set. In North America, most Russian varieties are adapted to hardiness zones 1 to 4. The plants may take three or four years to produce an abundant harvest.<ref name=haskap/> Average production on a good bush is about {{convert|3|kg}} and can maintain productivity for 30 years.<ref name=haskap/>
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| − | Honeysuckle can be used in various processed products, such as [[pastries]], [[jam]]s, [[juice]], [[ice cream]], [[yogurt]], [[sauces]], [[Candy|candies]] and a wine similar in color and flavor to red grape or cherry wine.<ref name=haskap/><ref name=rhs/><ref>{{cite web|title=Haskap wines at the University of Saskatchewan fruit program|url= http://www.fruit.usask.ca/Documents/Haskap%20Wine.pdf|author=Reimer, Peter|date=2007|accessdate=9 August 2016}}</ref>
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| − | ==Phytochemicals==
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| − | As a blue [[pigment]]ed fruit, ''Lonicera caerulea'' contains [[polyphenol]] compounds, including [[cyanidin 3-glucoside]], [[cyanidin 3-rutinoside]], and [[peonidin 3-glucoside]].<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=26471547|year=2016|author1=Celli|first1=G. B.|title=Refractance Window™ drying of haskap berry--preliminary results on anthocyanin retention and physicochemical properties|journal=Food Chemistry|volume=194|pages=218–21|last2=Khattab|first2=R|last3=Ghanem|first3=A|last4=Brooks|first4=M. S.|doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|authors=Zenovia O, Lacramioara O, Elena T, Maria-Magdalena Z|year=2013|title=Variability of anthocyanin content and dry matter amount in fruits of some lonicera caerulea selections depending on storage conditions|journal=Analele Ştiinţifice Ale Universităţii Alexandru Ioan Cuza Din Iași, Sectiunea II A : Genetica Si Biologie Moleculara|volume=14|issue=4|pages=7–12|url=http://www.gbm.bio.uaic.ro/index.php/gbm/article/view/1090/1040}}</ref><ref name="food funct">{{cite journal|pmid=27040352|year=2016|author1=Caprioli|first1=G|title=Blue honeysuckle fruit (Lonicera caerulea L.) from eastern Russia: Phenolic composition, nutritional value and biological activities of its polar extracts|journal=Food Funct|volume=7|issue=4|pages=1892–903|last2=Iannarelli|first2=R|last3=Innocenti|first3=M|last4=Bellumori|first4=M|last5=Fiorini|first5=D|last6=Sagratini|first6=G|last7=Vittori|
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| − | first7=S|last8=Buccioni|first8=M|last9=Santinelli|first9=C|last10=Bramucci|first10=M|last11=Quassinti|first11=L|last12=Lupidi|first12=G|
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| − | last13=Vitali|first13=L.A.|last14=Petrelli|first14=D|last15=Beghelli|first15=D|last16=Cavallucci|first16=C|last17=Bistoni|first17=O|
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| − | last18=Trivisonno|first18=A|last19=Maggi|first19=F|doi=10.1039/c6fo00203j}}</ref> Other [[phytochemicals]] present are [[proanthocyanidins]] and [[organic acids]], including a high content of [[citric acid]].<ref name="bio">{{cite journal|pmid=26043379|pmc=4496711|year=2015|author1=Rupasinghe|first1=H. P.|title=Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Haskap Cultivars is Polyphenols-Dependent|journal=Biomolecules|volume=5|issue=2|pages=1079–98|last2=Boehm|first2=M. M.|last3=Sekhon-Loodu|first3=S|last4=Parmar|first4=I|last5=Bors|first5=B|last6=Jamieson|first6=A. R.|doi=10.3390/biom5021079}}</ref>
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| − | ==Traditional medicine==
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| − | Over centuries in East Asian countries, ''Lonicera caerulea'' has been used for supposed therapeutic applications in [[traditional medicine]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Genetic diversity and chemical characterization of selected Polish and Russian cultivars and clones of blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea) |vauthors=Kaczmarska E, Gawronski J, Dyduch-Sieminska M, Najda A, Marecki W, Zebrowska J |journal=Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry |pages=394–402 |doi=10.3906/tar-1404-149 |volume=39|year=2015|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Agnieszka_Najda/publication/267314215_Genetic_diversity_and_chemical_characterization_of_selected_Polish_and_Russian_cultivars_and_clones_of_Blue_honeysuckle_Lonicera_caerulea/links/545b4fd80cf249070a7793d4.pdf?origin=publication_detail}}</ref>
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | {{Reflist|30em}} | | {{Reflist|30em}} |
| | | | |
| − | ==External links==
| + | [[Category:Caprifoliaceae]] |
| − | *[http://www.fruit.usask.ca/haskap.html#Articles Haskap articles, University of Saskatchewan Fruit Program]
| + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | {{Commons|Lonicera caerulea}}
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| − | | |
| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q157699}}
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| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Lonicera|caerulea]] | |
| − | [[Category:Plants described in 1753]] | |
| − | [[Category:Edible fruits]]
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