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| | {{For|other uses of "chinquapin" or "chinkapin"|Chinquapin (disambiguation)}} | | {{For|other uses of "chinquapin" or "chinkapin"|Chinquapin (disambiguation)}} |
| − | {{Italic title}}
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| | {{taxobox | | {{taxobox |
| | |name = ''Castanopsis'' | | |name = ''Castanopsis'' |
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| − | '''''Castanopsis''''', commonly called '''chinquapin''' or '''chinkapin''', is a [[genus]] of [[evergreen]] trees belonging to the beech family, [[Fagaceae]]. The genus contains about 120 [[species]], which are today restricted to tropical and subtropical eastern [[Asia]]. A total of 58 species are native to [[China]], with 30 [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]]; the other species occur further south, through [[Indochina]] to [[Indonesia]], mountainous areas of [[Taiwan]], and also in [[Japan]]. The English name chinkapin is shared with other related plants, including the golden chinkapins of the [[Pacific]] [[United States]], which are sometimes included within ''Castanopsis'' but are more often considered a separate but very closely related genus, ''[[Chrysolepis]]''. | + | '''''Castanopsis''''', commonly called '''chinquapin''' or '''chinkapin''' |
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| − | They show many characters typical of [[Fagaceae]]. They are at least large shrubs but some species grow into sizeable trees. Their leaves are usually tough and much [[Sclerosis (medicine)|sclerotized]] and have a well-developed [[cuticula]]. Their [[flower]]s are [[unisexual]], and the male ones are borne in erect [[catkin]]s. The [[epigynous]] female flowers produce a single [[seed]] each but are congregated in small clusters. The [[fruit]] is a [[calybium]], the kind of encased [[nut (fruit)|nut]] typical of Fagaceae.<ref name = geeetal2003>Gee ''et al.'' (2003)</ref> The calybium (nut) resembles a pointed [[acorn]]; the cupule (casing) is hard like that of beechnuts and spiny like that of chestnuts. Three thickened ridges run the length of the calybium's shell.<ref name = geeetal2003 />
| + | [[Category:Fagaceae]] |
| − | | + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | ==Uses and ecology==
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| − | In their rather circumscribed area of occurrence, ''Castanopsis'' are able to inhabit a wide range of temperate to tropical [[habitat]] and are often [[keystone species]] in their ecosystems.<ref name = geeetal2003 /> They are plentiful in [[ecotone]]s as diverse as [[Borneo montane rain forests]], [[Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests]] and [[Northern Triangle temperate forests]]. Generally they are common in [[Fagales]]-dominated montane forests and temperate to subtropical [[laurel forest]]s. In the latter, they are characteristic elements of the [[climax vegetation]] in essentially their entire continental Asian range, as well as on [[Taiwan]].<ref name = geeetal2003 /><!-- I put these before the fullstop because they only source their respective sentences -->
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| − | [[Image:Braunkohletagebau-Garzweiler 2006.jpg|thumb|left|[[Strip mining]] for fossil ''Castanopsis'' in the form of lignite ("brown coal"). [[Garzweiler]] ([[Germany]]), 2006. Click to enlarge; note [[Bagger 288]] and 289 in the left background.]]
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| − | Plants of this genus grow on many [[soil]] types, as long as they are not [[calcareous]]. Several species have [[adaptation (biology)|adapted]] to [[podsol]]ic, [[peat bog]], [[swamp]] and other [[acid]]ic and/or wet soils, or to the poor dry soils common in [[arid]] habitat. Around the [[Oligocene|Oligo]]-[[Miocene]] boundary, ''Castanopsis'' grew abundantly along rivers and in bogs and swamps of then-subtropical [[Europe]]. The prehistoric [[plant community]] ''Castanopsietum oligo-miocenicum'' is the source of much of the [[lignite]] ("brown coal") deposits in Western and Central Europe.<ref name = geeetal2003 /><!-- this sources whole paragraph for example --> | |
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| − | Most species yield valuable [[timber]] but some have become rare due to unsustainable [[logging]]; ''[[Castanopsis catappaefolia|C. catappaefolia]]'' is even in danger of [[extinct]]ion. As noted above, however, perhaps the most important use for ''Castanopsis'' wood is in its fossil form. 175,400 [[metric ton]]s of lignite - much of which was former chinkapin trees - were mined in [[Germany]] in 2001.
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| − | As with many Fagaceae, the [[nut (fruit)|nut]]s of many ''Castanopsis'' species are edible. The trees may be grown for their nuts, but more often they are used as [[forestry]] or [[ornamental plant|ornamental]] trees and the nuts are collected opportunistically. Among many animals, such as [[tit (bird)|tit]]s, [[corvid]]s, [[rodent]]s, [[deer]] and [[pig]]s, the nuts are popular as food too.
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| − | [[Meguro, Tokyo]] and [[Matsudo, Chiba]] in [[Japan]] use ''shii'' (椎; ''[[Castanopsis cuspidata]]''){{Verify source|date=December 2007}}<!-- the information is not clear; it might relate to Castanopsis in general or to shii especially --> as one of their municipal symbols. The well-known and commercially important [[shiitake]] [[mushroom]] likes to grow on the logs of ''C. cuspidata'' and derives its common name from this: ''shii-take'' simply means "''Castanopsis cuspidata'' mushroom".
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| − | ==Selected species==
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis acuminatissima]]'' <small>(Blume) A. DC.</small> (= ''Castanea acuminatissima'' <small>Blume</small>, ''Quercus junghuhnii'' <small>Miq.</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis argentea]]'' <small>(Blume) A. DC.</small> (= ''Castanea argentea'' <small>(Blume) Blume</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis argyrophylla]]'' <small>King ex Hook. f.</small>
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| − | [[image:Castanopsis cuspidata SZ2.png|thumb|right|''[[Castanopsis cuspidata|Shii]]'' (''Castanopsis cuspidata'') parts drawing]]
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis borneensis]]'' <small>King</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis buruana]]'' <small>Miq.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis calathiformis]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis carlesii]]'' <small>(Hemsl.) Hayata</small> (= ''Quercus carlesii'' <small>Hemsl.</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis catappaefolia]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis ceratacantha]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis cerebrina]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis choboensis]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis chunii]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis clarkei]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis clemensii]]'' <small>Soepadmo</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis concinna]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis costata]]'' <small>(Blume) A.DC.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis crassifolia]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis curtisii]]''
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| − | * ''Castanopsis cuspidata'' – [[Japanese Chinquapin]], ''shii''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis delavayi]]'' <small>Franch.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis densinervia]]'' <small>Soepadmo</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis diversifolia]]'' <small>(Kurz) King ex Hook. f.</small> (= ''Castanea diversifolia'' <small>Kurz</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis endertii]]'' <small>Hatus. ''ex'' Soepadmo</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis evansii]]'' <small>Elmer</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis eyrei]]'' <small>(Champ. ex Benth.) Tutcher</small> (= ''Castanopsis caudata'' <small>Franch.</small>, ''Quercus eyrei'' <small>Champ. ex Benth.</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis fabri]]'' <small>Hance</small> (= ''Castanopsis stellatospina'' <small>Hayata</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis fargesii]]'' <small>Franch.</small> (= ''Castanopsis taiwaniana'' <small>Hayata</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis fissa]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis fordii]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis foxworthyi]]'' <small>Schottky</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis fulva]]'' <small>Gamble</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis globigemmata]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis hainanensis]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis hypophoenicea]]'' <small>(Seemen) Soepadmo</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis hystrix]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis indica]]'' <small>(Roxb. ex Lindl.) A. DC.</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis inermis]]'' <small>(Lindl.) Benth. & Hook. f.</small> (= ''Callaeocarpus sumatrana'' <small>Miq.</small>, ''Castanea inermis'' <small>Lindl.</small>, ''Castanopsis sumatrana'' <small>(Miq.) A. DC.</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis javanica]]'' <small>(Blume) A. DC.</small> (= ''Castanea javanica'' <small>(Blume) Blume</small>, ''Fagus javanica'' <small>Blume</small>, ''Quercus discocarpa'' <small>Hance</small>, ''Quercus javanica'' <small>(Blume) Drake</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis kawakamii]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis kweichowensis]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis lamontii]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis lanceifolia]]'' <small>(Kurz) Hickel & A. Camus</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis longzhouica]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis lucida]]'' <small>(Nees) Soepadmo</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis megacarpa]]'' <small>Gamble</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis mekongensis]]''
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| − | [[Image:Castanopsis sieboldii1.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Castanopsis sieboldii]]'' leaves]]
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis microphylla]]'' <small>Soepadmo</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis motleyana]]'' <small>King</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis nephelioides]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis oligoneura]]'' <small>Soepadmo</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis orthacantha]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis ouonbiensis]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis oviformis]]'' <small>Soepadmo</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis paucispina]]'' <small>Soepadmo</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis pedunculata]]'' <small>Soepadmo</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis philipensis]]'' <small>(Blanco) S. Vidal</small> (= ''Fagus philipensis'' <small>Blanco</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis platyacantha]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis psilophylla]]'' <small>Soepadmo</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis rockii]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis sclerophylla]]'' <small>(Lindl. & Paxton) Schottky</small> (= ''Quercus chinensis'' <small>C. Abel</small>, ''Quercus sclerophylla'' <small>Lindl. & Paxton</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis scortechinii]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis sieboldii]]'' <small>(Makino) Hatus.</small> (= ''Castanopsis cuspidata'' var. ''sieboldii'' <small>(Makino) Nakai</small>, ''Pasania cuspidata'' var. ''sieboldii'' <small>Makino</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis tessellata]]'' <small>Hickel & A. Camus</small>
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis tibetana]]'' <small>Hance</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis tribuloides]]'' <small>(Sm.) A. DC.</small> (= ''Quercus tribuloides'' <small>Sm.</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis tungurrut]]'' <small>(Blume) A. DC.</small> (= ''Castanea tungurrut'' <small>Blume</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis uraiana]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis wallichii]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis wattii]]''
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| − | * ''[[Castanopsis xichouensis]]''
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| − | ===Formerly placed here===
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| − | * ''[[Castanea henryi]]'' <small>(Skan) Rehder & E. H. Wilson</small> (as ''C. henryi'' <small">Skan</small>)
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| − | * ''[[Chrysolepis]]''
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| − | ===Fossil record===
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| − | Fossil species known from [[Miocene]] [[Europe]] are:
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| − | * ''Castanopsis pyramidata'' <small>(Menzel) Kirchheimer</small>
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| − | * ''Castanopsis salinarum'' <small>(Unger) Kirchheimer</small>
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| − | * ''Castanopsis schmidtiana'' <small>(Geinitz) Kräusel</small>
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| − | These are known and identifiable from their fruit. It is not entirely clear if they belong here or into ''[[Chrysolepis]]'', but the pattern of [[biogeography]] - with the two genera being most diverse around the [[Pacific]] but absent from [[North America]] east of the [[Rocky Mountains]]{{Verify source|date=December 2007}}<!-- also as fossils? --> suggests that they are indeed correctly assigned to ''Castanopsis''. In addition, two [[form taxa]] refer to the remains of these trees, at least in part: the fossil wood ''Castanoxylon eschweilerense'' and the fossil pollen ''Tricolporopollenites cingulum'' ssp. ''pusillus''.<ref name = geeetal2003 />
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| − | ''Castanopsis praefissa'' and ''Castanopsis praeouonbiensis'' are described from fossil specimens collected from the upper [[Miocene]] [[Shengxian]] Formation, [[Zhejiang Province]], [[Southeast China]]. The [[fossil]] leavesare obovate to elliptical with serration mostly confined to the upper 1/3 of the leaf. The fossil cupule (upper part of the acorn) is [[globose]] with branched spines, and a broadly ovate nut scar. The fossil leaves and cupule have been compared with those extant in this genus. ''Castanopsis praefissa'' shows the closest affinity to ''C. fissa'', and ''C. praeouonbiensis'' closely resembles ''C. ouonbiensis''. ''Castanopsis praeouonbiensis'' and ''C. praefissa'' became extinct in this area because of the cooling climate from the late Miocene to the present day in Zhejiang Province.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Ruiyun |last2=Sun |first2=Bainian |last3=Wang |first3=Qiujun |last4=Ma |first4=Fujun |last5=Xu |first5=Xiaohui |last6=Wang |first6=Yunfeng |last7=Jia |first7=Hui |title=Two new ''Castanopsis'' (Fagaceae) species based on cupule and foliage from the upper Miocene of eastern Zhejiang, China |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2014 |volume=301 |issue=1 |pages=25–39 |doi=10.1007/s00606-014-1051-7}}</ref>
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| − | ==Footnotes==
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| − | {{Reflist}}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * {{aut|Gee, Carole T.; Sander, P. Martin & Petzelberger, Bianka E.M.}} (2003): A Miocene rodent nut cache in coastal dunes of the Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany. ''[[Palaeontology (journal)|Palaeontology]]'' '''46'''(6): 1133-1149. <small>{{doi|10.1046/j.0031-0239.2003.00337.x}}</small>
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | {{Commons category|Castanopsis}}
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| − | * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105821 ''Flora of China'': ''Castanopsis'']
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| − | *[http://hyakumonogatari.com/2012/01/10/ochiba-naki-shii-the-chinkapin-tree-of-unfallen-leaves/ The Chinkapin Tree of Unfallen Leaves] Japanese folktale with the Chinkapin Tree at hyakumonogatari.com
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q1065400}}
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| − | {{Authority control}}
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| − | [[Category:Castanopsis| ]]
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