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| − | {{About|a genus of plant|the prehistoric fish|Chrysolepis (fish)}}
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| − | {{Italic title}}
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| | {{taxobox | | {{taxobox |
| | |name = ''Chrysolepis'' | | |name = ''Chrysolepis'' |
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| − | '''''Chrysolepis''''' is a small genus in the beech family [[Fagaceae]], [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the western United States. Its two species have the common name '''chinquapin'''. The genus occurs from western [[Washington (state)|Washington]] south to the [[Transverse Ranges]] in Southern [[California]], and east into [[Nevada]]. | + | '''''Chrysolepis''''' is a small genus in the beech family [[Fagaceae]], [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the western United States. Its two species have the common name '''chinquapin'''. |
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| − | ==Description==
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| − | ''Chrysolepis'' are [[evergreen]] [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s with simple, entire (untoothed) [[leaf|leaves]] with a dense layer of golden scales on the underside (hence the genus name, from Greek ''chryso-'', yellow, and ''lepis'', scale) and a thinner layer on the upper side; the leaves persist for 3–4 years before falling.
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| − | The [[fruit]] is a densely spiny [[calybium and cupule|cupule]] containing usually three sweet, edible [[nut (fruit)|nuts]], eaten by the [[Indigenous peoples of California|indigenous peoples]]. The fruit also provides food for birds and wildlife.
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| − | ''Chrysolepis'' is related to the subtropical southeast [[Asia]]n genus ''[[Castanopsis]]'' (in which it was formerly included), but differs in the nuts being triangular and fully enclosed in a sectioned cupule, and in having bisexual [[catkin]]s. ''Chrysolepis'' also differs from another allied genus [[chestnut|''Castanea'']] (chestnuts), in nuts that take 14–16 months to mature (3–5 months in ''Castanea''), evergreen leaves and the shoots having a terminal bud.
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| − | [[Image:Chrysolepis chrysophylla.jpg|left|thumb|200px|''Chrysolepis chrysophylla'' foliage, in the [[Santa Cruz Mountains]], [[Northern California]].<br>''Note undersides of foliage are a bright yellow.'']]
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| − | ===Species===
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| − | There are two [[species]] of ''Chrysolepis'' — ''Chrysolepis chrysophylla'' and ''Chrysolepis sempervirens'' — which like many species in the related genera of ''[[Castanopsis]]'' and ''[[Castanea (genus)|Castanea]]'' are called '''chinquapin''', also spelled "chinkapin".
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| − | *'''''Chrysolepis chrysophylla''''', the '''golden chinquapin''' or '''giant chinquapin''':<br>A tree reaching {{convert|20|–|40|m|ft}} tall, or sometimes a shrub {{convert|3|-|10|m|ft}} tall. It occurs in coastal areas of the [[Pacific Coast Ranges]] from Washington near [[Seattle]] south to the [[San Luis Obispo]] area [[California Coast Ranges]]. There is also a small [[disjunct distribution|disjunct population distribution]] in the northern [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] east of the [[Sacramento Valley]].
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| − | ''Chrysolepis chrysophylla'' grows at lower elevations than ''C. sempervirens'', from sea level to {{convert|1500|m|ft}}, rarely {{convert|2000|m|ft}}. The leaves are {{convert|6|-|12|cm|in}} long, with an acute (sharp-pointed) apex. The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is thick and rough.
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| − | *'''''Chrysolepis sempervirens''''', the '''bush chinquapin''':<br>A [[shrub]] only {{convert|1|-|2|m|ft}} tall. It occurs in interior southwest Oregon and California, in the [[Klamath Mountains]], the full [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] range, and the [[San Gabriel Mountains|San Gabriel]], [[San Bernardino Mountains|San Bernardino]], and [[San Jacinto Mountains]] of the [[Southern California]] Transverse Ranges.
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| − | ''Chrysolepis sempervirens'' grows mostly at high elevation, {{convert|1000|-|3000|m|ft}} altitude. The leaves are smaller, {{convert|4|-|8|cm|in}} long, with an obtuse (blunt-pointed or rounded) apex. The bark is thin and smooth.
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | {{Commons category multi|Chrysolepis chrysophylla|Chrysolepis sempervirens}}
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| − | *[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?4316,4317 Jepson Manual Treatment: Genus ''Chrysolepis'']
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| − | *[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?4316,4317,4318 Jepson Manual Treatment - ''Chrysolepis chrysophylla'']
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| − | *[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?4316,4317,4321 Jepson Manual Treatment - ''Chrysolepis sempervirens'']
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| − | *[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CHRYS15 USDA Plants Profile: ''Chrysolepis'']
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| − | *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=106995 Flora of North America - ''Chrysolepis'']
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q137054}}
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| | [[Category:Fagaceae]] | | [[Category:Fagaceae]] |
| − | [[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
| + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | [[Category:Trees of the Southwestern United States]]
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| − | [[Category:Trees of the Northwestern United States]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of California]]
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| − | [[Category:Transverse Ranges|~]]
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| − | [[Category:Bird food plants]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine]] | |
