|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| − | {{Redirect|Burdock||Burdock (disambiguation)}}
| |
| − | {{Italictitle}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
| |
| | {{automatic taxobox | | {{automatic taxobox |
| | |name = Burdock | | |name = Burdock |
| Line 15: |
Line 13: |
| | * ''Lappa'' <small>Tourn. ex Scop.</small> | | * ''Lappa'' <small>Tourn. ex Scop.</small> |
| | }} | | }} |
| − |
| |
| − | '''''Arctium''''' is a [[genus]] of [[biennial plant]]s commonly known as '''burdock''', family [[Asteraceae]].<ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358837#page/258/mode/1up Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 816]</ref> Native to Europe and Asia, several species have been widely introduced worldwide.<ref name="fna">{{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=102484 | title = Arctium | work = Flora of North America | accessdate =January 4, 2008}}</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ==Description==
| |
| − | [[File:ArctiumLappa1.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Arctium lappa]]'' (greater burdock)]]
| |
| − | [[File:Burdock Hooks.jpg|thumb|right|Hooked [[bur|burrs]] of the burdock plant]]
| |
| − | Plants of the genus ''Arctium'' have dark green leaves that can grow up to {{convert|70|cm|abbr=on}} long. They are generally large, coarse and ovate, with the lower ones being heart-shaped. They are woolly underneath. The leafstalks are generally hollow. ''Arctium'' species generally flower from July through to October. Burdock flowers provide essential pollen and nectar for honeybees around August when clover is on the wane and before the goldenrod starts to bloom.<ref name=abc>{{cite web |url=http://caledoniaspirits.com/dont-cut-your-burdock-down/ |title=Don't Cut Your Burdock Down! |publisher=Calidonia Spirits |location=Vermont |date=August 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003010339/http://caledoniaspirits.com/dont-cut-your-burdock-down/ |archivedate=3 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The [[root]]s of burdock, among other plants, are eaten by the [[larva]] of the ghost moth (''[[Hepialus humuli]]''). The plant is used as a food plant by other [[Lepidoptera]] including [[brown-tail]], ''[[Coleophora paripennella]]'', ''[[Coleophora peribenanderi]]'', the [[Gothic (moth)|Gothic]], [[lime-speck pug]] and [[scalloped hazel]].
| |
| − |
| |
| − | The prickly heads of these plants ([[Burr (fruit)|burrs]]) are noted for easily catching on to fur and clothing. In England, some birdwatchers have reported that birds have become entangled in the burrs leading to a slow death, as they are unable to free themselves.<ref name=sas>{{cite web |url=http://sacajaweaaudubon.org/2012/08/chapter-begins-burdock-removal-project/ |title=Chapter Begins Burdock Removal Project |publisher=Sacajawea Audubon Society |location=Greater Bozeman, MT|date=August 2012 |accessdate=December 13, 2012}}</ref>
| |
| − | Burdock's clinging properties, in addition to thus providing an excellent mechanism for [[seed dispersal]],<ref name="fna"/> led to the invention of the [[hook and loop fastener]].<ref name="Hook and loop fastener">{{cite book|last=Strauss|first=Steven D.|title=The Big Idea: How Business Innovators Get Great Ideas to Market|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_yOHB54CxsC&pg=PA18|accessdate=May 9, 2008 |date=December 2001|publisher=Kaplan Business|isbn=0-7931-4837-5|pages=15-pp.18}}</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | A large number of species have been placed in genus ''Arctium'' at one time or another, but most of them are now classified in the related genus ''[[Cousinia]]''. The precise limits between ''Arctium'' and ''Cousinia'' are hard to define; there is an exact correlation between their molecular [[phylogeny]]. The burdocks are sometimes confused with the cockleburs (genus ''[[Xanthium]]'') and [[rhubarb]] (genus ''Rheum'').
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Uses ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | === Food and drink ===
| |
| − | [[File:Burdockgobo.jpg|thumb|A dish containing a Japanese appetizer, ''[[kinpira|kinpira gobō]]'', consisting of sautéed burdock root and carrot, with a side of sautéed dried daikon]]
| |
| − | The [[taproot]] of young burdock plants can be harvested and eaten as a [[root vegetable]]. While generally out of favour in modern European [[cuisine]], it remains popular in Asia. ''[[Arctium lappa]]'' is known as "niúbàng" ({{lang|zh|牛蒡}}) in Chinese, which was borrowed into Japanese as ''gobō'', and is still eaten in both countries. In Korea burdock root is called "u-eong" (우엉) and sold as "tong u-eong" (통우엉), or "whole burdock". Plants are cultivated for their slender roots, which can grow about one metre long and two centimetres across. Burdock root is very crisp and has a sweet, mild, and pungent flavour with a little muddy harshness that can be reduced by soaking [[Julienning|julienned]] or shredded roots in water for five to ten minutes.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Immature flower stalks may also be harvested in late spring, before flowers appear; their taste resembles that of [[globe artichoke|artichoke]], to which the burdock is related. The stalks are thoroughly peeled, and either eaten raw, or boiled in salt water.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Szczawinski, A.F. |author2=Turner, N.J. |year=1978 |title= Edible Garden Weeds of Canada |publisher=National Museum of Natural Sciences}}</ref> Leaves are also eaten in spring in Japan when a plant is young and leaves are soft. Some ''A. lappa'' cultivars are specialized for this purpose. A popular Japanese dish is [[kinpira]] gobō (金平牛蒡), julienned or shredded burdock root and [[carrot]], braised with [[soy sauce]], [[sugar]], [[mirin]] and/or [[sake]], and [[sesame oil]]. Another is burdock [[makizushi]] ([[sushi]] filled with pickled burdock root; the burdock root is often artificially coloured orange to resemble a carrot).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In the second half of the 20th century, burdock achieved international recognition for its culinary use due to the increasing popularity of the [[macrobiotic diet]], which advocates its consumption. It contains a fair amount of [[dietary fiber]] (GDF, 6 g per 100 g), calcium, potassium, amino acids,<ref>[https://archive.is/20120904135938/http://www.nikkeibp.co.jp/wcs/leaf/CID/onair/kenkou/plus/419412 nikkeibp.co.jp]</ref> and is low in calories. It contains a [[polyphenol oxidase]],<ref>Extraction, Partial Characterization, and Inhibition Patterns of Polyphenol Oxidase from Burdock (Arctium lappa). Mie S. Lee-Kim, Eun S. Hwang and Kyung H. Kim, Enzymatic Browning and Its Prevention, Chapter 21, pp. 267–276, {{doi|10.1021/bk-1995-0600.ch021}}</ref> which causes its darkened surface and muddy harshness by forming [[tannin]]-[[iron]] complexes. Burdock root's harshness harmonizes well with [[pork]] in miso soup ([[tonjiru]]) and with Japanese-style [[pilaf]] ([[takikomi gohan]]).
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[Dandelion and burdock]] is today a [[soft drink]] that has long been popular in the [[United Kingdom]], which has its origins in [[hedgerow mead]] commonly drunk in the [[mediæval period]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/brewing/fetch-recipe.php?rid=dandelion-burdock-beer |title=Mead Recipes: Dandelion and Burdock Beer |publisher=Dyfed Lloyd Evans |accessdate=December 17, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017165356/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/brewing/fetch-recipe.php?rid=dandelion-burdock-beer |archivedate=17 October 2012 }}</ref> Burdock is believed to be a [[galactagogue]], a substance that increases [[lactation]], but it is sometimes recommended to be avoided during pregnancy based on animal studies that show components of burdock to cause uterus stimulation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-burdock.html |title=Burdock (Arctium lappa): MedlinePlus Supplements |publisher=Nlm.nih.gov |date=July 20, 2010 |accessdate=September 12, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717095144/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-burdock.html |archivedate=17 July 2010 }}</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In Europe, burdock root was used as a [[bittering agent]] in [[beer]] before the widespread adoption of [[hops]] for this purpose.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | === Traditional medicine ===
| |
| − | Folk herbalists considered dried burdock to be a [[diuretic]], [[diaphoretic]], and a [[blood]] [[purifying agent]].{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} The seeds of ''A. lappa'' are used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] under the name ''niubangzi'' ({{zh|c=牛蒡子|p=niúbángzi}}; some dictionaries list the Chinese as just 牛蒡 niúbàng).<ref>{{cite journal| pmc=5658563 | pmid=28890521 | doi=10.1292/jvms.17-0345 | volume=79 | issue=10 | title=Effect of burdock extract on physical performance and physiological fatigue in mice | year=2017 | journal=J Vet Med Sci | pages=1698–1706 | last1 = Chen | first1 = WC | last2 = Hsu | first2 = YJ | last3 = Lee | first3 = MC | last4 = Li | first4 = HS | last5 = Ho | first5 = CS | last6 = Huang | first6 = CC | last7 = Chen | first7 = FA}}</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Burdock is a traditional [[medicinal herb]] used for many ailments. Burdock root oil extract, also called Bur oil, is used in Europe as a scalp treatment.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | ===Adverse effects===
| |
| − | The green, above-ground portions may cause [[contact dermatitis]] in individual with allergies as the plant contains [[lactone]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Calapai|first1=G|last2=Miroddi|first2=M|last3=Minciullo|first3=PL|last4=Caputi|first4=AP|last5=Gangemi|first5=S|last6=Schmidt|first6=RJ|title=Contact dermatitis as an adverse reaction to some topically used European herbal medicinal products - part 1: Achillea millefolium-Curcuma longa.|journal=Contact dermatitis|date=July 2014|volume=71|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.1111/cod.12222|pmid=24621152}}</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Symbolism ==
| |
| − | [[File:Burdock Kilim Motifs.jpg|thumb|Burdock [[Kilim motifs]]]]
| |
| − |
| |
| − | In Turkish Anatolia, the burdock plant was believed to ward off the [[evil eye]], and as such is often [[kilim motifs|woven into kilims]] for protection. With its many flowers, the plant also symbolizes abundance.<ref name=Erbek>{{cite book |author=Erbek, Güran |title=Kilim Catalogue No. 1 |publisher =May Selçuk A. S. Edition=1st |date=1998 |pages=4–30}}</ref>
| |
| − |
| |
| − | == Burdock and velcro ==
| |
| − | [[File:Bur Macro.jpg|thumb|Macro photograph of a bur, showing the sharp hook structures.]]
| |
| − | After taking his dog for a walk one day in the late 1940s (1948), [[George de Mestral]], a Swiss inventor, became curious about the seeds of the burdock plant that had attached themselves to his clothes and to the dog's fur. Under a microscope, he looked closely at the hook system that the seeds use to hitchhike on passing animals aiding seed dispersal, and he realized that the same approach could be used to join other things together. His work led to the development of the [[hook and loop fastener]], which was initially sold under the [[Velcro]] brand name.<ref name="Hook and loop fastener" />
| |
| − |
| |
| − | {{quotebox|width=20%|align=right|source=–[[Russia]]n author [[Leo Tolstoy]], in his journal (July, 1896) of a tiny shoot of burdock he saw in a [[plough]]ed field|quote="Black from dust but still alive and red in the center. It reminded me of ''Hadji Murad.'' It makes me want to write. It asserts life to the end, and alone in the midst of the whole field, somehow or other had asserted it."}}
| |
| − |
| |
| − | [[Serbian language|Serbian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]] languages use the same word, ''čičak'', for burdock and velcro;<ref name="cicak">{{cite web|url=http://hjp.novi-liber.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=f1pnWRU%3D&keyword=%C4%8Di%C4%8Dak|title=čičak (Hrvatski jezični portal)|language=Croatian|publisher=Novi Liber|accessdate=September 17, 2013}}</ref> Turkish does the same with the name ''pitrak'', while in the [[Polish language]] ''rzep'' means both burr and velcro. The German word for burdock is ''Klette'' and velcro is ''Klettverschluss'' (= burdock fastener). In [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] burdock is borre and velcro borrelås which translates to burdock lock.
| |
| | | | |
| | == Species == | | == Species == |
| − |
| |
| − | [[File:BurdockLeafInHand.gif|thumb|upright|The man holding this burdock leaf is {{convert|180|cm|ftin}} tall]]
| |
| | | | |
| | ;Accepted species<ref name=s/> | | ;Accepted species<ref name=s/> |
| Line 89: |
Line 36: |
| | {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |
| | | | |
| − | ==External links==
| + | [[Category:Asteraceae]] |
| − | {{Commons category|Arctium}}
| + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | | |
| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q27257}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | [[Category:Arctium| ]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Asteraceae genera]] | |
| − | [[Category:Medicinal plants]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Root vegetables]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Stem vegetables]]
| |
| − | [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] | |
