Difference between revisions of "Acer macrophyllum"

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| regnum            = [[Plantae]]
 
| regnum            = [[Plantae]]
 
| ordo              = [[Sapindales]]
 
| ordo              = [[Sapindales]]
| familia            = [[Aceraceae ]]<ref>http://online.sfsu.edu/bholzman/courses/Fall01%20projects/acermac.htm</ref>
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| familia            = [[Sapindaceae]]
 
| genus              = ''[[Maple|Acer]]''
 
| genus              = ''[[Maple|Acer]]''
 
| species            = '''''A. macrophyllum'''''
 
| species            = '''''A. macrophyllum'''''
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| unranked_classis  = [[Eudicots]]
 
| unranked_classis  = [[Eudicots]]
 
| unranked_ordo      = [[Rosids]]
 
| unranked_ordo      = [[Rosids]]
| synonyms          =
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| synonyms          =}}
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
 
|''Acer auritum'' <small>Greene</small>
 
|''Acer dactylophyllum'' <small>Greene</small>
 
|''Acer flabellatum'' <small>Greene 1912 not Rehder 1905</small>
 
|''Acer hemionitis'' <small>Greene</small>
 
|''Acer leptodactylon'' <small>Greene</small>
 
|''Acer murrayanum'' <small>Dippel</small>
 
|''Acer palmatum'' <small>Raf. 1836 not Thumb. 1784</small>
 
|''Acer platypterum'' <small>Greene</small>
 
|''Acer politum'' <small>Greene</small>
 
|''Acer stellatum'' <small>Greene</small>
 
}}
 
| synonyms_ref      =
 
}}
 
  
'''''Acer macrophyllum''''', the '''bigleaf maple'''<ref name="PLANTS">{{PLANTS|id=ACMA3|taxon=Acer macrophyllum|accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref> or '''Oregon maple''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{cite web|title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |format=xls |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6VqJ46atN?url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |archive-date=2015-01-25 |accessdate=2014-10-17 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> is a large [[deciduous]] [[tree]] in the genus ''[[Acer (genus)|Acer]]''.
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{{Ack-Wikipedia}}
  
It can grow up to {{convert|157.80|ft|m}} tall,<ref name=mdv>{{cite web |title=World's Tallest Maple Discovery of 2012 |first=M. D. |last=Vaden |url=http://www.mdvaden.com/maple_tallest.shtml}}</ref><ref name=hh>{{cite news |title=The tall tale of 'Humboldt Honey' -- tree hunter says world's tallest maple is in Humboldt Redwoods State Park |first=Kasi |last=Poor |journal=[[Times-Standard]] |url=http://www.times-standard.com/ci_21937905/tall-tale-humboldt-honey-tree-hunter-says-worlds |date=2012-11-06}}</ref> but more commonly reaches {{convert|15|-|20|m|ft|round=5|abbr=on}} tall. It is native to western [[North America]], mostly near the [[Pacific]] coast, from southernmost [[Alaska]] to southern [[California]]. Some stands are also found inland in the foothills of the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] mountains of central California, and a tiny population occurs in central [[Idaho]].<ref name="Klinkenberg2014">{{cite web | url= http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Acer%20macrophyllum | last= Klinkenberg | first= Brian (Editor) | date= 2014 | title= ''Acer macrophyllum'' | website= E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. | publisher= Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver | accessdate= 2015-02-07}}</ref><ref name="Sullivan2015">{{cite web | url= http://www.wildflowersearch.com/search?&PlantName=Acer+macrophyllum | last= Sullivan | first= Steven. K. | date= 2015 | title= ''Acer macrophyllum'' | website= Wildflower Search | accessdate= 2015-02-07 }}</ref><ref name="PLANTS" />
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[[Category:Sapindaceae]]
 
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[[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]]
[[File:Acer macrophyllum leaf.jpg|thumb|Huge ''Acer macrophyllum'' leaf in Washington State]]
 
== Description ==
 
It has the largest leaves of any maple, typically {{convert|15|-|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} across, with five deeply incised palmate lobes, with the largest running to {{convert|61|cm|in}}.<ref name="WTU Herbarium2015">{{cite web | url= http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Acer&Species=macrophyllum | last= Giblin | first= David (Editor) | date= 2015 | title= ''Acer macrophyllum'' | website= WTU Herbarium Image Collection | publisher= Burke Museum, University of Washington | accessdate= 2015-02-07}}</ref><ref name="Jepson">{{Jepson eFlora|11746|Acer macrophyllum |first=Alan T. |last=Whittemore |date=2012 |access-date=2015-02-07}}</ref> In the fall, the leaves turn to gold and yellow, often to spectacular effect against the backdrop of evergreen conifers.
 
 
 
The [[flower]]s are produced in spring in pendulous [[raceme]]s {{convert|10|-|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long, greenish-yellow with inconspicuous petals. The [[fruit]] is a paired winged [[Samara (fruit)|samara]], each [[seed]] {{convert|1|-|1.5|cm|in|frac=8}} in diameter with a {{convert|4|-|5|cm|in|frac=8|adj=on|abbr=off}} wing.<ref name="Klinkenberg2014" /><ref name="Jepson" /><ref name="WTU Herbarium2015" />
 
 
 
In the more humid parts of its range, as in the [[Olympic National Park]], its [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is covered with [[epiphytic]] [[moss]] and [[fern]] species. {{clear|left}}
 
 
 
== Habitat ==
 
Bigleaf maple can form pure stands on moist soils in proximity to streams, but are generally found within [[riparian]] [[hardwood]] forests or dispersed, (under or within), relatively open [[Canopy (forest)|canopies]] of [[conifer]]s, mixed [[evergreen]]s, or [[oak]]s ([[Quercus]] spp.)<ref name="US Forest Service">{{FEIS |genus=Acer |species=macrophyllum |type=tree |last=Fryer |first=Janet L. |date=2011}}</ref><ref name="Sullivan2015" /> In cool and moist temperate [[California mixed evergreen forest|mixed woods]] they are one of the dominant species.<ref name="Las Pilitas Native Plant Nursery Plant Communities">{{cite web |title=Mixed Evergreen Forest |url=http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/communities/mixed-evergreen-forest |website=Nature of California |first=Bert |last=Wilson |date=2014 |publisher=Las Pilitas Nursery}}</ref> It is very rare north of [[Vancouver Island]] though cultivated in [[Prince Rupert, British Columbia|Prince Rupert]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://treesofprincerupert.blogspot.ca |title=Trees of Prince Rupert |date=2010 |type=blog}}</ref> near [[Ketchikan]] and in [[Juneau]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://treesneartheirlimitsalaska.blogspot.ca |title=Trees Near Their Limits -- Alaska |date=2010 |type=blog}}</ref>
 
 
 
== Uses ==
 
Bigleaf maple has been used for creating syrup but it is not common. This is because [[sugar maple]] has a higher sugar content. Nevertheless, syrup production has become a localized industry in bigleaf maple groves where weather conditions (including sub-freezing winters) are especially suitable, such as near sea-level in British Columbia and at higher elevations along the West Coast from Washington through Northern California.{{Citation needed|date=February 2016}}
 
 
 
=== Lumber ===
 
Bigleaf maple is the only commercially important maple of the [[Pacific Coast]] region.<ref name="US Forest Service" />
 
 
 
The [[wood]] is used for applications as diverse as furniture, piano frames and salad bowls. Highly figured wood is not uncommon and is used for veneer, stringed instruments, guitar bodies, and gun stocks.
 
 
 
The wood is primarily used in [[Wood veneer|veneer]] production for furniture, but is also used in  musical instrument production, interior paneling, and other hardwood products; the [[heartwood]] is light, reddish-brown, fine-grained, moderately heavy, and moderately hard and strong.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arno |first1=Stephen F. |last2=Hammerly |first2=Ramona P. |date=1977 |title=Northwest trees |place=Seattle, WA |publisher=The Mountaineers}}</ref> [[Lakwungen]] First Nations people of Vancouver Island call it the paddle tree and used it to make paddles and spindle wheels.{{citation needed|date=October 2008}}
 
 
 
In California, land managers do not highly value bigleaf maple, and it is often intentionally knocked over and left un-harvested during harvest of [[Douglas fir]] and [[redwood]] stands.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bolsinger |first=Charles L. |date=1988 |title=The hardwoods of California's timberlands, woodlands, and savannas |journal=Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-148 |place=Portland, OR |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station}}</ref>
 
 
 
=== Food ===
 
[[Maple syrup]] has been made from the sap of bigleaf maple trees.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruth |first1=Robert H. |last2=Underwood |last3=J. Clyde |last4=Smith |first4=Clark E. |last5=Yang |first5=Hoya Y. |date=1972 |title=Maple sirup production from bigleaf maple |journal=PNW-181 |place=Portland, OR |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/rn181.pdf}}</ref> While the sugar concentration is about the same as in ''[[Acer saccharum]]'' (sugar maple), the flavor is somewhat different. Interest in commercially producing syrup from bigleaf maple sap has been limited.<ref>{{cite web |website=Island Net |url=http://www.island.net/~backlund/syrup_info.pdf |title=Maple syrup |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925031921/http://www.island.net/~backlund/syrup_info.pdf |archive-date=September 25, 2006 }}</ref>
 
Although not traditionally used for syrup production, it takes about 40 volumes of sap to produce 1 volume of maple syrup.
 
 
 
It is used as [[Browsing (predation)|browse]] by [[black-tailed deer]], [[mule deer]], and horses during the sapling stage.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Fowells |editor-first=H. A. |date=1965 |title=Silvics of forest trees of the United States. Agric. Handb. 271 |place=Washington, DC |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service}}</ref>
 
 
 
A western Oregon study found that 60&nbsp;percent of bigleaf maple seedlings over {{convert|10|in|cm}} tall had been browsed by deer, most several times.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fried |first1=Jeremy S. |last2=Tappeiner |first2=John C. |last3=Hibbs |first3=David E. |date=1988 |title=Bigleaf maple seedling establishment and early growth in Douglas-fir forests |journal=Canadian Journal of Forest Research |volume=18 |pages=1226–1233}}</ref>
 
 
 
== Big Tree ==
 
The current [[National register of big trees|national champion]] bigleaf maple is located in [[Lane County, Oregon]]. It has a circumference of {{convert|38.6|ft|m}}—or an average [[diameter at breast height]] of about {{convert|12.3|ft|m}}—and is {{convert|119|ft|m}} tall with a crown spread of {{convert|91|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bigleaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum) |url=http://www.americanforests.org/big-trees/bigleaf-maple-acer-macrophyllum-2/ |website=National Register of Big Trees |publisher=American Forests}}</ref> The previous national champion is located in [[Marion, Oregon]], and has a circumference of {{convert|25.4|ft|m}}—or an average diameter at breast height of about {{convert|8.1|ft|m}}—and is {{convert|88|ft|m}} tall with a crown spread of {{convert|104|ft|m}}.
 
 
 
==Gallery==
 
<gallery>
 
File:Acer macrophyllum 1.jpg|Acer macrophyllum in early spring
 
File:Acer macrophyllum 2.jpg|The {{convert|10|–|15|cm|in|0|adj=on|abbr=off}}-long raceme of greenish-yellow flowers appear as the leaves are developing in the spring.
 
File:MossesHohRainForest 7306.jpg|Moss on Bigleaf maple in Hoh Rainforest in [[Olympic National Park]], Washington
 
File:Tall bigleaf maple.JPG|Bigleaf maple in the [[McKenzie River (Oregon)|McKenzie River]] valley in western Oregon
 
File:"WORLD'S LARGEST BIGLEAF MAPLE" IN ENGLISH CAMP - NARA - 545275.jpg|"WORLD'S LARGEST BIGLEAF MAPLE" IN ENGLISH CAMP on [[San Juan Island, Washington]]
 
Acer macrophyllum 6.jpg|Fallen ''Acer macrophyllum'' leaf in fall near [[Cashmere, Washington]]
 
</gallery>
 
 
 
== References ==
 
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
 
 
== External links ==
 
* {{Commons category-inline|Acer macrophyllum}}
 
*{{Calflora|Acer macrophyllum |link=1}}
 
*[http://www.tropicos.org/ImageFullView.aspx?imageid=20565 photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Yolo County, California, in 1903]
 
 
 
{{Taxonbar|from=Q599523}}
 
 
 
[[Category:Acer|macrophyllum]]
 
[[Category:Trees of the Western United States]]
 
[[Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands]]
 
[[Category:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges]]
 
[[Category:Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges]]
 
[[Category:Plants described in 1813]]
 
[[Category:Natural history of the Transverse Ranges]]
 
[[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
 
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
 

Latest revision as of 22:48, 13 August 2018

Acer macrophyllum
Acer macrophyllum 1199.jpg
Bigleaf maple foliage

Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
(unranked):
(unranked):
(unranked):
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
A. macrophyllum
Binomial name
Acer macrophyllum
Pursh 1813
Acer macrophyllum range map 1.png
Natural range

Acknowledgements

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article Acer macrophyllum, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.