Difference between revisions of "Fragaria vesca"

From Eat Every Plant
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Created page with "{{Taxobox |name = Woodland strawberry |image = Illustration_Fragaria_vesca0.jpg |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = [...")
 
m (1 revision: From PNW foraging book - part 4)
 
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
{{Taxobox
+
{{Italic title}}
 +
{{Speciesbox
 
|name = Woodland strawberry
 
|name = Woodland strawberry
 
|image = Illustration_Fragaria_vesca0.jpg
 
|image = Illustration_Fragaria_vesca0.jpg
−
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
+
|genus = Fragaria
−
|unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
+
|species = vesca
−
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
+
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
−
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
 
−
|ordo = [[Rosales]]
 
−
|familia = [[Rosaceae]]
 
−
|genus = ''[[Fragaria]]''
 
−
|species = '''''F. vesca'''''
 
−
|binomial = ''Fragaria vesca''
 
−
|binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
 
 
}}
 
}}
 +
 +
'''''Fragaria vesca''''', commonly called '''wild strawberry''', '''woodland strawberry''', '''Alpine strawberry''', '''Carpathian Strawberry''', '''European strawberry''', or '''fraisier des bois''', is a [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous plant]] in the  [[Rosaceae|rose family]] that grows naturally throughout much of the [[Northern Hemisphere]], and that produces edible fruits.<ref name="Sullivan2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.wildflowersearch.com/search?&PlantName=Fragaria+vesca|last=Sullivan|first=Steven. K. |year=2015|title=''Fragaria vesca''|website=Wildflower Search|accessdate=2015-06-16}}</ref><ref name="PLANTS">{{PLANTS |symbol=FRVE |taxon=Fragaria vesca |access-date=2015-06-16}}</ref>
 +
 +
==Description==
 +
Five to eleven soft, hairy white flowers are borne on a green, soft-hairy {{convert|3|-|15|cm}} stalk that usually lifts them above the leaves. The light-green leaves are trifoliate (in threes) with toothed margins. The plant spreads by means of runners ([[stolon]]s).<ref name="Klinkenberg2014">{{cite web|url=http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Fragaria%20vesca|last=Klinkenberg|first=Brian (Editor)|year=2014|title=''Fragaria vesca''|website= E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca].|publisher= Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver|accessdate=2015-06-16}}</ref><ref name="WTU Herbarium2015">{{cite web|url=http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Fragaria&Species=vesca|last=Giblin|first=David (Editor) |year= 2015|title=''Fragaria vesca''|website= WTU Herbarium Image Collection|publisher=Burke Museum, University of Washington|accessdate=2015-06-16}}</ref><ref name="Jepson">{{cite web|url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=Fragaria%20vesca|year=2015|title=''Fragaria vesca''|website= Jepson eFlora: Taxon page|publisher=Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley|accessdate=2015-06-16}}</ref>
 +
 +
==Taxonomy==
 +
[[Vilmorin|Vilmorin-Andrieux]] (1885) makes a distinction between wild or wood strawberries (''Fragaria vesca'') and alpine strawberries (''Fragaria alpina''),<ref name=Vilmorin1885>{{cite book|author=Vilmorin-Andrieux et cie|author-link1=Vilmorin-Andrieux|title=The Vegetable Garden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFBEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA538&lpg=PA538&dq=The+Vegetable+Garden+Vilmorin-Andrieux+wood+strawberry&source=bl&ots=3PK3h3Mfh6&sig=pKkfMzRK3VnF9ZF3Uk3zNflAHp4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxqqOH1ujVAhUW5GMKHZRrB8sQ6AEISTAM#v=onepage&q=The%20Vegetable%20Garden%20Vilmorin-Andrieux%20wood%20strawberry&f=false|location=London|publisher=J. Murray|publication-date=1885|pages=538–539}}</ref> a distinction which is not made by most seed companies or nurseries, which usually sell ''Fragaria vesca'' as "alpine strawberry".
 +
 +
Under wild or wood strawberry, Vilmorin says:
 +
 +
{{quote|It has seldom been seen in gardens since the introduction of the Red Alpine Strawberry. ...&nbsp;Wood Strawberry possesses a quite particular perfume and delicacy of flavour. 2,500 seeds to the gramme.}}
 +
 +
Under alpine strawberry, Vilmorin says:
 +
 +
{{quote|A very different plant to the Wood Strawberry, and distinguished by the greater size of all its parts&nbsp;— the fruit in particular&nbsp;— and especially by the property (which is particular to it) of producing flowers and fruit continuously all through the summer. ...&nbsp;The fruit has nearly the same appearance and flavour as that of the Wood Strawberry, but is generally larger, longer, and more pointed in shape. The seed is also perceptibly larger and longer. A gramme contains only about 1,500 seeds.}}
 +
===Subspecies===
 +
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2018}}
 +
*''Fragaria vesca'' ssp. ''americana'' <small>(Porter) Staudt</small>
 +
*''Fragaria vesca'' ssp. ''bracteata '' <small>(Heller) Staudt</small>
 +
*''Fragaria vesca'' ssp. ''vesca'' <small>L.</small>
 +
*''Fragaria vesca'' ssp. ''semperflorens'' <small>L.</small>
 +
 +
==Ecology==
 +
[[File:Земляника лесная (Fragaria vesca) f001.jpg|thumb|left|Wild strawberry collected in the forest in the Middle Urals]]
 +
[[File:Fragaria vesca LC0389.jpg|thumb|''Fragaria vesca'', fruiting plant]]
 +
[[File:Fragaria vesca - metsmaasikas.jpg|thumbnail|Wild strawberry in [[Estonia]], [[Pakri Peninsula]].]]
 +
Typical habitat is along [[trail]]s and roadsides, embankments, hillsides, stone- and gravel-laid paths and roads, meadows, young woodlands, sparse forest, woodland edges, and [[glade (geography)|clearing]]s. Often plants can be found where they do not get sufficient light to form fruit. In the southern part of its range, it can only grow in shady areas; further north it tolerates more sun.<ref name=fire/>  It is tolerant of a variety of moisture levels (except very wet or dry conditions).<ref name=fire/> It can survive mild fires and/or establish itself after fires.<ref name=fire/>
 +
 +
Although ''F. vesca'' primarily propagates via [[stolon|runners]], viable seeds are also found in [[soil seed bank]]s and seem to germinate when the soil is disturbed (away from existing populations of ''F. vesca'').<ref name=fire>{{FEIS |genus=Fragaria |species=vesca |type=forb |last=Munger |first=Gregory T.|date=2006 |access-date=2008-08-06}}</ref>
 +
 +
Its leaves serve as significant food source for a variety of [[ungulate]]s, such as [[mule deer]] and [[elk]], and the fruit are eaten by a variety of mammals and birds that also help to distribute the seeds in their droppings.<ref name=fire/>
 +
 +
==Genomics==
 +
The alpine strawberry is used as an indicator plant for diseases that affect the garden strawberry. It is also used as a genetic [[Model organism|model plant]] for garden strawberry and the family Rosaceae in general, due to its:
 +
*very small genome size
 +
*short reproductive cycle (14–15 weeks in climate-controlled greenhouses)
 +
*ease of propagation.
 +
 +
The genome of ''Fragaria vesca'' was sequenced in 2010.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shulaev|first=Vladimir|date=December 2010|title=The genome of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca)|volume=43|issue=2|pages=109–116|pmid=21186353|url=http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ng.740.html|doi=10.1038/ng.740|pmc=3326587|display-authors=etal|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]}}</ref>
 +
 +
===Ploidy===
 +
All strawberry ([[Fragaria]]) species have a base [[haploid]] count of seven [[chromosome]]s; ''Fragaria vesca'' is [[diploid]], having two pairs of these chromosomes for a total of 14.
 +
 +
[[File:Fragaria vesca Jahodník obecný 1.jpg|thumb|Flower close-up]]
 +
[[File:Fragaria vesca 5044.JPG|thumb|Leaf close-up]]
 +
[[File:Fragaria vesca close-up 4 cropped.jpg|thumb|Fruit close-up]]
 +
 +
==History, cultivation and uses==
 +
Evidence from archaeological excavations suggests that ''Fragaria vesca'' has been consumed by humans since the [[Stone Age]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue1/tomlinson/part2.html#S711|title=Internet Archaeol 1. Tomlinson & Hall. 7|work=intarch.ac.uk|accessdate=2017-08-28}}</ref> The woodland strawberry was first cultivated in [[ancient Persia]] where farmers knew the fruit as ''toot farangi''.{{dubious|reason=That was the fruit's name in *ancient* Persia?|date=June 2017}} Its seeds were later taken along the [[Silk Road]] towards the [[far East]] and to [[Europe]] where it was widely cultivated until the [[18th century]], when it began to be replaced by the [[garden strawberry]] (''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa'') which has much larger fruit and showed greater variation, making them better suited for further breeding.
 +
 +
Woodland strawberry fruit is strongly flavored, and is still collected and grown for domestic use and on a small scale commercially for the use of [[gourmet]]s and as an ingredient for commercial jam, sauces, liqueurs, cosmetics and alternative medicine.
 +
 +
In Turkey, hundreds of tons of wild fruit are harvested annually, mainly for export.<ref>{{citation|journal=[[Chronica Horticulturae]]|volume=47|issue=2|issn=0578-039X|date=June 2007|title=Strawberry Production in Turkey|author=Ece Turhan and Sevgi Paydas Kargi|url=http://www.actahort.org/chronica/pdf/ch4702.pdf|format=PDF|pages=18–20}}</ref> The Ottoman strawberry (also known as the Arnavutköy variety)<ref name=TCF>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishculture.org/pages.php?ChildID=181&ParentID=16&ID=75&ChildID1=396&miMore=1|title=Strawberry (''Fragaria'' spp.)|publisher=Turkish Cultural Foundation}}</ref> was once cultivated in large quantities in the [[Arnavutköy]] neighbourhood of [[Istanbul]].  It is also grown extensively near the town of [[Karadeniz Ereğli]] in [[Zonguldak]] province, Turkey. A [[festival]] to celebrate the Ottoman strawberry is held at Karadeniz Ereğli in June each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.megarevma.net/strawberry.htm|title=Ottoman Strawberry|website=www.megarevma.net|accessdate=2017-08-28}}</ref>
 +
 +
Most of the cultivated varieties have a long flowering period (and have been considered by botanists as belonging to ''Fragaria vesca'' var. ''vesca'' ssp. ''semperflorens''). They are usually called ''alpine strawberries''. They either form runners or multiple crowns in a cluster, fruit over a very long period with larger fruit than the common wood strawberry, and are usually propagated by seeds or division of the plants. The type in cultivation is usually everbearing and produces few [[stolon|runners]]. Plants tend to lose vigour after a few years due to their abundant fruiting and flowering with final decline caused by viral diseases.<ref>{{PFAF|Fragaria vesca 'Semperflorens'| |access-date=2017-08-20}}</ref> Large-fruiting forms are known since the 18th century and were called "Fressant" in [[France]].<ref>{{citation|title=Les dessins d'A. N. Duchesne pour son Histoire naturelle des fraisiers|author=Staudt, Günter|year=2003|publisher=Muséum Nat. d'histoire Naturelle|location=Paris}}</ref> Some cultivars have fruit that are white or yellow when fully ripe, instead of the normal red.
 +
 +
Cultivars that form [[stolon]]s are often used as [[groundcover]], while cultivars that do not may be used as border plants. Some cultivars are bred for their ornamental value. Hybrids, [[Fragaria × vescana|''Fragaria'' × ''vescana'']], have been created from crosses between woodland strawberry and garden strawberry. Hybrids between the woodland strawberry and the European species ''[[Fragaria viridis]]'' were in cultivation until around 1850, but are now lost.<ref>{{citation|doi=10.1127/0006-8152/2003/0125-0053|journal=Botanische Jahrbücher|volume=125|issue=1|date=December 2003|title=Fragaria × bifera Duch.: Origin and taxonomy|first4=Pedro|last4=Gerstberger|first3=Thomas M.|last3=Davis| first2=Laura M.|last2=Dimeglio|last1=Staudt|first1=Günter|pages=53–72}}</ref>
 +
 +
Alpine strawberry has an undeserved reputation among home gardeners as hard to grow from seed, often with rumors of long and sporadic germination times, cold pre-chilling requirements, etc.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}  In reality, with proper handling of the very small seeds (which can easily be washed away with rough watering), 80% germination rates at 70&nbsp;°F within 1–2 weeks are easily achievable.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}
 +
 +
Alpine strawberries are sometimes included as edging plants in [[herbaceous border]]s.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/12777.shtml</ref>
 +
===Garden varieties currently in cultivation===
 +
<ref>{{citation|journal=Gartenpraxis|volume=35|issue=4|date=April 2009|title=Von Monats-, Wald- und Moschuserdbeeren|author=Wachsmuth, Brigitte|pages=20–28}}</ref><ref>{{citation|journal=The Plantsman|volume=9|issue=part 4|date=December 2010|title=Wild, alpine and musk strawberries|author=Wachsmuth, Brigitte|pages=245–249}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipke.de/atBrigitte/brigitte/list.htm|title=Annotated List of Alpine, Wild, and Musk Strawberry Varieties Currently in Cultivation|last1=Wachsmuth|first1=Brigitte|date=March 2014|website=www.ipke.de|accessdate=2017-08-20}}</ref>
 +
 +
;Seed-propagated:
 +
* ''Rügen'', the first modern cultivar, ''i.e.'', runnerless, everbearing and large fruited&nbsp;— originating from Castle Putbus in Germany, first offered 1920 by the strawberry grower Emil Spangenberg from Morsleben.
 +
* ''Alexandria'', first offered 1964 by George W. Park Seed Co., USA
 +
* ''Baron Solemacher'', first offered 1935 by F. C. Heinemann, Germany
 +
* ''Weisse Solemacher'' (white fruited) first offered by F. C. Heinemann
 +
* ''Golden Alexandria'' (golden foliage).
 +
 +
;Cultivars:
 +
Forms with runners are still found in old gardens.
 +
 +
* ''{{lang|fr|Quarantaine de Prin}}'', France; commercially important before World War I, but now almost extinct; maybe identical to the variety ''Erigée de Poitou'' which was still offered around 1960.
 +
* ''Blanc Amélioré'', Great Britain; white-fruited; it is doubtful if the clone in circulation today is identical to the historical variety from around 1900 because of its non-everbearing habit; nevertheless a good variety with rather large, sometimes monstruous fruit of the Fressant type.
 +
* ''[[Illa Martin]]'', Germany; sold as an ornamental, white-fruited. Red achenes have been reported but have not been found. Most plants in circulation not true to name.
 +
* ''Gartenfreude'', Germany; large-fruited form, sometimes very large monstrous fruit of the Fressant type.
 +
 +
Curious mutations have arisen and are sometimes grown by [[Plantsman|plantsmen]] and other connoisseurs of the unusual:
 +
* ''Monophylla'' (“Strawberry of Versailles”; has one large leaflet instead of the normal three leaflets)<ref>[http://chestofbooks.com/flora-plants/flowers/Flower-Garden/63-Fragaria-monophylla-One-Leaved-Strawberry-or-Strawberry-of-Versailles.html Chest of Books: William Curtis, ''The Botanical Magazine, or, Flower-Garden Displayed'', Vol. 1]</ref> -&nbsp;Vilmorin-Andrieux (1885) stated as being raised by Duchesne.<ref name=Vilmorin1885/>
 +
* ''Multiplex'' (double flowered; sets less and smaller fruit)
 +
* ''Muricata'' (“Plymouth strawberry”; the flowers are composed of numerous small, leafy bracts; the fruit are similarly spiky).
 +
 +
== Chemistry ==
 +
''F. vesca'' contains the ellagitannin [[agrimoniin]] which is an isomer of [[sanguiin H-6]].<ref>{{citation|title=Clarifying the Identity of the Main Ellagitannin in the Fruit of the Strawberry, Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa Duch.|first1=Urska|last1=Vrhovsek|first2=Graziano|last2=Guella|first3=Mattia|last3=Gasperotti|first4=Elisa|last4=Pojer |first5=Mirella|last5=Zancato|first6=Fulvio|last6=Mattivi|journal=J. Agric. Food Chem.|year=2012|volume=60|issue=10|pages=2507–2516|doi=10.1021/jf2052256}}</ref>
 +
 +
==See also==
 +
* [[Musk strawberry]]
 +
* [[Strawberry]]
 +
* [[Fragaria viridis|Klubnika]]
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
<references/>
+
{{Reflist|30em}}
 +
 
 +
==External links==
 +
{{commons category}}
 +
{{wikispecies}}
 +
*[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fragaria%20vesca Plants for a future ''Fragaria vesca'']
 +
*[http://www.ipke.de/atBrigitte/brigitte/list.htm Annotated List Alpine, Wild, and Musk Strawberry Varieties Currently in Cultivation]
 +
*[http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/plants/magnoliophyta/magnoliophytina/magnoliopsida/rosaceae/fragaria/index.html#vesca www.funet.fi] Lists some insects it is foodplant for
  
−
{{Ack-Wikipedia}}
+
{{fragaria}}
 +
{{Taxonbar|from=Q146684}}
  
−
[[Category:Rosaceae]]
+
[[Category:Flora of France]]
−
[[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]]
+
[[Category:Berries]]
 +
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
 +
[[Category:Flora of North America]]
 +
[[Category:Fragaria|vesca]]
 +
[[Category:Garden plants of Europe]]
 +
[[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
 +
[[Category:Groundcovers]]
 +
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
 +
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
 +
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 22:28, 13 August 2018

Woodland strawberry
Illustration Fragaria vesca0.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Unrecognized taxon (fix): Fragaria
Species:
Template:Taxonomy/FragariaF. vesca
Binomial name
Template:Taxonomy/FragariaFragaria vesca

Fragaria vesca, commonly called wild strawberry, woodland strawberry, Alpine strawberry, Carpathian Strawberry, European strawberry, or fraisier des bois, is a perennial herbaceous plant in the rose family that grows naturally throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere, and that produces edible fruits.[1][2]

Description

Five to eleven soft, hairy white flowers are borne on a green, soft-hairy 3–15 centimetres (1.2–5.9 in) stalk that usually lifts them above the leaves. The light-green leaves are trifoliate (in threes) with toothed margins. The plant spreads by means of runners (stolons).[3][4][5]

Taxonomy

Vilmorin-Andrieux (1885) makes a distinction between wild or wood strawberries (Fragaria vesca) and alpine strawberries (Fragaria alpina),[6] a distinction which is not made by most seed companies or nurseries, which usually sell Fragaria vesca as "alpine strawberry".

Under wild or wood strawberry, Vilmorin says:

<templatestyles src="Template:Quote/styles.css"/>

It has seldom been seen in gardens since the introduction of the Red Alpine Strawberry. ... Wood Strawberry possesses a quite particular perfume and delicacy of flavour. 2,500 seeds to the gramme.

Under alpine strawberry, Vilmorin says:

<templatestyles src="Template:Quote/styles.css"/>

A very different plant to the Wood Strawberry, and distinguished by the greater size of all its parts — the fruit in particular — and especially by the property (which is particular to it) of producing flowers and fruit continuously all through the summer. ... The fruit has nearly the same appearance and flavour as that of the Wood Strawberry, but is generally larger, longer, and more pointed in shape. The seed is also perceptibly larger and longer. A gramme contains only about 1,500 seeds.

Subspecies

  • Fragaria vesca ssp. americana (Porter) Staudt
  • Fragaria vesca ssp. bracteata (Heller) Staudt
  • Fragaria vesca ssp. vesca L.
  • Fragaria vesca ssp. semperflorens L.

Ecology

Wild strawberry collected in the forest in the Middle Urals
Fragaria vesca, fruiting plant
Wild strawberry in Estonia, Pakri Peninsula.

Typical habitat is along trails and roadsides, embankments, hillsides, stone- and gravel-laid paths and roads, meadows, young woodlands, sparse forest, woodland edges, and clearings. Often plants can be found where they do not get sufficient light to form fruit. In the southern part of its range, it can only grow in shady areas; further north it tolerates more sun.[7] It is tolerant of a variety of moisture levels (except very wet or dry conditions).[7] It can survive mild fires and/or establish itself after fires.[7]

Although F. vesca primarily propagates via runners, viable seeds are also found in soil seed banks and seem to germinate when the soil is disturbed (away from existing populations of F. vesca).[7]

Its leaves serve as significant food source for a variety of ungulates, such as mule deer and elk, and the fruit are eaten by a variety of mammals and birds that also help to distribute the seeds in their droppings.[7]

Genomics

The alpine strawberry is used as an indicator plant for diseases that affect the garden strawberry. It is also used as a genetic model plant for garden strawberry and the family Rosaceae in general, due to its:

  • very small genome size
  • short reproductive cycle (14–15 weeks in climate-controlled greenhouses)
  • ease of propagation.

The genome of Fragaria vesca was sequenced in 2010.[8]

Ploidy

All strawberry (Fragaria) species have a base haploid count of seven chromosomes; Fragaria vesca is diploid, having two pairs of these chromosomes for a total of 14.

Flower close-up
Leaf close-up
Fruit close-up

History, cultivation and uses

Evidence from archaeological excavations suggests that Fragaria vesca has been consumed by humans since the Stone Age.[9] The woodland strawberry was first cultivated in ancient Persia where farmers knew the fruit as toot farangi.[dubious – discuss] Its seeds were later taken along the Silk Road towards the far East and to Europe where it was widely cultivated until the 18th century, when it began to be replaced by the garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) which has much larger fruit and showed greater variation, making them better suited for further breeding.

Woodland strawberry fruit is strongly flavored, and is still collected and grown for domestic use and on a small scale commercially for the use of gourmets and as an ingredient for commercial jam, sauces, liqueurs, cosmetics and alternative medicine.

In Turkey, hundreds of tons of wild fruit are harvested annually, mainly for export.[10] The Ottoman strawberry (also known as the Arnavutköy variety)[11] was once cultivated in large quantities in the Arnavutköy neighbourhood of Istanbul. It is also grown extensively near the town of Karadeniz Ereğli in Zonguldak province, Turkey. A festival to celebrate the Ottoman strawberry is held at Karadeniz Ereğli in June each year.[12]

Most of the cultivated varieties have a long flowering period (and have been considered by botanists as belonging to Fragaria vesca var. vesca ssp. semperflorens). They are usually called alpine strawberries. They either form runners or multiple crowns in a cluster, fruit over a very long period with larger fruit than the common wood strawberry, and are usually propagated by seeds or division of the plants. The type in cultivation is usually everbearing and produces few runners. Plants tend to lose vigour after a few years due to their abundant fruiting and flowering with final decline caused by viral diseases.[13] Large-fruiting forms are known since the 18th century and were called "Fressant" in France.[14] Some cultivars have fruit that are white or yellow when fully ripe, instead of the normal red.

Cultivars that form stolons are often used as groundcover, while cultivars that do not may be used as border plants. Some cultivars are bred for their ornamental value. Hybrids, Fragaria × vescana, have been created from crosses between woodland strawberry and garden strawberry. Hybrids between the woodland strawberry and the European species Fragaria viridis were in cultivation until around 1850, but are now lost.[15]

Alpine strawberry has an undeserved reputation among home gardeners as hard to grow from seed, often with rumors of long and sporadic germination times, cold pre-chilling requirements, etc.[citation needed] In reality, with proper handling of the very small seeds (which can easily be washed away with rough watering), 80% germination rates at 70 °F within 1–2 weeks are easily achievable.[citation needed]

Alpine strawberries are sometimes included as edging plants in herbaceous borders.[16]

Garden varieties currently in cultivation

[17][18][19]

Seed-propagated
  • Rügen, the first modern cultivar, i.e., runnerless, everbearing and large fruited — originating from Castle Putbus in Germany, first offered 1920 by the strawberry grower Emil Spangenberg from Morsleben.
  • Alexandria, first offered 1964 by George W. Park Seed Co., USA
  • Baron Solemacher, first offered 1935 by F. C. Heinemann, Germany
  • Weisse Solemacher (white fruited) first offered by F. C. Heinemann
  • Golden Alexandria (golden foliage).
Cultivars

Forms with runners are still found in old gardens.

  • Quarantaine de Prin, France; commercially important before World War I, but now almost extinct; maybe identical to the variety Erigée de Poitou which was still offered around 1960.
  • Blanc Amélioré, Great Britain; white-fruited; it is doubtful if the clone in circulation today is identical to the historical variety from around 1900 because of its non-everbearing habit; nevertheless a good variety with rather large, sometimes monstruous fruit of the Fressant type.
  • Illa Martin, Germany; sold as an ornamental, white-fruited. Red achenes have been reported but have not been found. Most plants in circulation not true to name.
  • Gartenfreude, Germany; large-fruited form, sometimes very large monstrous fruit of the Fressant type.

Curious mutations have arisen and are sometimes grown by plantsmen and other connoisseurs of the unusual:

  • Monophylla (“Strawberry of Versailles”; has one large leaflet instead of the normal three leaflets)[20] - Vilmorin-Andrieux (1885) stated as being raised by Duchesne.[6]
  • Multiplex (double flowered; sets less and smaller fruit)
  • Muricata (“Plymouth strawberry”; the flowers are composed of numerous small, leafy bracts; the fruit are similarly spiky).

Chemistry

F. vesca contains the ellagitannin agrimoniin which is an isomer of sanguiin H-6.[21]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sullivan, Steven. K. (2015). "Fragaria vesca". Wildflower Search. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  2. ↑ "Fragaria vesca". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  3. ↑ Klinkenberg, Brian (Editor) (2014). "Fragaria vesca". E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Plants of British Columbia [eflora.bc.ca]. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  4. ↑ Giblin, David (Editor) (2015). "Fragaria vesca". WTU Herbarium Image Collection. Burke Museum, University of Washington. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  5. ↑ "Fragaria vesca". Jepson eFlora: Taxon page. Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley. 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Vilmorin-Andrieux et cie (1885). The Vegetable Garden. London: J. Murray. pp. 538–539.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Munger, Gregory T. (2006). "Fragaria vesca". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 2008-08-06 – via https://www.feis-crs.org/feis/.
  8. ↑ Shulaev, Vladimir; et al. (December 2010). "The genome of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca)". Nature. 43 (2): 109–116. doi:10.1038/ng.740. PMC 3326587. PMID 21186353.
  9. ↑ "Internet Archaeol 1. Tomlinson & Hall. 7". intarch.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  10. ↑ Ece Turhan and Sevgi Paydas Kargi (June 2007), "Strawberry Production in Turkey" (PDF), Chronica Horticulturae, 47 (2): 18–20, ISSN 0578-039X
  11. ↑ "Strawberry (Fragaria spp.)". Turkish Cultural Foundation.
  12. ↑ "Ottoman Strawberry". www.megarevma.net. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
  13. ↑ Fragaria vesca 'Semperflorens' on Plants for a Future
  14. ↑ Staudt, Günter (2003), Les dessins d'A. N. Duchesne pour son Histoire naturelle des fraisiers, Paris: Muséum Nat. d'histoire Naturelle
  15. ↑ Staudt, Günter; Dimeglio, Laura M.; Davis, Thomas M.; Gerstberger, Pedro (December 2003), "Fragaria × bifera Duch.: Origin and taxonomy", Botanische Jahrbücher, 125 (1): 53–72, doi:10.1127/0006-8152/2003/0125-0053
  16. ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/12777.shtml
  17. ↑ Wachsmuth, Brigitte (April 2009), "Von Monats-, Wald- und Moschuserdbeeren", Gartenpraxis, 35 (4): 20–28
  18. ↑ Wachsmuth, Brigitte (December 2010), "Wild, alpine and musk strawberries", The Plantsman, 9 (part 4): 245–249
  19. ↑ Wachsmuth, Brigitte (March 2014). "Annotated List of Alpine, Wild, and Musk Strawberry Varieties Currently in Cultivation". www.ipke.de. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
  20. ↑ Chest of Books: William Curtis, The Botanical Magazine, or, Flower-Garden Displayed, Vol. 1
  21. ↑ Vrhovsek, Urska; Guella, Graziano; Gasperotti, Mattia; Pojer, Elisa; Zancato, Mirella; Mattivi, Fulvio (2012), "Clarifying the Identity of the Main Ellagitannin in the Fruit of the Strawberry, Fragaria vesca and Fragaria ananassa Duch.", J. Agric. Food Chem., 60 (10): 2507–2516, doi:10.1021/jf2052256

External links

Lua error in Module:Taxonbar at line 144: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).

Retrieved from "https://eateveryplant.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fragaria_vesca&oldid=14013"