Difference between revisions of "Viburnum trilobum"
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|image = Highbush_Cranberry.jpg | |image = Highbush_Cranberry.jpg | ||
| − | + | |genus = Viburnum | |
| − | + | |species = trilobum | |
| − | + | |authority = [[Humphry Marshall|Marshall]] | |
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| − | |genus = | ||
| − | |species = | ||
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|range_map = Viburnum opulus americanum range map 3.png | |range_map = Viburnum opulus americanum range map 3.png | ||
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|range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Viburnum trilobum'' | |range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Viburnum trilobum'' | ||
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| − | '''''Viburnum trilobum''''', the ''' | + | '''''Viburnum trilobum''''' ('''cranberrybush viburnum''', '''American cranberrybush''', or '''high bush cranberry''') is a species of ''[[Viburnum]]'' native to northern [[North America]], from [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] west to [[British Columbia]], south to [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] state and east to northern [[Virginia]].<ref>{{PLANTS |symbol=VIOPA2 |taxon=Viburnum opulus var. americanum |access-date=2009-02-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/assessments/viburnumopulusvaramericanum.pdf |first=James E. |last=Nellessen |date=2006 |title=''Viburnum opulus'' L. var. ''americanum'' (Mill.) Ait. (American cranberrybush): A Technical Conservation Assessment |publisher=USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project}}</ref> It is very closely related to the [[Europe]]an and [[Asia]]n ''[[Viburnum opulus]]'', and is often treated as a [[variety (biology)|variety]] of it, as ''Viburnum opulus'' [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] var. ''americanum'' [[William Aiton|Ait.]], or as a [[subspecies]], ''[[Viburnum opulus]]'' subsp. ''trilobum'' (Marshall) Clausen. |
| + | [[File:Viburnum trilobum (highbush cranberry).png|left|upright|thumb|Fall foliage - Viburnum trilobum]] | ||
| + | [[File:Viburnum opulus flowers.jpg|thumb|right|Detail of the inflorescence]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Description== | ||
| + | It is a [[deciduous]] [[shrub]] growing to {{cvt|4|m|ft|0}} tall. The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is gray and rough and has a scaly texture. The stems arch and are very dense, and the twigs are a reddish-brown color. The leaves are opposite, three-lobed, {{cvt|6–12|cm|in|frac=4}} long and {{cvt|5–10|cm|in|frac=4}} broad, with a rounded base and serrated margins; they are superficially similar to many [[maple]] leaves, most easily distinguished by their somewhat wrinkled surface with impressed leaf venation. The leaf buds are green. The bud scales are [[bud|valvate]]. The [[flower]]s are white, produced in [[corymb]]s up to {{cvt|13|cm|in|frac=4}} in diameter at the top of the stems; each corymb comprises a ring of outer sterile flowers {{cvt|2-2.5|cm|in|frac=8}} diameter with conspicuous petals, surrounding a center of small ({{cvt|5|mm|in|2|disp=comma}}), fertile flowers; the flowers are [[pollinated]] by [[insect]]s. The [[fruit]] is an oblong red [[drupe]] {{cvt|15|mm|in|2}} long and {{cvt|12|mm|in|2}} broad, containing a single flat, white [[seed]]. Plants begin to produce fruit at approximately five years of age; when animals, including birds, eat the fruits, they deposit the seeds in another location in their droppings. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Uses== | ||
| + | Although often called "highbush cranberry", it is not a [[cranberry]]. The name comes from the red fruits which look superficially like cranberries, and have a similar flavor and ripen at the same time of year. The fruits, sour and rich in [[vitamin C]], can be eaten raw or cooked into a sauce to serve with meat or game.<ref name=UMaine>{{cite web | url = http://extension.umaine.edu/cranberries/highbush-cranberry/ | title = Highbush Cranberry | accessdate = 2010-03-13 | publisher = [[University of Maine]] Cooperative Extension}}</ref> The [[Inupiat]] mix the berries with [[rosehips]] and [[Ribes triste]] and boil them into a syrup.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Anore |date=1983 |title=Nauriat Niginaqtuat: Plants That We Eat |place=Kotzebue, Alaska |publisher=Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program |page=105}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Pests and diseases== | ||
| + | The larvae and adults of the [[Pyrrhalta viburni|Viburnum leaf beetle]] feed on the leaves and may completely defoliate the plant, and repeated damage can kill it.<ref name=UMaine/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==In culture== | ||
| + | This is a commonly used berry in western Canadian cultures. Peoples of various origins both Native and European have used the berries for many years. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Canadian French name for the berries is ''pembina''. The name pembina was then applied to [[Pembina River (disambiguation)|three rivers]], one in Manitoba and North Dakota, one in Ontario, and one in Alberta. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Ukrainians call the berry '''''kalyna''''', which is now the name of an ecomusem in Alberta, [[Kalyna Country]] associated with [[Ukrainian Canadians]]. | ||
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| + | In [[Ukraine]], ''[[Viburnum opulus]]'' (kalyna) is seen as a national symbol, an emblem for both the [[Koliada]] festivities and the concept of young girl’s love and tenderness. It is the key element of the Ukrainian traditional [[wreath]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kievcolours.com/articles/13.html |script-title=uk:Верба и калина - символы Украины |trans-title=''Verba'' and ''kalyna'' are Ukraine’s national symbols |via=kievcolours.com |quote={{lang|uk|Калина… символизировала праздник Коляды, Рождества мира. Надругательство над ней покрывало человека позором, также как и убийство аиста.}} (Kalyna symbolized the [[Kolyada]] festivities. Somebody who’d kill a stork or abuse kalyna was considered forever disgraced.)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://myphs.jimdo.com/2013/07/23/%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0/ |title=The herbs. Myths and Legends |via=myphs.jimdo.com |quote={{lang|uk|Без верби і калини нема України}} (Without ''verba'' [pussy-willow] and ''kalyna'' [viburnum], there is no Ukraine.)}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | {{Reflist}} | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | * {{ | + | {{Commons}} |
| + | *{{Missouri Plants |color=White |leaf=opp |genus=Viburnum |species=opulus |link=1}} | ||
| + | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060813205747/http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/v/vibtri/vibtri1.html UConn Plant Database: ''Viburnum trilobum''] | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{Taxonbar|from=Q210971}} |
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Berries]] |
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:First Nations culture]] |
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Flora of Alberta]] |
| + | [[Category:Flora of Ontario]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Viburnum|trilobum]] | ||
Revision as of 15:20, 13 August 2018
| Viburnum trilobum | |
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Dipsacales |
| Family: | Adoxaceae |
| Genus: | Viburnum |
| Species: | V. trilobum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Viburnum trilobum | |
| |
| Natural range of Viburnum trilobum | |
Viburnum trilobum (cranberrybush viburnum, American cranberrybush, or high bush cranberry) is a species of Viburnum native to northern North America, from Newfoundland west to British Columbia, south to Washington state and east to northern Virginia.[1][2] It is very closely related to the European and Asian Viburnum opulus, and is often treated as a variety of it, as Viburnum opulus L. var. americanum Ait., or as a subspecies, Viburnum opulus subsp. trilobum (Marshall) Clausen.
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Description
It is a deciduous shrub growing to 4 m (13 ft) tall. The bark is gray and rough and has a scaly texture. The stems arch and are very dense, and the twigs are a reddish-brown color. The leaves are opposite, three-lobed, 6–12 cm (2 1⁄4–4 3⁄4 in) long and 5–10 cm (2–4 in) broad, with a rounded base and serrated margins; they are superficially similar to many maple leaves, most easily distinguished by their somewhat wrinkled surface with impressed leaf venation. The leaf buds are green. The bud scales are valvate. The flowers are white, produced in corymbs up to 13 cm (5 in) in diameter at the top of the stems; each corymb comprises a ring of outer sterile flowers 2–2.5 cm (3⁄4–1 in) diameter with conspicuous petals, surrounding a center of small (5 mm, 0.20 in), fertile flowers; the flowers are pollinated by insects. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 15 mm (0.59 in) long and 12 mm (0.47 in) broad, containing a single flat, white seed. Plants begin to produce fruit at approximately five years of age; when animals, including birds, eat the fruits, they deposit the seeds in another location in their droppings.
Uses
Although often called "highbush cranberry", it is not a cranberry. The name comes from the red fruits which look superficially like cranberries, and have a similar flavor and ripen at the same time of year. The fruits, sour and rich in vitamin C, can be eaten raw or cooked into a sauce to serve with meat or game.[3] The Inupiat mix the berries with rosehips and Ribes triste and boil them into a syrup.[4]
Pests and diseases
The larvae and adults of the Viburnum leaf beetle feed on the leaves and may completely defoliate the plant, and repeated damage can kill it.[3]
In culture
This is a commonly used berry in western Canadian cultures. Peoples of various origins both Native and European have used the berries for many years.
The Canadian French name for the berries is pembina. The name pembina was then applied to three rivers, one in Manitoba and North Dakota, one in Ontario, and one in Alberta.
The Ukrainians call the berry kalyna, which is now the name of an ecomusem in Alberta, Kalyna Country associated with Ukrainian Canadians.
In Ukraine, Viburnum opulus (kalyna) is seen as a national symbol, an emblem for both the Koliada festivities and the concept of young girl’s love and tenderness. It is the key element of the Ukrainian traditional wreath.[5][6]
References
- ↑ "Viburnum opulus var. americanum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
- ↑ Nellessen, James E. (2006). "Viburnum opulus L. var. americanum (Mill.) Ait. (American cranberrybush): A Technical Conservation Assessment" (PDF). USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Highbush Cranberry". University of Maine Cooperative Extension. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
- ↑ Jones, Anore (1983). Nauriat Niginaqtuat: Plants That We Eat. Kotzebue, Alaska: Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program. p. 105.
- ↑ Верба и калина - символы Украины [Verba and kalyna are Ukraine’s national symbols] – via kievcolours.com.
Калина… символизировала праздник Коляды, Рождества мира. Надругательство над ней покрывало человека позором, также как и убийство аиста. (Kalyna symbolized the Kolyada festivities. Somebody who’d kill a stork or abuse kalyna was considered forever disgraced.)
- ↑ "The herbs. Myths and Legends" – via myphs.jimdo.com.
Без верби і калини нема України (Without verba [pussy-willow] and kalyna [viburnum], there is no Ukraine.)
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Viburnum trilobum. |
Lua error in Module:Taxonbar at line 144: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).