Difference between revisions of "Lomatium"

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{{more citations needed|date=March 2013}}
 
{{taxobox
 
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{{Wikispecies}}
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'''''Lomatium''''' is a genus of about 75 species<ref>[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?329,426 ''Lomatium''.] The Jepson Manual.</ref> of [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herb]]s native to western [[North America]]; its common names include '''biscuitroot''', '''Indian parsley''', and '''desert parsley'''.<ref name="Hitchcock">{{cite book|last=Hitchcock & Cronquist|title=Flora of the Pacific Northwest|year=1973|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=0295952733|pages=327–334}}</ref> It is in the [[Apiaceae]] family and therefore related to many familiar edible species such as carrots and celery; some ''Lomatium'' species were extensively used by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] in the inland [[Pacific Northwest|Northwest]] as a staple food.
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==Description==
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Roots range from woody taproots to more fleshy underground tuberous-thickened roots. Most lomatiums are  desert species or grow on bluffs where water is limited for most of the year. They are green and grow the most during the spring when water is available, then set seed and dry out completely above ground before the hottest part of the year, while storing the energy they gained from photosynthesizing while water was available to them in their deep roots. For most of the year, the plant is not visible; the brown tops often are blown off or easily crushed, but it lies dormant underground for the next spring.
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The flowers are arranged in compound [[umbel]]s, without involucral [[bracts]] (or with inconspicuous bracts). The flowers are white or yellow, more rarely a purple or maroon color. As with most Apiaceae, the fruit sets the genus apart from other yellow- or white-flowered look-alikes such as ''Cymopterus'' and ''Oreogenia''. Uniquely, they are dorsally flattened and winged, which can be papery or corky, but help the seed to disperse further on the wind. The dorsal ribs may or may not be on the fruit, but are narrowly winged if at all.<ref name="Hitchcock" /> Leaves are mainly basal and dissected (ternately, pinnately, or ternate-pinnately dissected or compound), many look like ferns or can be mistaken them.
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<!-- now? ==Taxonomy==
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Once classified as Cogswellia. -->
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==Ecology==
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It grows in a variety of habitats throughout western North America, from coastal bluffs to piles of basalt rock.
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==Conservation concerns==
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Many species' habitats are under threat by grazing, development, and wildfires. Also, some concern exists about particular species such as ''L. dissectum'', which is mainly harvested from the wild for herbal uses.
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Because the genus is so difficult to identify, but has great genetic diversity, new species are still being found today such as ''L. tarantuloides'',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Darrach|first=M.E.|author2=C.E. Hinchlif |title=''Lomatium tarantuloides'' (Apiaceae), a new narrowly endemic species from northeast Oregon |journal=Phytoneuron|date=18 February 2014|series=2014|issue=27|pages=1–8|url=http://www.phytoneuron.net/2014Phytoneuron/27PhytoN-Lomatiumtarantuloides.pdf|accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref> many species often have a very limited range, they exist nowhere else, and are few to begin with.
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==Cultivation and uses==
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Several species, including ''[[Lomatium cous|L. cous]]'', ''[[Lomatium geyeri|L. geyeri]]'', and ''[[Lomatium macrocarpum|L. macrocarpum]]'', are sometimes known as '''biscuit roots''' for their [[starch]]y [[edible root]]s.  These are or have been traditional [[Native American food]]s, eaten cooked or dried and ground into [[flour]]. Some Native Americans ground ''Lomatium'' into mush and shaped it into cakes and stored them for later use. Their flavor has been compared to [[celery]], [[parsnip]], or stale [[biscuit]]s.
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''L. dissectum'' has been used as [[herbal medicine]]s for [[cough]] and [[upper respiratory infection]]s, including [[tuberculosis]].<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal/plants/lomatium_dissectum.htm US NPS Medicinal Plants]</ref>
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{{Commons category}}
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== Selected species ==
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{|
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|- valign=top
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|
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* ''[[Lomatium ambiguum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium austinae]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium bicolor]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium bradshawii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium brandegeei]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium californicum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium canbyi]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium caruifolium]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium ciliolatum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium columbianum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium congdonii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium cous]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium cusickii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium cuspidatum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium dasycarpum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium dissectum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium donnellii]]''
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|
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* ''[[Lomatium engelmannii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium farinosum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium foeniculaceum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium geyeri]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium gormanii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium grayi]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium greenmanii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium hallii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium hambleniae]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium hendersonii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium howellii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium insulare]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium laevigatum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium latilobum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium leptocarpum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium lucidum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium macrocarpum]]''
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|
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* ''[[Lomatium marginatum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium martindalei]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium minus]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium mohavense]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium nevadense]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium nudicaule]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium observatorium]]''
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*''[[Lomatium ochocense]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium oreganum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium orogenioides]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium parryi]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium parvifolium]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium piperi]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium plummerae]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium ravenii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium repostum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium rigidum]]''
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|
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* ''[[Lomatium rollinsii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium roseanum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium salmoniflorum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium serpentinum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium shevockii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium stebbinsii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium suksdorfii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium tamanitchii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium thompsonii]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium torreyi]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium tracyi]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium triternatum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium tuberosum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium utriculatum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium vaginatum]]''
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* ''[[Lomatium watsonii]]''
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|}
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
−
<references/>
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{{Reflist}}
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== External links ==
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* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LOMAT USDA Plants Profile]
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070305153227/http://herbarium.uvsc.edu/Virtual/search.asp?s=genus&p=1&n=8638&t=Lomatium UVSC Herbarium - Lomatium]
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615010046/http://www.pfaf.org/leaflets/altroots.php Food uses at Plants for a Future]
  
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{{Ack-Wikipedia}}
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{{Edible Apiaceae}}
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q9023584}}
  
−
[[Category:Apiaceae]]
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[[Category:Lomatium| ]]
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[[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]]
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[[Category:Apiaceae genera]]
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[[Category:Flora of North America]]
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[[Category:Edible Apiaceae]]
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[[Category:Root vegetables]]
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[[Category:Medicinal plants of North America]]

Revision as of 14:08, 13 August 2018

Lomatium
Lomatium utriculatum 6416.JPG
Lomatium utriculatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Apiales
Family:
Apiaceae
Tribe:
Selineae
Genus:
Lomatium

Species

See text

Lomatium is a genus of about 75 species[1] of perennial herbs native to western North America; its common names include biscuitroot, Indian parsley, and desert parsley.[2] It is in the Apiaceae family and therefore related to many familiar edible species such as carrots and celery; some Lomatium species were extensively used by Native Americans in the inland Northwest as a staple food.

Description

Roots range from woody taproots to more fleshy underground tuberous-thickened roots. Most lomatiums are desert species or grow on bluffs where water is limited for most of the year. They are green and grow the most during the spring when water is available, then set seed and dry out completely above ground before the hottest part of the year, while storing the energy they gained from photosynthesizing while water was available to them in their deep roots. For most of the year, the plant is not visible; the brown tops often are blown off or easily crushed, but it lies dormant underground for the next spring.

The flowers are arranged in compound umbels, without involucral bracts (or with inconspicuous bracts). The flowers are white or yellow, more rarely a purple or maroon color. As with most Apiaceae, the fruit sets the genus apart from other yellow- or white-flowered look-alikes such as Cymopterus and Oreogenia. Uniquely, they are dorsally flattened and winged, which can be papery or corky, but help the seed to disperse further on the wind. The dorsal ribs may or may not be on the fruit, but are narrowly winged if at all.[2] Leaves are mainly basal and dissected (ternately, pinnately, or ternate-pinnately dissected or compound), many look like ferns or can be mistaken them.


Ecology

It grows in a variety of habitats throughout western North America, from coastal bluffs to piles of basalt rock.

Conservation concerns

Many species' habitats are under threat by grazing, development, and wildfires. Also, some concern exists about particular species such as L. dissectum, which is mainly harvested from the wild for herbal uses.

Because the genus is so difficult to identify, but has great genetic diversity, new species are still being found today such as L. tarantuloides,[3] many species often have a very limited range, they exist nowhere else, and are few to begin with.

Cultivation and uses

Several species, including L. cous, L. geyeri, and L. macrocarpum, are sometimes known as biscuit roots for their starchy edible roots. These are or have been traditional Native American foods, eaten cooked or dried and ground into flour. Some Native Americans ground Lomatium into mush and shaped it into cakes and stored them for later use. Their flavor has been compared to celery, parsnip, or stale biscuits.

L. dissectum has been used as herbal medicines for cough and upper respiratory infections, including tuberculosis.[4]

Selected species

References

  1. ↑ Lomatium. The Jepson Manual.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hitchcock & Cronquist (1973). Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. pp. 327–334. ISBN 0295952733.
  3. ↑ Darrach, M.E.; C.E. Hinchlif (18 February 2014). "Lomatium tarantuloides (Apiaceae), a new narrowly endemic species from northeast Oregon" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 2014 (27): 1–8. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
  4. ↑ US NPS Medicinal Plants

External links

Lua error in Module:Taxonbar at line 144: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).

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