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| − | '''''Rhodiola rosea''''' (commonly '''golden root''', '''rose root''', '''roseroot''',<ref name=Stace>{{cite book|last=Stace|first=C. A.|authorlink = Stace, C. A.|year=2010|title=New Flora of the British Isles|edition=Third|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge, U.K.| isbn=9780521707725}}</ref>{{rp|138}} '''Aaron's rod''', '''Arctic root''', '''king's crown''', '''''lignum rhodium''''', '''orpin rose''') is a [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Crassulaceae]].<ref name="pfaf">{{cite web|url=http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhodiola+rosea|title=''Rhodiola rosea'' L.|publisher=Plants for a Future|date=2012|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> It grows naturally in wild [[Arctic]] regions of Europe (including Britain), Asia, and North America, and can be propagated as a [[groundcover]].<ref name=pfaf/> Although it has long been used in [[traditional medicine]] for several disorders, notably including treatment of [[anxiety]] and depression, there is little scientific evidence to verify any benefit.<ref name="nccih">{{cite web|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/rhodiola|title=Rhodiola|publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health|date=September 2016|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref>
| + | Most commonly seen as a medicinal/herbal tea, it can also be eaten as a vegetable: |
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| − | ==Description==
| + | The leaves and shoots are eaten raw, having a bitter flavor, or cooked like spinach, and are sometimes added to salads.<ref>{{cite book | author = Saratikov A.S. | title = Golden Root (Rhodiola Rosea) | edition =2nd | publisher = Publishing House of Tomsk University | year = 1974 | page = 158}}</ref> |
| − | ''Rhodiola rosea'' is from {{convert|5|to|40|cm|in}} tall, fleshy, and has several stems growing from a short, scaly rootstock. Flowers have 4 sepals and 4 petals, yellow to greenish yellow in color sometimes tipped with red, about {{convert|1|to|3.5|mm|in}} long, and blooming in summer. Several shoots growing from the same thick root may reach 5 to 35 cm in height. ''R. rosea'' is [[dioecious]] – having separate female and male plants.
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| − | [[File:Rhodiola rosea in flower.JPG|thumb|''Rhodiola rosea'' in flower during the spring in the UK]]
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| − | [[File:Rhodiola rosea perennial.JPG|thumb|''Rhodiola rosea'' sprouting new growth]]
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| − | [[File:Rhodiola rosea a6.jpg|thumb|right|Wild ''Rhodiola rosea'' plant]]
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| − | [[File:Rhodiolaroseadried.jpg|thumb|right|Dried ''R. rosea'' root]]
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| − | === Taxonomy ===
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| − | ''Rhodiola rosea'' was first described by [[Pedanius Dioscorides]] in [[De Materia Medica]].{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} Western North American plants formerly included in ''R. rosea'' are now treated as ''[[Rhodiola integrifolia]]'' and ''[[Rhodiola rhodantha]]''.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200009865 Moran, Reid V, in Flora of North America. volume 8. pages 164-167]</ref>
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| − | ===Chemical constituents===
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| − | About 140 [[chemical compound]]s are in the subterranean portions of ''R. rosea''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Panossian A, Wikman G | year = 2010 | title = Rosenroot (Roseroot): Traditional Use, Chemical Composition, Pharmacology, and Clinical Efficacy | journal = Phytomedicine | volume = 17 | issue = 5-6 | pages = 481–493 | doi = 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.02.002}}</ref> Rhodiola roots contain [[phenols]], [[rosavin]], [[Rosin (chemical)|rosin]], [[rosarin]], [[organic acid]]s, [[terpenoid]]s, [[phenolcarbonic acid]]s and their derivatives, [[flavonoid]]s, [[anthraquinone]]s, [[alkaloid]]s, [[tyrosol]], and [[salidroside]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Evstavieva L. |author2=Todorova M. |author3=Antonova D. |author4=Staneva J. | title = Chemical composition of the essential oils of Rhodiola rosea L. of three different origins | journal = Pharmacogn Mag. | year = 2010 | volume = 6 | issue = 24 | pages = 256–258}}</ref><ref name="mao">{{cite journal|pmid=17628386|year=2007|author1=Mao|first1=Y|title=Simultaneous determination of salidroside and tyrosol in extracts of Rhodiola L. By microwave assisted extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography|journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis|volume=45|issue=3|pages=510–5|last2=Li|first2=Y|last3=Yao|first3=N|doi=10.1016/j.jpba.2007.05.031}}</ref>
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| − | The chemical composition of the essential oil from ''R. rosea'' root growing in different countries varies. For example, rosavin, rosarin and rosin at their highest concentration according to many tests can be found only in ''R. rosea'' of Russian origin; the main component of the essential oil from Rhodiola growing in Bulgaria are [[geraniol]] and [[myrtenol]]; in China the main components are geraniol and [[1-Octanol|1-octanol]]; and in India the main component is [[phenylethilic alcohol]]. [[Cinnamic alcohol]] was discovered only in the sample from Bulgaria.
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| − | Although rosavin, rosarin, rosin and [[salidroside]] (and sometimes p-[[tyrosol]], rhodioniside, rhodiolin and [[rosiridin]]) are among suspected [[active ingredient]]s of ''R. rosea'', these compounds are mostly [[polyphenol]]s. There is no evidence that these chemicals have any [[physiological]] effect in humans that could prevent or reduce risk of disease.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Boudet AM |title=Evolution and current status of research in phenolic compounds |journal = [[Phytochemistry (journal)|Phytochemistry]] |volume=68 |issue=22–24 |pages=2722–35 |year=2007 |pmid=17643453 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.012 }}</ref> Although these [[phytochemical]]s are typically mentioned as specific to ''Rhodiola rosea'' extracts, ''rosea'' and other ''Rhodiola'' species contain many other constituent polyphenols, including [[proanthocyanidin]]s, [[quercetin]], [[gallic acid]], [[chlorogenic acid]] and [[kaempferol]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yousef GG, Grace MH, Cheng DM, Belolipov IV, Raskin I, Lila MA |title=Comparative phytochemical characterization of three Rhodiola species |journal = [[Phytochemistry (journal)|Phytochemistry]] |volume=67 |issue=21 |pages=2380–91 |date=Nov 2006 |pmid=16956631 |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.07.026 }}</ref>
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| − | ==Distribution==
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| − | ''Rhodiola rosea'' grows in cold regions of the world, including much of the [[Arctic]], the mountains of [[Central Asia]], scattered in eastern [[North America]] and mountainous parts of [[Europe]].<ref name=pfaf/><ref name=nccih/> It grows on sea cliffs and on mountains<ref name=Stace/> at high altitude.<ref name=pfaf/>
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| − | ==Uses==
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| − | ===Food===
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| − | The leaves and shoots are eaten raw, having a bitter flavor, or cooked like spinach, and are sometimes added to salads.<ref name=pfaf/><ref>{{cite book | author = Saratikov A.S. | title = Golden Root (Rhodiola Rosea) | edition =2nd | publisher = Publishing House of Tomsk University | year = 1974 | page = 158}}</ref> | |
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| − | ===Research and regulation===
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| − | Through 2012, human studies evaluating ''R. rosea'' did not have sufficient quality to determine whether it has properties affecting [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]] or any other condition.<ref name=nccih/><ref>{{cite journal|pmc=3541197|year=2012|author1=Ishaque|first1=S|title=Rhodiola rosea for physical and mental fatigue: A systematic review|journal=BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine|volume=12|pages=70|last2=Shamseer|first2=L|last3=Bukutu|first3=C|last4=Vohra|first4=S|doi=10.1186/1472-6882-12-70|pmid=22643043}}</ref> The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) has issued [[FDA warning letter|warning letters]] to manufacturers of ''R. rosea'' [[dietary supplement]] products unapproved as new drugs, adulterated, misbranded and in federal violation for not having proof of safety or efficacy for the advertised conditions of alleviating [[Raynaud syndrome]], [[altitude sickness]], and [[Major depressive disorder|depression]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2015/ucm476988.htm|title=(Example, one of several) Warning letter: Nature's Health, LLC|publisher=Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration|author=Mitchell, LaTonya M|date=2 December 2015|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2013/ucm359315.htm|title= Warning letter: Herbs of Light, Inc.|publisher=Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations, US Food and Drug Administration|author=Emma R. Singleton|date=18 June 2013|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> ''R. rosea'' is also listed on the FDA's Poisonous Plant Database.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/Plantox/Detail.CFM?ID=23825|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|title=FDA Poisonous Plant Database|date=2017}}</ref>
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| − | ===Traditional medicine===
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| − | In [[Russia]] and [[Scandinavia]], ''R. rosea'' has been used for centuries to cope with the cold [[Siberia]]n climate and stressful life.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Azizov|first=AP|author2=Seĭfulla, RD|title=[The effect of elton, leveton, fitoton and adapton on the work capacity of experimental animals].|journal=Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia|date=May–Jun 1998|volume=61|issue=3|pages=61–3|pmid=9690082}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Darbinyan|first=V|author2=Kteyan, A |author3=Panossian, A |author4=Gabrielian, E |author5=Wikman, G |author6= Wagner, H |title=Rhodiola rosea in stress induced fatigue--a double blind cross-over study of a standardized extract SHR-5 with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians during night duty.|journal=Phytomedicine|date=Oct 2000|volume=7|issue=5|pages=365–71|pmid=11081987|doi=10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80055-0}}</ref> It is also used to increase physical endurance and resistance to [[high-altitude sickness]], but the scientific evidence for such benefits is weak. The plant has been used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]], where it is called ''hóng jǐng tiān''.<!--pinyin is correct-->
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| − | A 2012 report by the [[European Medicines Agency]] on literature concerning the dried extract of ''R. rosea'' stated that "The published clinical trials exhibit considerable deficiencies in their quality. Therefore 'well-established use' cannot be accepted" and added: "The traditional use as an [[adaptogen]] 'for temporary relief of symptoms of stress such as fatigue and sensation of weakness' is appropriate for traditional herbal medicinal products. ... The long-standing use as well as the outcome of the clinical trials support the plausibility of the use of the mentioned herbal preparation in the proposed indication."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2012/05/WC500127861.pdf|title=Assessment report on ''Rhodiola rosea'' L., rhizoma et radix|publisher=European Medicines Agency|date=27 March 2012|accessdate=30 May 2017}}</ref>
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| | {{Reflist|30em}} | | {{Reflist|30em}} |
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | * {{Commons category inline}}
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q161665}}
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| | [[Category:Crassulaceae]] | | [[Category:Crassulaceae]] |
| − | [[Category:Alpine flora]]
| + | [[Category:Plants for Keenan to eat]] |
| − | [[Category:Flora of the Alps]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of the Pyrenees]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Europe]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Pakistan]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Colorado]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of the Rocky Mountains]]
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| − | [[Category:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]]
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| − | [[Category:Antidepressants]]
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| − | [[Category:Medicinal plants]]
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| − | [[Category:Plants described in 1753]] | |
