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| − | {{for|other shrubs sometimes called "crowberry"|Bearberry}}
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| − | {{More citations needed|date=April 2014}}
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| | {{speciesbox|name=Black crowberry|image=Empetrum nigrum by Maseltov 2.jpg|taxon=Empetrum nigrum|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=ipni>''Sp. Pl.'' 2: 1022. 1753 [1 May 1753] {{cite web|url=http://www.ipni.org:80/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=F2CFBFD7E35FC281DC585FFC6C2465B8?id=324780-1|title=Plant Name Details for ''Empetrum nigrum''|publisher=[[International Plant Names Index|IPNI]]|accessdate=1 December 2009}}</ref> | | {{speciesbox|name=Black crowberry|image=Empetrum nigrum by Maseltov 2.jpg|taxon=Empetrum nigrum|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name=ipni>''Sp. Pl.'' 2: 1022. 1753 [1 May 1753] {{cite web|url=http://www.ipni.org:80/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=F2CFBFD7E35FC281DC585FFC6C2465B8?id=324780-1|title=Plant Name Details for ''Empetrum nigrum''|publisher=[[International Plant Names Index|IPNI]]|accessdate=1 December 2009}}</ref> |
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| − | '''''Empetrum nigrum''''', '''crowberry''', '''black crowberry''', or, in western Alaska, '''blackberry''', is a [[flowering plant]] species in the heather family [[Ericaceae]] with a near [[Circumboreal Region|circumboreal]] distribution in the northern hemisphere.<ref name=DVF>{{cite web|title=Den Virtuella Floran, ''Empetrum nigrum'' L.|first=Arne|last=Anderberg|publisher=Naturhistoriska riksmuseet|place=[[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]|url=http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/erica/empet/empenig.html}}</ref> It is also native in the [[Falkland Islands]].<ref>{{GRIN | accessdate = 15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=EMNI|work=PLANTS|title=Empetrum nigrum L.}}</ref> It is usually [[Dioecy|dioecious]], but there is a [[Plant reproductive morphology#Variations|bisexual]] [[Polyploidy|tetraploid]] subspecies, '''''Empetrum nigrum'' ssp. ''hermaphroditum''''', that occurs in more northerly locations and at higher altitude.<ref>[[Clive A. Stace|Stace, C. A.]] (2010) ''New Flora of the British Isles'', 3rd edition. Cambridge University press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-70772-5}}. pp. 525.</ref><ref>[http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/erica/empet/empenig.html Kråkbär] {{sv icon}}</ref>
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| − | Evolutionary biologists have explained the striking geographic distribution of crowberries as a result of long-distance migratory birds dispersing seeds from one pole to the other.<ref name=poppmirrebrochmann>{{cite journal|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/108/16/6520.full|title=A single Mid-Pleistocene long-distance dispersal by a bird can explain the extreme bipolar disjunction in crowberries|author=Magnus Popp|author2=Virginia Mirré|author3=Christian Brochmann|journal=[[PNAS]]|volume=108|issue=16|editor=Peter H. Raven|place=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]], [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]]|pages=6520–6525|doi=10.1073/pnas.1012249108}}</ref>
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| − | The metabolism and photosynthetic parameters of ''Empetrum'' can be altered in winter-warming experiments.<ref>Bokhorst S, Bjerke JW, Davey MP, Taulavuori K, Taulavuori E, Laine K, Callaghan TV, Phoenix GK. 2010. Impacts of extreme winter warming events on plant physiology in a sub-Arctic heath community. ''[[Physiologia Plantarum]]''. 140(2): 128-140.</ref>
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| − | ==Description==
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| − | The [[Leaf|leaves]] are {{convert|3-6|mm|abbr=on}} long, [[Phyllotaxis|arranged]] alternately along the stem. The [[fruit]]s are [[drupe]]s, {{convert|4-6|mm|abbr=on}} wide, usually black or purplish-black but occasionally red.<ref name=jepson>{{cite web|url=http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=24229|title=Jepson eFlora: ''Empetrum nigrum''|work=[[University and Jepson Herbaria]]|publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]]|accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref>
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| − | The fruits contain mostly water. Their vitamin content is low, as is the concentration of volatile liquids, the lack of which makes them almost odorless. The acidity is lower than is typically encountered in forest berries, and benzene acids are almost absent.{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}}
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| − | [[Image:Empetrum.jpg|thumb|The yellow-leaved cultivar ''Empetrum nigrum'' 'Lucia']]
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| − | ==Subspecies==
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| − | * [[Empetrum nigrum subsp. asiaticum|''Empetrum nigrum'' subsp. ''asiaticum'']] <small>(Nakai ex H.Ito) Kuvaev</small> – Korean crowberry<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=456|access-date=24 December 2016|via=[[Korea Forest Service]]|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017|df=}}</ref>
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| − | ==Cultivation and uses==
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| − | ''E. nigrum'' can be grown in acidic soils in shady, moist areas. It can be grown for the edible fruit, as a [[ground cover]],<ref name="pfaf">{{cite web|url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Empetrum+nigrum|title=Empetrum nigrum - L.|work=Plants for a Future|accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref> or as an [[ornamental plant]] in [[rock garden]]s, notably the yellow-foliaged [[cultivar]] 'Lucia'. The fruit is high in [[anthocyanin]] pigment, and can be used to make a natural food dye.<ref name=pfaf/>
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| − | After waning popularity, ''E. nigrum'' is regaining its reputation as an edible fruit. It provides a steady crop and the gathering is relatively easy. Cooking enhances the flavor. The fruits make good pie and jam.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
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| − | In subarctic areas, ''E. nigrum'' has been a vital addition to the diet of the [[Inuit]] and the [[Sami people|Sami]]. The [[Dena'ina]] (Tanaina) harvest it for food, sometimes storing in quantity for winter, and like it mixed with lard or oil. The fruits are usually collected in fall, but if not picked they may persist on the plant and can be picked in the spring. They keep well in a cool place without any special preparation. The Inuit and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] mix them with other berries, especially [[Blueberry|blueberries]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}
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| − | The leaves and stems are used in Dena'ina medicine for diarrhea and stomach problems; they are boiled or soaked in hot water, and the strained liquid drunk. In Dena'ina plantlore in the Outer and Upper Inlet area of [[Lake Clark]], the root is also used as a medicine, being used to remove a growth on an eye and to heal sore eyes. The roots are boiled and the eyes are washed with the strained, cooled tea, to which a little sugar may be added.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}
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| − | In [[Labrador]], where the name "blackberry" is used, the smoke of the burning stems and leaves is used to smoke fish, notably [[Salmon]], [[Sea trout|Sea Trout]] and [[Arctic char|Arctic Char]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| − | {{Reflist}}
| + | <references/> |
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| − | {{Commons}}
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| − | *[http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/empnig/all.html Forest Service Fire Ecology]
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| − | {{Taxonbar|from=Q202305}}
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| − | [[Category:Empetrum|nigrum]] | + | [[Category:Ericaceae]] |
| − | [[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
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| − | [[Category:Greenlandic cuisine]]
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| − | [[Category:Flora of Subarctic America]]
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| − | [[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
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