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| − | {{Other uses|vanilla (disambiguation)}}
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| − | {{Refimprove|date=May 2009}}
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| − | {{DISPLAYTITLE:''Vanilla'' (genus)}}
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| | {{Automatic taxobox | | {{Automatic taxobox |
| | | name = ''Vanilla'' | | | name = ''Vanilla'' |
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| | | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | | | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] |
| | | subdivision = see [[List of Vanilla species|List of ''Vanilla'' species]] | | | subdivision = see [[List of Vanilla species|List of ''Vanilla'' species]] |
| − | | synonyms_ref = <ref name="beans"/>
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| | | synonyms = *''Vanillophorum'' <small>Neck.</small> | | | synonyms = *''Vanillophorum'' <small>Neck.</small> |
| | *''Myrobroma'' <small>Salisb.</small> | | *''Myrobroma'' <small>Salisb.</small> |
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| | | range_map_caption = Green: Distribution of ''Vanilla'' species | | | range_map_caption = Green: Distribution of ''Vanilla'' species |
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| − | '''''Vanilla''''', the '''vanilla orchids''', forms a [[flowering plant]] [[genus]] of about 110 [[species]] in the orchid [[family (biology)|family]] ([[Orchidaceae]]). The most widely known member is the [[flat-leaved vanilla]] (''[[Vanilla planifolia|V. planifolia]]''), native to Mexico, from which commercial [[vanilla]] flavoring is derived. It is the only orchid widely used for industrial purposes in flavoring such products as foods, beverages and cosmetics, and is recognized as the most popular [[aroma]] and [[flavor]].<ref name="sinha">{{cite journal|pmid=17886091|year=2008|author1=Sinha|first1=A. K.|title=A comprehensive review on vanilla flavor: Extraction, isolation and quantification of vanillin and others constituents|journal=International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition|volume=59|issue=4|pages=299–326|last2=Sharma|first2=U. K.|last3=Sharma|first3=N|doi=10.1080/09687630701539350}}</ref> The key constituent imparting its popular characteristics is the [[phenolic aldehyde]], [[vanillin]].<ref name="tak">{{cite journal|authors=Takahashi M, Inai Y, Miyazawa N, Kurobayashi Y, Fujita A|pmid=23470766|title=Identification of the key odorants in Tahitian cured vanilla beans (Vanilla tahitensis) by GC-MS and an aroma extract dilution analysis|journal=Biosci Biotechnol Biochem|year=2013|volume=77|issue=3|pages=601–5|doi=10.1271/bbb.120840|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb/77/3/77_120840/_pdf}}</ref>
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| − | This evergreen genus occurs worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, from [[Neotropic ecozone|tropical America]] to [[tropical Asia]], [[New Guinea]] and [[West Africa]].<ref name="beans">{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=211829|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|work=kew.org}}</ref> Five species are known from the contiguous United States, all limited to southern Florida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=134375|title=Vanilla in Flora of North America @ efloras.org|work=efloras.org}}</ref>
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| − | The genus was established in 1754 by Plumier, based on J. Miller. The word vanilla, derived from the diminutive of the Spanish word vaina (vaina itself meaning sheath or pod), simply translates as little pod.
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| − | == Description ==
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| − | {{refimprove section|date=March 2017}}
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| − | [[File:Vanilla planifolia.jpeg|thumb|left|[[Flat-leaved Vanilla]] (''Vanilla planifolia'') habitus]]
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| − | This genus of [[vine]]-like plants has a [[monopodial]] climbing [[Morphology (biology)|habitus]]. They can form long thin stems with a length of more than 35 m, with alternate [[Leaf|leaves]] spread along their length. The short, oblong, dark green leaves of ''Vanilla'' are thick and leathery, even fleshy in some species. But there are also a significant number of species that have their leaves reduced to [[scale (zoology)|scale]]s or have become nearly or totally leafless and appear to use their green climbing stems for [[photosynthesis]]. Long and strong [[aerial root]]s grow from each node.
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| − | The [[raceme|racemose]] [[inflorescence]]'s short-lived [[flower]]s arise successively on short [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]]s from the leaf axils or scales. There may be up to 100 flowers on a single raceme, but usually no less than 20. The flowers are quite large and attractive with white, green, greenish yellow or cream colors. The flowers' [[sepal]]s and [[petal]]s are similar. The [[Labellum (botany)|lip]] is tubular-shaped and surrounds the long, bristly [[column (botany)|column]], opening up, as the bell of a trumpet, at its apex. The [[anther]] is at the top of the column and hangs over the [[carpel|stigma]], separated by the rostellum. Most ''Vanilla'' flowers have a sweet scent.
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| − | Blooming occurs only when the flowers are fully grown. Each flower opens up in the morning and closes late in the afternoon on the same day, never to reopen. If [[pollination]] has not occurred meanwhile, it will be shed. The flowers are self-fertile, but need pollinators to perform this task. The flowers are presumed to be pollinated by [[stingless bee]]s (e.g. ''[[Melipona]]'') and certain [[hummingbird]]s, which visit the flowers primarily for [[nectar]]. [[Hand pollination]] is the most reliable method in commercially grown vanilla.<ref name=mauseth/> Vanilla plantations require trees for the orchids to climb and anchor by its roots.<ref name="mauseth">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Y4WkDAAAQBAJ&pg=656#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Botany: An Introduction To Plant Biology, 6th edition|last=Mauseth|first=James|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|year=2016|isbn=1284123588|location=|pages=656}}</ref>
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| − | The fruit is termed '''"vanilla bean"''', though true [[bean]]s are [[fabaceae]]n [[eudicot]]s not at all closely related to orchids. Rather, the vanilla fruit is technically an elongate, fleshy and later [[dehiscent]] [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]] 10–20 cm long. It ripens gradually for 8 to 9 months after flowering, eventually turning black in color and giving off a strong aroma. Each pod contains thousands of minute [[seed]]s, and both the pods and seeds within are used to create vanilla flavoring. Vanilla beans are harvested by hand from commercial orchards.<ref name=mauseth/>
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| − | ''Vanilla'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, such as the [[Arctiidae|wooly bear moth]]s ''[[Hypercompe eridanus]]'' and ''[[Hypercompe icasia|H. icasia]]''. Off-season or when abandoned, they may serve as habitat for animals of open forest, e.g. on the [[Comoros]] for [[Robert Mertens' Day Gecko]] (''Phelsuma robertmertensi'').
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| − | == Selected species ==<!-- those with common names and those that have articles -->
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| − | The taxonomy of the genus ''Vanilla'' is complex.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bory |first=Séverine |author2=Michel Grisoni |author3=Marie-France Duval |author4=Pascale Besse|date=July 21, 2007|title=Biodiversity and preservation of vanilla: present state of knowledge|journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution|publisher=Springer Netherlands|volume=55|issue= 4 |pages=551–571|issn=1573-5109 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/p1k3k0288m4v0513/|doi=10.1007/s10722-007-9260-3}}</ref>
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| − | see [[List of Vanilla species|List of ''Vanilla'' species]]
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| − | This is a partial list of species or synonyms:
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| − | [[Image:Vanilla pompona (Botanischer Garten TU Darmstadt).jpg|thumb|right|[[Pompona vanilla]] (''[[Vanilla pompona]]'')]]
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla albida]]''
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla andamanica]]''
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla aphylla]]'' <small>Blume</small> – [[Leafless vanilla]]
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla atropogon]]''
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla bahiana]]''
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla barbellata]]'' – [[Small bearded vanilla]], [[wormvine orchid]], "leafless vanilla"
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla chamissonis]]'' <small>Klotzsch</small> – [[Chamisso's vanilla]]
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla claviculata]]'' – [[Green withe]]
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla dilloniana]]'' – [[Dillon's vanilla]], "leafless vanilla"
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla edwallii]]'' – [[Edwall's vanilla]]
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla humblotii]]''
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla mexicana]]'' <small>Mill.</small> – [[Mexican vanilla]]
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla moonii]]''
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla odorata]]'' <small>C.Presl</small> – [[Inflated vanilla]]
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla phaeantha]]'' – [[Leafy vanilla]]
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla pilifera]]'' <small>Holttum</small>
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla planifolia]]'' <small>Andrews</small> – [[Flat-leaved vanilla]], Tahitian vanilla, "West Indian vanilla"
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla poitaei]]'' – [[Poiteau's vanilla]]
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla polylepis]]''
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla pompona]]'' <small>Schiede</small> – [[Pompona vanilla]], [[Guadeloupe vanilla]], "West Indian vanilla"
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla raabii]]''
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla roscheri]]''
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla siamensis]]'' – [[Thai vanilla]]
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla somai]]''
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla tahitensis]]''
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| − | * ''[[Vanilla walkeriae]]''<ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?12636 |title=GRIN Species Records of ''Vanilla'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2011-03-02}}</ref>
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| − | ==Aroma and flavor==
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| − | {{Main|Vanilla}} {{See also|Vanilla extract}}
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| − | Regarded as the world's most popular aroma and flavor,<ref name="rain">{{cite book|author=Rain, Patricia|title=Vanilla: The Cultural History of the World's Most Popular Flavor and Fragrance|isbn=9781585423637|publisher=Tarcher|year=2004}}</ref> vanilla contains the [[phenolic aldehyde]], [[vanillin]], as well as [[anisaldehyde]], together accounting for its predominant sensory characteristics.<ref name=tak/> Vanilla is a widely used aroma and flavor compound for foods, beverages and cosmetics,<ref name=sinha/><ref name=rain/> as indicated by its popularity as an [[ice cream]] flavor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idfa.org/news-views/news-releases/article/2013/07/23/vanilla-remains-top-ice-cream-flavor-with-americans|title= Vanilla remains top ice cream flavor with Americans|publisher=International Dairy Foods Association, Washington, DC|date=23 July 2013|accessdate=29 August 2016}}</ref>
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| − | == References ==
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| − | {{Reflist|2}}
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| | == External links == | | == External links == |
| − | {{commons|Vanilla}}
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| − | {{wikispecies|Vanilla}}
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| | * [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Vanilla&page=quickSearch World Checklist of Vanilla at Kew] | | * [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Vanilla&page=quickSearch World Checklist of Vanilla at Kew] |
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| − | {{taxonbar}} | + | ==Acknowledgements== |
| | + | {{Wikipedia|title=Vanilla (genus)}} |
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| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Vanilla (Genus)}}
| + | [[Category:Orchidaceae]] |
| − | [[Category:Vanilla| ]]
| + | [[Category:Plants Keenan has eaten]] |
| − | [[Category:Vanilleae]]
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| − | [[Category:Vanilloideae genera]]
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| − | [[Category:Pollination management]]
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| − | [[Category:Vines]]
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| − | [[Category:Extant Albian first appearances]]
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| − | [[Category:Early Cretaceous life of Africa]]
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| − | [[Category:Early Cretaceous life of Asia]]
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| − | [[Category:Early Cretaceous life of North America]] | |
| − | [[Category:Early Cretaceous life of South America]] | |
