Pinaceae

Pinaceae
Larix (golden), Abies (central foreground) and Pinus (right foreground)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Pinaceae Lindley, 1836
Genera (no. of species)
Subfamily Pinoideae Pinus – pines (c. 115) Subfamily Piceoideae Picea – spruces (c. 35) Subfamily Laricoideae Cathaya (1 species) Larix – larches (about 14) Pseudotsuga – Douglas-firs (5) Subfamily Abietoideae Pseudolarix – golden larch (1) Abies – firs (about 50) Cedrus – cedars (2–4) Keteleeria (3) Nothotsuga (1) Tsuga – hemlock (9)

The Pinaceae (pine family) are trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as cedars, firs, hemlocks, larches, pines and spruces. The family is included in the order Pinales, formerly known as Coniferales. Pinaceae are supported as monophyletic by their protein-type sieve cell plastids, pattern of proembryogeny, and lack of bioflavonoids. They are the largest extant conifer family in species diversity, with between 220 and 250 species (depending on taxonomic opinion) in 11 genera, and the second-largest (after Cupressaceae) in geographical range, found in most of the Northern Hemisphere, with the majority of the species in temperate climates, but ranging from subarctic to tropical. The family often forms the dominant component of boreal, coastal, and montane forests. One species, Pinus merkusii, grows just south of the equator in Southeast Asia. Major centres of diversity are found in the mountains of southwest China, Mexico, central Japan, and California.

Description

Pine Forest in Vagamon, Southern Western Ghats, Kerala (India)

Members of the family Pinaceae are trees (rarely shrubs) growing from 2 to 100 m (7 to 300 ft) tall, mostly evergreen (except the deciduous Larix and Pseudolarix), resinous, monoecious, with subopposite or whorled branches, and spirally arranged, linear (needle-like) leaves. The embryos of Pinaceae have three to 24 cotyledons.

The female cones are large and usually woody, 2–60 cm (1–24 in) long, with numerous spirally arranged scales, and two winged seeds on each scale. The male cones are small, 0.5–6.0 cm (0.2–2 in) long, and fall soon after pollination; pollen dispersal is by wind. Seed dispersal is mostly by wind, but some species have large seeds with reduced wings, and are dispersed by birds. Analysis of Pinaceae cones reveals how selective pressure has shaped the evolution of variable cone size and function throughout the family. Variation in cone size in the family has likely resulted from the variation of seed dispersal mechanisms available in their environments over time. All Pinaceae with seeds weighing less than 90 mg are seemingly adapted for wind dispersal. Pines having seeds larger than 100 mg are more likely to have benefited from adaptations that promote animal dispersal, particularly by birds. Pinaceae that persist in areas where tree squirrels are abundant do not seem to have evolved adaptations for bird dispersal.

Boreal conifers have many adaptions for winter. The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs help them shed snow, and many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing, called "hardening".

Classification

Classification of the subfamilies and genera of Pinaceae has been subject to debate in the past. Pinaceae ecology, morphology, and history have all been used as the basis for methods of analyses of the family. An 1891 publication divided the family into two subfamiles, using the number and position of resin canals in the primary vascular region of the young taproot as the primary consideration. In a 1910 publication, the family was divided into two tribes based on the occurrence and type of long–short shoot dimorphism. A more recent classification divided the subfamilies and genera based on the consideration of features of ovulate cone anatomy among extant and fossil members of the family. Below is an example of how the morphology has been used to classify Pinaceae. The 11 genera are grouped into four subfamilies, based on the morphology of the cones, seeds, and leaves:

• Subfamily Pinoideae (Pinus): Cones are biennial, rarely triennial, with each year's scale-growth distinct, forming an umbo on each scale, the cone scale base is broad, concealing the seeds fully from abaxial view, the seed is without resin vesicles, the seed wing holds the seed in a pair of claws, leaves have primary stomatal bands adaxial (above the xylem) or equally on both surfaces.
• Subfamily Piceoideae (Picea): Cones are annual, without a distinct umbo, the cone scale base is broad, concealing the seeds fully from abaxial view, seed is without resin vesicles, blackish, the seed wing holds the seed loosely in a cup, leaves have primary stomatal bands adaxial (above the xylem) or equally on both surfaces.
• Subfamily Laricoideae (Larix, Cathaya and Pseudotsuga): Cones are annual, without a distinct umbo, the cone scale base is broad, concealing the seeds fully from abaxial view, the seed is without resin vesicles, whitish, the seed wing holds the seed tightly in a cup, leaves have primary stomatal bands abaxial (below the phloem vessels) only.
• Subfamily Abietoideae (Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga and Tsuga): Cones are annual, without a distinct umbo, the cone scale base is narrow, with the seeds partly visible in abaxial view, the seed has resin vesicles, the seed wing holds the seed tightly in a cup, leaves have primary stomatal bands abaxial (below the phloem vessels) only.

Further reading

• Heinz-Dietmar Behnke (1974). "Sieve element plastids of Gymnospermae: their ultrastructure and relation to systematics". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 123 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1007/BF00983281.
• D. F. Greene & E. A. Johnson (1990). "The dispersal of winged fruits and seeds differing in autorotative behavior". Canadian Journal of Botany. 68 (12): 2693–2697. doi:10.1139/b90-340.
• A. Liston, D. S. Gernandt, T. F. Vining, C. S. Campbell & D. Piñero (2003). R.; nbsp; R. Mill, eds. Molecular phylogeny of Pinaceae and Pinus. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conifer Conference. Acta Horticulturae. 615. Brugge: International Society for Horticultural Science. pp. 107–114.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Zsolt Debreczy; Istvan Racz (2012). Conifers Around the World. DendroPress. ISBN 9632190610.

External links

• Arboretum de Villardebelle French Arboretum of conifers around the world
• Gymnosperm Database – Pinaceae
• Pinaceae on the web page of the Tree-of-Life project
• 40 Pine Trees From Around the World by The Spruce
• Key to Pinaceae from the Jepson Manual, covers Californian species and much of western North America
• Pinaceae in Flora of North America
• Pinus in USDA Plants Database