Difference between revisions of "Gentianaceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Gentianaceae]]
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|name = Gentian family
 
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|image = GentianaAcaulisRannoch.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''[[Gentiana acaulis]]''
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Gentianales]]
 
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|familia = '''Gentianaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|type_genus = ''[[Gentiana]]''
 
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|type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
 
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|}}
 
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'''Gentianaceae''' is a family of [[flowering plant]]s of 87 genera and about 1600 species.<ref name="Struwe2002">{{cite book|author=Struwe L, Albert VA|year=2002|title=Gentianaceae: systematics and natural history|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ISBN=0-521-80999-1}}</ref>
 
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==Etymology==
 
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The family takes its name from the genus ''[[Gentiana]]'', named after the Illyrian king [[Gentius]].
 
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==Distribution==
 
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Distribution is [[cosmopolitan (species)|cosmopolitan]].
 
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==Characteristics==
 
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The family consists of trees, shrubs and herbs showing a wide range of colours and floral patterns. [[Flower]]s are [[actinomorphic]] and bisexual with fused sepals and petals. The [[stamen]]s are attached to the inside of the petals ([[Stamens#Sexual reproduction in plants|epipetalous]]) and alternate with the corolla lobes. There is a glandular disk at the base of the gynoecium, and flowers have parietal placentation. The [[inflorescence]] is cymose, with simple or complex [[Cyme (botany)|cymes]]. The [[fruit]]s are dehiscent septicidal capsules splitting into two halves, rarely some species have a [[berry (botany)|berry]]. Seeds are small with copiously oily endosperms and a straight embryo. The habit varies from small [[tree]]s, pachycaul [[shrub]]s to (usually) [[herb]]s, with ascending, erect or twining stems. Plants are usually rhizomatous. Leaves [[opposite leaves|opposite]], less often alternate or in some species whorled, simple in shape, with entire edges and bases [[connation|connately]] attached to the stem. Stipules are absent. Plants usually accumulate bitter [[iridoid]] substances; bicollateral bundles are present. Ecologically, partial [[myco-heterotrophy]] is common among species in this family with a few genera such as ''[[Voyria]]'' and ''[[Voyriella]]'' lacking [[chlorophyll]] and being fully myco-heterotrophic.
 
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==Ecology==
 
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Some of these plants have limited ranges and are protected under governmental oversight. For example, ''[[Gentianella uliginosa]]'' (Dune Gentian), which occurs in some limited areas of [[Wales]] and [[Scotland]], is a priority species under the [[Biodiversity Action Plan]] of the [[United Kingdom]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}
 
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==Biogeographic History==
 
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Gentianaceae are distributed worldwide, but most species occur in [[Temperate climate|temperate]] zones. According to Merckx et al.,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Merckx|first1=Vincent S.F.T.|last2=Kissling|first2=Jonathan|last3=Hentrich|first3=Heiko|last4=Janssens|first4=Steven B.|last5=Mennes|first5=Constantijn B.|last6=Specht|first6=Chelsea D.|last7=Smets|first7=Erik F.|title=Phylogenetic relationships of the mycoheterotrophic genus Voyria and the implication for the biogeographic history of Gentianaceae|journal=American Journal of Botany|volume=100|issue=4|pages=712–721|doi=10.3732/ajb.1200330|url=http://www.amjbot.org/content/early/2013/03/26/ajb.1200330.full.pdf+html}}</ref> the [[neotropics]] were an important area for the early diversification events in Gentianaceae, most of which occurring during the [[Eocene]]. However, Pirie et al.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pirie|first1=Michael|last2=Litsios|first2=Glenn|last3=Bellstedt|first3=Dirk|last4=Salamin|first4=Nicolas|last5=Kissling|first5=Jonathan|title=Back to Gondwanaland: can ancient vicariance explain (some) Indian Ocean disjunct plant distributions?|journal=Biology Letters|volume=11|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2015.0086|url=http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/11/6/20150086|pmid=26063747|pmc=4528461|page=20150086}}</ref> suggested that ancient [[vicariance]] cannot be ruled out as an explanation for the early origins of [[Exaceae]] across [[Africa]], [[Madagascar]] and the Indian subcontinent unless a strong assumption is made about the maximum age of [[Gentianales]].
 
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==Uses==
 
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Economically, some species are cultivated [[ornamental plant]]s and many species yield bitter principles used medicinally and in flavorings.
 
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==Taxonomy==
 
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The family was described for the first time by [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] in 1789.
 
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===Tribes===
 
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*tribe [[Chironieae]] <small>([[George Don|G.Don]]) [[Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher|Endl.]]</small>
 
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**subtribe Canscorinae <small>Thiv & Kadereit</small>
 
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**subtribe Chironiinae <small>[[George Don|G.Don]]</small>
 
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**subtribe Coutoubeinae <small>[[George Don|G.Don]]</small>
 
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*tribe [[Exaceae]]  <small>[[Luigi Aloysius Colla|Colla]]</small>
 
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*tribe [[Gentianeae]] <small>[[Luigi Aloysius Colla|Colla]]</small>
 
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**subtribe Gentianinae <small>[[George Don|G.Don]]</small>
 
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**subtribe Swertiinae <small>([[August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach|Griseb.]]) [[Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach|Rchb.]]</small>
 
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*tribe [[Helieae]] <small>Gilg</small>
 
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*tribe [[Potalieae]] <small>[[Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach|Rchb.]]</small>
 
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**subtribe Faroinae <small>Struwe & V.A.Albert</small>
 
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**subtribe Lisianthiinae <small>[[George Don|G.Don]]</small>
 
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**subtribe Potaliinae <small>([[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart.]]) Progel</small>
 
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*tribe [[Saccifolieae]]  <small>(Maguire & Pires) Struwe, Thiv, V.A.Albert & Kadereit</small>
 
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*''incertae sedis [[Voyria]]''
 
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===Genera===
 
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{{div col|3}}
 
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*''[[Adenolisianthus]]'' <small>(Progel) Gilg</small>
 
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*''[[Anthocleista]]'' <small>[[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Aripuana]]'' <small>Struwe, Maas & V.A.Albert</small>
 
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*''[[Bartonia]]'' <small>H.L.Mühl. ex [[Carl Ludwig von Willdenow|Willd.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Bisgoeppertia]]'' <small>[[Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]</small>
 
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*''[[Blackstonia]]'' <small>Huds.</small>
 
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*''[[Calolisianthus]]'' <small>Gilg</small>
 
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*''[[Canscora]]'' <small>[[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Celiantha]]'' <small>Maguire</small>
 
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*''[[Centaurium]]'' <small>Hill</small>
 
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*''[[Chelonanthus]]'' <small>Gilg</small>
 
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*''[[Chironia]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Chorisepalum]]'' <small>Gleason & Wodehouse</small>
 
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*''[[Cicendia]]'' <small>[[Michel Adanson|Adans.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Comastoma]]'' <small>(Wettst.) Toyok.</small>
 
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*''[[Congolanthus]]'' <small>A.Raynal</small>
 
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*''[[Cotylanthera]]'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]</small>
 
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*''[[Coutoubea]]'' <small>[[Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet|Aubl.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Cracosna]]'' <small>[[François Gagnepain|Gagnep.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Crawfurdia]]'' <small>[[Nathaniel Wallich|Wall.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Curtia]]'' <small>[[Adelbert von Chamisso|Cham.]]  & [[Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal|Schltdl.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Deianira (genus)|Deianira]]'' <small>[[Adelbert von Chamisso|Cham.]]  & [[Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal|Schltdl.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Djaloniella]]'' <small>P.Taylor</small>
 
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*''[[Enicostema]]'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]</small>
 
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*''[[Eustoma]]'' <small>[[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Exaculum]]'' <small>Caruel</small>
 
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*''[[Exacum]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Exochaenium]]'' <small>[[August Grisebach|Griseb.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Fagraea]]'' <small>[[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunb.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Faroa]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Welwitsch|Welw.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Frasera]]'' <small>Walter</small>
 
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*''[[Geniostemon]]'' <small>Engelm. & [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]</small>
 
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*''[[Gentiana]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Gentianella]]'' <small>[[Conrad Moench|Moench]]</small>
 
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*''[[Gentianopsis]]'' <small>Ma</small>
 
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*''[[Gentianothamnus]]'' <small>Humbert.</small>
 
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*''[[Halenia]]'' <small>Borkh.</small>
 
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*''[[Helia (genus)|Helia]]'' <small>[[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Hockinia]]'' <small>Gardner</small>
 
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*''[[Hoppea]]'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig von Willdenow|Willd.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Irlbachia]]'' <small>[[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Ixanthus]]'' <small>[[August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach|Griseb.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Jaeschkea]]'' <small>[[Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz|Kurz]]</small>
 
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*''[[Karina (genus)|Karina]]'' <small>Boutique</small>
 
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*''[[Klackenbergia]]'' <small>Kissling</small>
 
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*''[[Lagenanthus]]'' <small>Gilg</small>
 
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*''[[Lagenias]]'' <small>E.Mey.</small>
 
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*''[[Latouchea]]'' <small>[[Adrien René Franchet|Franch.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Lehmanniella]]'' <small>Gilg</small>
 
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*''[[Lisianthius]]'' <small>P.Browne</small>
 
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*''[[Lomatogonium]]'' <small>A.Braun</small>
 
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*''[[Macrocarpaea]]'' <small>([[August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach|Griseb.]]) Gilg</small>
 
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*''[[Megacodon]]'' <small>([[William Hemsley (botanist)|Hemsl.]]) Harry Sm.</small>
 
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*''[[Microrphium]]'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>
 
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*''[[Monodiella]]'' <small>Maire</small>
 
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*''[[Neblinantha]]'' <small>Maguire</small>
 
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*''[[Neurotheca]]'' <small>[[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisb.]] ex [[George Bentham|Benth.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Obolaria]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Oreonesion]]'' <small>A.Raynal</small>
 
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*''[[Ornichia]]'' <small>Klack.</small>
 
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*''[[Orphium]]'' <small>[[Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer|E.Mey.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Phyllocyclus]]'' <small>[[Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz|Kurz]]</small>
 
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*''[[Potalia]]'' <small>[[Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet|Aubl.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Prepusa (plant)|Prepusa]]'' <small>[[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Pterygocalyx]]'' <small>Maxim.</small>
 
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*''[[Purdieanthus]]'' <small>Gilg</small>
 
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*''[[Pycnosphaera]]'' <small>Gilg</small>
 
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*''[[Rogersonanthus]]'' <small>Maguire & Pires</small>
 
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*''[[Sabatia]]'' <small>[[Michel Adanson|Adans.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Saccifolium]]'' <small>Maguire & Pires</small>
 
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*''[[Schinziella]]'' <small>Gilg</small>
 
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*''[[Schultesia]]'' <small>[[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Mart.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Sebaea]]'' <small>[[Daniel Solande|Sol.]] ex [[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Senaea]]'' <small>Taub.</small>
 
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*''[[Sipapoantha]]'' <small>Maguire & B.M.Boom</small>
 
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*''[[Swertia]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Symbolanthus]]'' <small>[[George Don|G.Don]]</small>
 
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*''[[Tachia (genus)|Tachia]]'' <small>[[Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet|Aubl.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Tachiadenus]]'' <small>[[August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach|Griseb.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Tapeinostemon]]'' <small>[[George Bentham|Benth.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Tetrapollinia]]'' <small>Maguire & B.M.Boom</small>
 
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*''[[Tripterospermum]]'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]</small>
 
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*''[[Urogentias]]'' <small>Gilg & Gilg-Ben.</small>
 
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*''[[Veratrilla]]'' <small>[[Henri Ernest Baillon|Baill.]] ex [[Adrien René Franchet|Franch.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Voyria]]'' <small>[[Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet|Aubl.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Voyriella]]'' <small>[[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Wurdackanthus]]'' <small>Maguire</small>
 
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*''[[Xestaea]]'' <small>[[August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach|Griseb.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Zonanthus]]'' <small>[[August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach|Griseb.]]</small>
 
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*''[[Zygostigma]]'' <small>[[August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach|Griseb.]]</small>
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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==Phylogeny==
 
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{{clade
 
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|label1='''Gentianaceae'''
 
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|1={{clade
 
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  |1=[[Saccifolieae]]
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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      |1=[[Exaceae]]
 
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      |2={{clade
 
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        |1=[[Chironieae]]
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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        |1=[[Helieae]]
 
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        |2=[[Potalieae]]
 
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                |3=[[Gentianeae]]
 
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        }}
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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  }}
 
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}}
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{commons|Gentianaceae}}
 
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{{wikispecies|Gentianaceae}}
 
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*[http://gentian.rutgers.edu Gentian Research Network]
 
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[[Category:Gentianaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Asterid families]]
 

Latest revision as of 10:58, 30 September 2017

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