Difference between revisions of "Verbenaceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Verbenaceae]]
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|image = Lantana.jpg
 
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|image_caption = Flowers, fruit and (right) leaves of a ''[[Lantana]]'' [[cultivar]]
 
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|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Lamiales]]
 
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|familia =  '''Verbenaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire|J.St.-Hil.]]<ref name=GRIN>{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?1176 | title = Family: ''Verbenaceae'' J. St.-Hil., nom. cons. | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network | publisher = United States Department of Agriculture | date = 2007-04-12 | accessdate=2011-10-10}}</ref>
 
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|synonyms =
 
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*Durantaceae <small>J.Agardh</small>
 
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*Petreaceae <small>J.Agardh</small>
 
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| synonyms_ref = &nbsp;<ref name=GRIN/>
 
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}}
 
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The '''Verbenaceae''' {{IPAc-en|v|3r|b|i:|'|n|ay|s|ee}} are a [[family (biology)|family]],  commonly known as the '''verbena family''' or '''vervain family''', of mainly [[tropical]] [[flowering plant]]s. It contains [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, and [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] notable for [[Head (botany)|heads]], [[Raceme|spikes]], or [[Inflorescence|clusters]] of small [[flower]]s, many of which have an aromatic smell.<ref name ="stevens2001">{{cite book|last=Stevens|first=P. F.|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/|title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|chapter=Verbenaceae|chapter-url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APWeb/orders/Lamialesweb.htm#Verbenaceae|date=July 12, 2012|accessdate=September 24, 2013}}</ref>
 
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Recent [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] studies<ref name=Cantino>Cantino, P.D., Harley, R.M. & Wagstaff, S.J. 1992. Genera of Labiatae: status and classification. Pp. 511-522. In Harley, R.M. & Reynolds, T. (eds) ''Advances in Labiate Science.'' Richmond, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref> have shown that numerous [[genera]] traditionally classified in Verbenaceae belong instead in [[Lamiaceae]]. The new narrowly circumscribed Verbenaceae family includes some 35 genera and 1,200 [[species]].<ref name=APW>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Lamiales|title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website - Lamiales | publisher = [[Missouri Botanical Garden]]|accessdate=September 24, 2013}}</ref><ref name=Heywood>Heywood, V.H., Brummitt, R.K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. 2007: Flowering Plant Families of the World. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref> The mangrove genus ''[[Avicennia]]'', sometimes placed in the Verbenaceae<ref name="Elsevier">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjc5ZYWtkNAC |title=Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees: With Names in Latin, English, French, Spanish and Other Languages |first=Miroslav M. |last=Grandtner |volume=1 |publisher=Elsevier |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-444-51784-5 |page=88}}</ref> or in its own family, Avicenniaceae,<ref name="GilNelson">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wzmo7cHvhZkC |first=Gil |last=Nelson |title=The Trees of Florida: a Reference and Field Guide |publisher=Pineapple Press |isbn=978-1-56164-055-3 |year=1994 |page=52}}</ref> has been placed in the [[Acanthaceae]].<ref name=APW/>
 
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Economically important Verbenaceae include:
 
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* [[Lemon verbena]] (''Aloysia triphylla''), grown for aroma or flavoring
 
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* [[Verbena]]s or vervains (''Verbena''), some used in [[herbalism]], others grown in gardens
 
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==Genera==
 
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[[File:Duranta repens (Golden Dew Drops) W IMG 9162.jpg|thumb|Golden dew drops (''[[Duranta erecta]]'')]]
 
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[[File:Phyla nodiflora (Frog fruit) W IMG 9874.jpg|thumb|Frog fruit (''[[Phyla nodiflora]]'')]]
 
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[[File:Glandularia pulchella in Kadavoor.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Glandularia pulchella]]'' in [[Kerala]]]]
 
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The genera in the new narrowly circumscribed family:<ref name=GRINGenera>{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1176 | title = GRIN Genera of ''Verbenaceae'' | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network | publisher = United States Department of Agriculture | accessdate=2011-10-10}}</ref>
 
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{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
 
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* ''[[Acantholippia]]'' <small>Griseb.</small>
 
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* ''[[Aloysia]]'' <small>Palau</small> &ndash; beebrushes
 
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* ''[[Baillonia]]'' <small>Bocq.</small>
 
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* ''[[Bouchea]]'' <small>Cham.</small>
 
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* ''[[Burroughsia]]''
 
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* ''[[Casselia]]'' <small>Nees & Mart.</small>
 
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* ''[[Chascanum]]'' <small>E.Mey</small>
 
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* ''[[Citharexylum]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> &ndash; fiddlewoods
 
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* ''[[Coelocarpum]]'' <small>Balf.f.</small>
 
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* ''[[Diostea]]'' <small>Miers</small>
 
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* ''[[Dipyrena]]'' <small>Hook.</small>
 
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* ''[[Duranta]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Glandularia]]'' <small>J.F.Gmel.</small>
 
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* ''[[Hierobotana]]'' <small>Briq.</small>
 
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* ''[[Junellia]]''<!-- Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48 (2008) 23–33 --> <small>Moldenke</small>
 
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* ''[[Lampayo]]'' <small>F.Phil. ex Murillo</small>
 
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* ''[[Lantana]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; shrub verbenas, lantanas
 
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* ''[[Lippia]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Mulguraea]]'' <small>N.O’Leary & P.Peralta</small>
 
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* ''[[Nashia]]'' <small>[[Charles Frederick Millspaugh|Millsp.]]</small>
 
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* ''[[Neosparton]]'' <small>Griseb.</small>
 
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* ''[[Parodianthus]]'' <small>Tronc.</small>
 
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* ''[[Petrea]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; sandpaper vines
 
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* ''[[Phyla (genus)|Phyla]]'' <small>[[João de Loureiro|Lour.]]</small> &ndash; fogfruits
 
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* ''[[Pitraea]]'' <small>Turcz.</small>
 
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* ''[[Priva]]'' <small>Adans.</small>
 
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* ''[[Recordia]]'' <small>Moldenke</small>
 
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* ''[[Rehdera]]'' <small>Moldenke</small>
 
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* ''[[Rhaphithamnus]]'' <small>Miers</small>
 
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* ''[[Stachytarpheta]]'' <small>Vahl</small>
 
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* ''[[Stylodon]]'' <small>Raf.</small>
 
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* ''[[Tamonea]]'' <small>Aubl.</small>
 
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* ''[[Ubochea]]''
 
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* ''[[Urbania (genus)|Urbania]]''
 
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* ''[[Verbena]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; verbenas/vervains
 
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* ''[[Verbenoxylum]]'' <small>Tronc.</small>
 
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* ''[[Xeroaloysia]]'' <small>Tronc.</small>
 
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* ''[[Xolocotzia]]'' <small>Miranda</small>
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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=== Excluded genera ===
 
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Various genera formerly included in the family Verbenaceae are now treated under other families:<ref name=GRINExcluded>{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnothlist.pl?1176 | title = GRIN genera sometimes placed in ''Verbenaceae'' | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network | publisher = United States Department of Agriculture | accessdate=2011-10-10}}</ref>
 
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;Moved to [[Acanthaceae]]:
 
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* ''[[Avicennia]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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;Moved to [[Lamiaceae]]:
 
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{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
 
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* ''[[Amasonia]]'' <small>L.f.</small>
 
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* ''[[Brachysola]]'' <small>(F.Muell.) Rye</small>
 
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* ''[[Callicarpa]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Caryopteris]]'' <small>Bunge</small>
 
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* ''[[Chloanthes]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
 
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* ''[[Clerodendrum]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Congea]]'' <small>Roxb.</small>
 
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* ''[[Cornutia]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Cyanostegia]]'' <small>Turcz.</small>
 
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* ''[[Dicrastylis]]'' <small>J.Drumm. ex Harv.</small>
 
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* ''[[Discretitheca]]'' <small>P.D.Cantino</small>
 
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* ''[[Faradaya]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
 
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* ''[[Garrettia]]'' <small>H.R.Fletcher</small>
 
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* ''[[Glossocarya]]'' <small>Wall. ex Griff.</small>
 
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* ''[[Gmelina]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Hemiphora]]'' <small>(F.Muell.) F.Muell.</small>
 
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* ''[[Holmskioldia]]'' <small>Retz.</small>
 
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* ''[[Hosea (genus)|Hosea]]'' <small>Ridl.</small>
 
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* ''[[Hymenopyramis]]'' <small>Wall. ex Griff.</small>
 
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* ''[[Kalaharia (plant)|Kalaharia]]'' <small>Baill.</small>
 
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* ''[[Karomia]]'' <small>Dop</small>
 
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* ''[[Lachnostachys]]'' <small>Hook.</small>
 
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* ''[[Mallophora]]'' <small>Endl.</small>
 
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* ''[[Monochilus]]'' <small>Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</small>
 
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* ''[[Newcastelia]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
 
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* ''[[Oncinocalyx]]'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
 
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* ''[[Oxera]]'' <small>Labill.</small>
 
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* ''[[Peronema]]'' <small>Jack</small>
 
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* ''[[Petitia]]'' <small>Jacq.</small>
 
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* ''[[Petraeovitex]]'' <small>Oliv.</small>
 
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* ''[[Physopsis]]'' <small>Turcz.</small>
 
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* ''[[Pityrodia]]'' <small>R.Br.</small>
 
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* ''[[Premna]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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* ''[[Pseudocarpidium]]'' <small>Millsp.</small>
 
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* ''[[Pseudocaryopteris]]'' <small>P.D.Cantino</small>
 
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* ''[[Rotheca]]'' <small>Raf.</small>
 
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* ''[[Schnabelia]]'' <small>Hand.-Mazz.</small>
 
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* ''[[Spartothamnella]]'' <small>Briq.</small>
 
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* ''[[Sphenodesme]]'' <small>Jack</small>
 
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* ''[[Symphorema]]'' <small>Roxb.</small>
 
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* ''[[Teak|Tectona]]'' <small>L.f.</small>
 
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* ''[[Teijsmanniodendron]]'' <small>Koord.</small>
 
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* ''[[Teucridium]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
 
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* ''[[Tripora]]'' <small>P.D.Cantino</small>
 
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* ''[[Vitex]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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;Moved to [[Oleaceae]]:
 
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* ''[[Dimetra (genus)|Dimetra]]'' <small>Kerr</small>
 
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* ''[[Nyctanthes]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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;Moved to [[Orobanchaceae]]:
 
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{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
 
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* ''[[Asepalum]]'' <small>Marais</small>
 
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* ''[[Cyclocheilon]]'' <small>Oliv.</small>
 
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* ''[[Nesogenes]]'' <small>A.DC.</small>
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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;Moved to [[Phrymaceae]]:
 
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* ''[[Phryma]]'' <small>L.</small>
 
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;Moved to [[Stilbaceae]]:
 
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{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
 
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* ''[[Campylostachys]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
 
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* ''[[Euthystachys]]'' <small>A.DC.</small>
 
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* ''[[Stilbe (genus)|Stilbe]]'' <small>P.J.Bergius</small>
 
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* ''[[Thesmophora]]'' <small>Rourke</small>
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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== References ==
 
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{{Reflist|32em}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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*{{Commons category-inline}}
 
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*{{Wikispecies-inline}}
 
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*[http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?fam=Verbenaceae&gen=&spec=&flora_search=taxon Verbenaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF]
 
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[[Category:Verbenaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Lamiales families]]
 

Latest revision as of 19:58, 14 September 2017

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