Difference between revisions of "Campanulaceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Campanulaceae]]
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|name = Campanulaceae
 
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|image = Campanula_cespitosa.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''Campanula cespitosa''
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Asterales]]
 
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|familia = '''Campanulaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract |accessdate=2010-12-10 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
 
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|subdivision = See text.
 
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|}}
 
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The [[family (biology)|family]] '''Campanulaceae''' (also '''bellflower family'''), of the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Asterales]], contains nearly 2400 [[species]] in 84 [[genus|genera]] of [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[flowering plant|plants]], [[shrub]]s, and rarely small [[tree]]s, often with milky non-toxic [[sap]].<ref name=Lammers>{{cite journal
 
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| last = Lammers
 
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| first = Thomas
 
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| coauthors =
 
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| title = Revision of the Infrageneric Classification of Lobelia L. (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)
 
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| journal =Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
 
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| doi =10.3417/2007150
 
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| accessdate =
 
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| volume=98
 
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| pages=37–62
 
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| year = 2011
 
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}}</ref>  Among them are the familiar garden plants ''[[Campanula]]'' (bellflower), ''[[Lobelia]]'', and ''[[Platycodon]]'' (balloonflower).
 
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This family is almost [[cosmopolitan distribution|cosmopolitan]] but concentrated in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. However in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], [[South Africa]] is  remarkably rich in members of this family. These species are absent in the [[Sahara]], [[Antarctica]],  and northern [[Greenland]].
 
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Most current classifications include the segregate family Lobeliaceae in Campanulaceae as subfamily [[Lobelioideae]].
 
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==Description==
 
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[[Leaf|Leaves]] are often [[phyllotaxis#Pattern structure|alternate]], more rarely opposite. They are also simple and without [[stipule]]s.
 
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[[Flower]]s are [[plant sexuality#Terminology|bisexual]], bell-shaped, consisting of a narrow tube-like [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]] with small spreading [[Lobe (anatomy)|lobes]]. Many are blue.
 
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Fruits are [[berry (botany)|berries]] or [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]]s.
 
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==Subfamilies and genera==
 
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; Campanuloideae
 
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{{Div col||15em}}
 
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* ''[[Adenophora]]''
 
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* ''[[Astrocodon]]''
 
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* ''[[Asyneuma]]''
 
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* ''[[Azorina]]''
 
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* ''[[Berenice (plant)|Berenice]]''
 
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* ''[[Campanula]]'' – <small>Bellflower</small>
 
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* ''[[Canarina]]''
 
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* ''[[Codonopsis]]''
 
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* ''[[Craterocapsa]]''
 
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* ''[[Cryptocodon]]''
 
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* ''[[Cyananthus]]''
 
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* ''[[Cylindrocarpa]]''
 
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* ''[[Echinocodon]]''
 
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* ''[[Edraianthus]]''
 
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* ''[[Feeria]]''
 
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* ''[[Gadellia]]''
 
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* ''[[Githopsis]]'' – <small>Bluecup</small>
 
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* ''[[Gunillaea]]''
 
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* ''[[Hanabusaya]]''
 
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* ''[[Heterochaenia]]''
 
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* ''[[Heterocodon]]''
 
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* ''[[Homocodon]]''
 
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* ''[[Jasione]]''
 
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* ''[[Legousia]]'' – <small>Venus' Looking-glass</small>
 
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* ''[[Leptocodon]]''
 
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* ''[[Lightfootia]]''
 
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* ''[[Merciera]]''
 
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* ''[[Michauxia]]''
 
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* ''[[Microcodon]]''
 
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* ''[[Musschia]]''
 
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* ''[[Namacodon]]''
 
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* ''[[Nesocodon]]''
 
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* ''[[Numaeacampa]]''
 
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* ''[[Ostrowskia]]''
 
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* ''[[Peracarpa]]''
 
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* ''[[Petromarula]]''
 
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* ''[[Physoplexis]]''
 
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* ''[[Phyteuma]]''
 
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* ''[[Platycodon]]'' – <small>Balloonflower</small>
 
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* ''[[Popoviocodonia]]''
 
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* ''[[Prismatocarpus]]''
 
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* ''[[Rhigiophyllum]]''
 
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* ''[[Roella]]''
 
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* ''[[Sergia (plant)|Sergia]]''
 
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* ''[[Siphocodon]]''
 
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* ''[[Symphyandra]]''
 
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* ''[[Theilera]]''
 
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* ''[[Trachelium (plant)|Trachelium]]''
 
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* ''[[Treichelia]]''
 
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* ''[[Triodanis]]'' 
 
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* ''[[Wahlenbergia]]''
 
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* ''[[Zeugandra]]''
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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; [[Lobelioideae]]
 
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{{Div col||15em}}
 
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* ''[[Apetahia]]''
 
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* ''[[Brighamia]]''
 
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* ''[[Burmeistera]]''
 
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* ''[[Centropogon]]''
 
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* ''[[Clermontia]]''
 
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* ''[[Cyanea (plant)|Cyanea]]'' 
 
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* ''[[Delissea]]''
 
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* ''[[Dialypetalum]]''
 
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* ''[[Diastatea]]''
 
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* ''[[Dielsantha]]''
 
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* ''[[Downingia]]'' – <small>Calicoflower</small>
 
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* ''[[Grammatotheca]]''
 
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* ''[[Heterotoma]]''
 
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* ''[[Hippobroma]]''
 
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* ''[[Howellia]]''
 
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* ''[[Hypsela (plant)|Hypsela]]''
 
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* ''[[Isotoma (plant)|Isotoma]]''
 
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* ''[[Laurentia (plant)|Laurentia]]'' = ''[[Isotoma (plant)|Isotoma]]'', ''[[Solenopsis (plant)|Solenopsis]]'', ''[[Hippobroma]]''
 
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* ''[[Legenere limosa|Legenere]]'' – <small>False Venus' Looking-glass</small>
 
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* ''[[Lobelia]]''
 
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* ''[[Lysipomia]]''
 
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* ''[[Monopsis]]''
 
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* ''[[Palmerella]]''
 
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* ''[[Porterella]]''
 
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* ''[[Pratia]]''
 
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* ''[[Ruthiella]]''
 
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* ''[[Sclerotheca]]''
 
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* ''[[Siphocampylus]]''
 
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* ''[[Solenopsis (plant)|Solenopsis]]''
 
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* ''[[Trematocarpus]]''
 
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* ''[[Trematolobelia]]'' – <small>[[False Lobelia]]</small>
 
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* ''[[Trimeris]]''
 
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* ''[[Unigenes]]''
 
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{{div col end}}
 
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; Cyphioideae
 
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* ''[[Cyphia]]''
 
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* ''[[Cyphocarpus]]''
 
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* ''[[Nemacladus]]'' – [[Threadplant]]
 
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* ''[[Parishella]]''
 
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* ''[[Pseudonemacladus]]''
 
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==Fossil record==
 
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The earliest known occurrence of Campanulaceae [[pollen]] is from [[Oligocene]] [[strata]].<ref>Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution by Else Marie Friis, [[Swedish Museum of Natural History]], [[Peter R. Crane]], [[Yale University]], Connecticut and Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen, [[Aarhus Universitet]], Published: August 2011, hardback. {{ISBN|9780521592833}}</ref> Earliest Campanulaceae [[macrofossil]]s dated, are seeds of †Campanula paleopyramidalis from  17-16  million years old [[Miocene]] [[deposits]] in the [[Nowy Sacz]], [[Carpathians]], [[Poland]]. It is a close relative of the extant [[Campanula pyramidalis]].<ref>http://www.amjbot.org/content/early/2016/02/09/ajb.1500450.full.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmc=4950005|year=2016|author1=Lagomarsino|first1=L. P.|title=The abiotic and biotic drivers of rapid diversification in Andean bellflowers (Campanulaceae)|journal=New Phytologist|volume=210|issue=4|pages=1430–1442|last2=Condamine|first2=F. L.|last3=Antonelli|first3=A|last4=Mulch|first4=A|last5=Davis|first5=C. C.|doi=10.1111/nph.13920}}</ref>
 
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==Literature==
 
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* Lammers, T.G. (2007) ''World Checklist and Bibliography of Campanulaceae''. Kew Publishing, Richmond, Surrey.
 
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* Fedorov, A., & Kovanda, M. (1976) ''Campanulaceae''. In Flora Europaea (T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. Burges, D.M. Moore, D.H. Valentine, S.M. Walters, & D.A. Webb, Eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 74–93.
 
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Borsch | first1 = T. | last2 = Korotkova | first2 = N. | last3 = Raus | first3 = T. | last4 = Lobin | first4 = W. | last5 = Loehne | first5 = C. | year = 2009 | title = The ''pet''D group II intron as a genus and species level marker: Utility for tree inference and species identification in the diverse genus ''Campanula'' (Campanulaceae) | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bgbm/will/2009/00000039/00000001/art00002 | journal = Willdenowia | volume = 39 | issue = | pages = 7–33 | doi=10.3372/wi.39.39101}}
 
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Roquet | first1 = C. | last2 = Sáez | first2 = L. | last3 = Aldasoro | first3 = J. J. | last4 = Alfonso | first4 = S. | last5 = Alarcón | first5 = M. L. | last6 = Garcia-Jacas | first6 = N. | year = 2008 | title = Natural delineation, molecular phylogeny and floral evolution in ''Campanula'' | url = | journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 33 | issue = | pages = 203–217 | doi=10.1600/036364408783887465}}
 
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Cosner | first1 = M. E. | last2 = Raubeson | first2 = L. A. | last3 = Jansen | first3 = R. K. | year = 2007 | title = Chloroplast DNA rearrangements in Campanulaceae: phylogenetic utility of highly rearranged genomes | url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-4-27.pdf | format = PDF | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 4 | issue = 27| pages = 1–17 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-4-27 | pmid=15324459 | pmc=516026}}
 
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Eddie | first1 = W. M. M. | last2 = Shulkina | first2 = T. | last3 = Gaskin | first3 = J. | last4 = Haberle | first4 = R. C. | last5 = Jansen | first5 = R. K. | year = 2003 | title = Phylogeny of Campanulaceae s. str. inferred from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA | url = | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 90 | issue = 4| pages = 554–575 | doi=10.2307/3298542}}
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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==External links==
 
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*[http://www.topwalks.net/plants/generos/campanulaceae_01.htm Topwalks]
 
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/campanul.htm L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.]
 
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*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?1495 Germplasm Resources Information Network]
 
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*[http://flowersinisrael.com/FamCampanulaceae.html Flowers in Israel]
 
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/asteralesweb.htm#Campanulaceae Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]
 
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[[Category:Campanulaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Asterales families]]
 

Latest revision as of 19:06, 14 September 2017

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