Difference between revisions of "Phyllanthaceae"

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{{Taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Phyllanthaceae]]
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| name = Phyllanthaceae
 
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| image =Starr_030612-0047_Breynia_disticha.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''Breynia disticha''
 
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
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| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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| unranked_subclassis = [[Rosids]]
 
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| ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
 
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| familia = '''Phyllanthaceae'''
 
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| familia_authority = [[Ivan Ivanovich Martynov|Martynov]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-06-26 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Tribes]]
 
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| subdivision =
 
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See text.
 
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}}
 
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'''Phyllanthaceae''' is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[eudicot]] [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Malpighiales]]. It is most closely related to the family [[Picrodendraceae]].<ref name=wurdack2009>Kenneth J. Wurdack and Charles C. Davis. 2009. "Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life." ''American Journal of Botany'' '''96'''(8):1551-1570. (see ''External links'' below)</ref>
 
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The Phyllanthaceae are most numerous in the [[tropics]], with many in the [[Temperateness|south temperate zone]], and a few ranging as far north as the middle of the [[Temperateness|north temperate zone]].<ref name=fpfw>Petra Hoffman. 2007. "Phyllanthaceae" pages 250-252. In: Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World.'' Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. {{ISBN|978-1-55407-206-4}}.</ref>
 
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Some species of ''[[Andrachne]]'', ''[[Antidesma]]'', ''[[Margaritaria]]'', and ''[[Phyllanthus]]'' are in cultivation.<ref name=rhs>Anthony J. Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (editors). 1992. ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening.'' The Macmillan Press Limited, London; The Stockton Press, New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set)</ref> A few species of ''[[Antidesma]]'', ''[[Baccaurea]]'', ''[[Phyllanthus]]'', and ''[[Uapaca]]'' bear edible fruit.<ref name=fpfw/>
 
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Phyllanthaceae comprises about 2000 species.<ref name=k>{{cite journal |author1=Hashendra S. Kathriarachchi |author2=Petra Hoffmann |author3=Rosabelle Samuel |author4=Kenneth J. Wurdack |author5=Mark W. Chase  |last-author-amp=yes |title=Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthaceae inferred from five genes (plastid atpB, matK, 3'ndhF, rbcL, and nuclear PHYC) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=112–134 |year=2005 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.002 |pmid=15904861}}</ref><ref name=samuel2005>{{cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.92.1.132 | last1 = Samuel | first1 = Rosabelle | last2 = Kathriarachchi | first2 = Hashendra S. | last3 = Hoffmann | first3 = Petra | last4 = Barfuss | first4 = Michael H.J. | last5 = Wurdack | first5 = Kenneth J. | last6 = Davis | first6 = Charles C. | last7 = Chase | first7 = Mark W. | year = 2005 | title = Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthaceae: evidence from plastid matK and nuclear PHYC sequences | url = | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 92 | issue = 1| pages = 132–141 | pmid = 21652393 }}</ref> Depending on the author, these are grouped into 54 to 60 [[Genus|genera]]. Some of the genera are poorly defined, and the number of genera in the family is likely to change as the classification is further refined. The genus ''[[Phyllanthus]]'', one of the largest genera of flowering plants, with over 1200 species, has more than half of the species in the family.<ref name=kathri2006>{{cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.93.4.637 | last1 = Kathriarachchi | first1 = Hashendra S. | last2 = Samuel | first2 = Rosabelle | last3 = Hoffmann | first3 = Petra | last4 = Mlinarec | first4 = Jelena | last5 = Wurdack | first5 = Kenneth J. | last6 = Ralimanana | first6 = Hélène | last7 = Stuessy | first7 = Tod F. | last8 = Chase | first8 = Mark W. | year = 2006 | title = Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae) based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data | url = | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 93 | issue = 4| pages = 637–655 | pmid = 21646224 }}</ref>
 
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Some of the genera have recently been sunk into others, while other genera have recently been divided.<ref name=hoffmann2007>{{cite journal | doi = 10.3417/0026-6493(2007)94[519:ROWIBA]2.0.CO;2 | last1 = Hoffmann | first1 = Petra | last2 = McPherson | first2 = Gordon | year = 2007 | title = Revision of ''Wielandia'', including ''Blotia'' and ''Petalodiscus'' (Phyllanthaceae) | url = | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 94 | issue = 3| pages = 519–553 }}</ref><ref name=pruesapan2008>Kanchana Pruesapan, Ian R.H. Telford, Jeremy J. Bruhl, Stefano G.A. Draisma, and Peter C. Van Welzen. 2008. "Delimitation of ''Sauropus'' (Phyllanthaceae) Based on Plastid matK and Nuclear Ribosomal ITS DNA Sequence Data." ''Annals of Botany'' '''102'''(6):1007-1018. (see ''External links'' below)</ref> The largest genera and the approximate number of species in each are: ''[[Phyllanthus]]'' (1270), ''[[Cleistanthus]]'' (140), ''[[Antidesma]]'' (100), ''[[Aporosa]]'' (90), ''[[Uapaca]]'' (60), ''[[Baccaurea]]'' (50), and ''[[Bridelia]]'' (50).<ref name="apweb">"Phyllanthaceae" In: Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. In: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see external links below)</ref>
 
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Since Phyllanthaceae was revised in 2006, one paper has removed ''[[Heterosavia]]'' from ''[[Savia (plant)|Savia]]''.<ref name="hoffmann2008">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s12228-008-9012-5 | last1 = Hoffmann | first1 = Petra | year = 2008 | title = Revision of ''Heterosavia'', status novus, with notes on ''Gonatogyne'' and ''Savia'' (Phyllanthaceae) | url = | journal = Brittonia | volume = 60 | issue = 2| pages = 136–166 }}</ref>  Another has separated ''[[Notoleptopus]]'' from ''[[Leptopus]]'', and segregated ''[[Pseudophyllanthus]]'' and ''[[Phyllanthopsis]]'' from ''[[Andrachne]]''. Also, ''[[Oreoporanthera]]'' has been subsumed into ''[[Poranthera]]'', while ''[[Zimmermannia]]'' and ''[[Zimmermanniopsis]]'' have been sunk into ''[[Meineckia]]''.<ref name="vorontsova2008">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s12225-007-9012-8 | last1 = Vorontsova | first1 = Maria S. | last2 = Hoffmann | first2 = Petra | year = 2008 | title = A phylogenetic classification of tribe Poranthereae (Phyllanthaceae) | url = | journal = Kew Bulletin | volume = 63 | issue = 1| pages = 41–59 }}</ref> The large genus ''[[Cleistanthus]]'' is known to be [[Polyphyly|polyphyletic]], but further studies will be needed before it can be revised.<ref name=k/>
 
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== Description ==
 
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The description here is from Hoffmann,<ref name="fpfw"/><ref name="hoffmann2006"/> except for a few additions from Webster<ref name="webster1994a">{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2399908 | last1 = Webster | first1 = Grady L. | year = 1994 | title = Classification of the Euphorbiaceae | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 81 | issue = 1| pages = 3–32 | jstor=2399908}}</ref> and Hutchinson <ref name="hutchinson1973">John Hutchinson. "Euphorbiaceae" pages 329-330. In: ''The Families of Flowering Plants, Third Edition (1973)''. Oxford University Press: London.</ref> where cited. Phyllanthaceae is an unusually diverse family for its moderate size. It can be recognized only by a combination of characters because there are a few exceptions to almost everything that is generally true of the family. It is most notable for having two [[ovule]]s in each [[locule]] of the [[Ovary (plants)|ovary]], a trait that clearly distinguishes it from [[Euphorbiaceae]].
 
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The Phyllanthaceae are nearly all [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, or [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]]. A few are [[Vine|climbers]], or [[Succulent plant|succulents]], and one species, ''[[Phyllanthus fluitans]]'', is [[Aquatic plant|aquatic]]. Unlike many of the [[Euphorbiaceae]], none have [[latex]], and only a very few produce a [[resin]]ous exudate. Any [[Indumentum|hairs]], if present, are almost always simple. Rarely are they branched or scale-like. Thorns and other armament are rare.
 
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[[Stipule]]s are produced with each [[leaf]], but in some, these fall before the leaf is fully mature. Leaves are present, except for a few species of ''[[Phyllanthus]]'' that have flattened, leaflike stems called [[wikt:cladode|cladodes]] that bear flowers along their edges. The leaves are [[Leaf#Divisions of the lamina (blade)|compound]] in ''[[Bischofia]]'', but otherwise simple and usually [[Leaf#Arrangement on the stem|alternate]]. Rarely are they [[Phyllotaxis|opposite]], in [[fascicle (botany)|fascicle]]s, or in [[Phyllotaxis|whorls]] around the stem. The leaf margin is almost always [[Leaf shape|entire]], rarely toothed. A [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] is nearly always present, often with a [[pulvinus]] at its base.
 
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The [[inflorescence]]s are usually in the [[Leaf#Anatomy|axils]] of leaves, rarely below the leaves or at the ends of stems. In ''[[Uapaca]]'', the flowers are in a [[pseudanthium]], a tight bundle of flowers that resembles a single flower.
 
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Except for four species of ''[[Aporosa]]'', the flowers are unisexual, the plants being either [[Plant sexuality#Individual plant sexuality|monoecious]] or [[Plant sexuality#Individual plant sexuality|dioecious]]. The flowers are [[Floral symmetry|actinomorphic]] in form. Detailed illustrations have been published for some of these.<ref name="vorontsova2008"/>
 
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The [[sepal]]s are three to eight in number, usually free from each other. [[Petal]]s may be absent or present. If present, there are usually four to six, and their color is yellow to green, or rarely, pink or maroon.
 
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A [[nectar]]y disk is often present. It may be in the form of a ring, or divided into segments. The [[stamen]]s are three to ten in number, or rarely more, free or variously fused.
 
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The [[Ovary (plants)|ovary]] is [[superior ovary|superior]]. The number of [[locule]]s in the ovary is highly variable, usually from two to five, but sometimes as many as fifteen. The [[Placentation#Placentation in plants|placentation]] is [[Placentation#Placentation in plants|apical]], with a pair of [[ovules]] hanging by their [[Ovule|funicles]] from the top of each locule.<ref name="hutchinson1973"/> Often, only one of the ovules will develop into a [[seed]]. A single, massive [[Ovary (botany)|obturator]] may cover the [[Ovule|micropyles]] of both ovules, or each ovule may have its own thin obturator. The [[Ovule|megagametophyte]] is of the [[Polygonum type]].<ref name="webster1994a"/> The [[Style (botany)|style]] is usually 2-lobed or [[Glossary of botanical terms#B|bifid]], sometimes [[Glossary of botanical terms#E|entire]], or rarely multifid.
 
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The fruit is a [[schizocarp]], [[drupe]], or [[Berry (botany)|berry]]. In some, the [[schizocarp]] breaks up explosively.
 
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== Taxonomy ==
 
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=== History ===
 
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The name "Phyllanthaceae" was first [[Valid name (botany)|validly published]] by [[Ivan Ivanovich Martynov]] in 1820 in a [[Russian language|Russian]] book entitled ''Tekhno-botanico Slovar.'' A proposal to conserve this name was published in 2007.<ref name="reveal2007">{{cite journal | last1 = Reveal | first1 = James L. | last2 = Hoffmann | first2 = Petra | last3 = Doweld | first3 = Alexander | last4 = Wurdack | first4 = Kenneth J. | year = 2007 | title = (1765) Proposal to conserve the name ''Phyllanthaceae.'' | url = | journal = Taxon | volume = 56 | issue = 1| page = 266 }}</ref>
 
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Martynov's name was rarely used in the 180 years after he published it. During that time, the plants that are now in Phyllanthaceae were placed in the large and heterogeneous family [[Euphorbiaceae]]. The [[monophyly]] of Euphorbiaceae had long been held in doubt by some, but the first strong evidence of its [[polyphyly]] came in 1993 with the first [[maximum parsimony]] analysis of [[DNA sequence]]s of the [[gene]] [[RuBisCO|rbcL]] from a large number of [[Spermatophyte|seed plants]].<ref name="chase1993">Mark W. Chase et alii (42 authors). 1993. "Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene ''rbcL.''" ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' '''80'''(3):528-580.</ref> Since the 1993 study, all subsequent [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] analyses have shown that the old concept of Euphorbiaceae consisted of several [[Lineage (evolution)|lineages]] that did not together form a [[clade]] in the order [[Malpighiales]]. Euphorbiaceae is now defined as a much smaller family than it had been in the twentieth century.<ref name="tokuoka2007">Toru Tokuoka. 2007. "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences and ovule and seed character evolution." ''Journal of Plant Research'' '''120'''(4):511-522. (see ''External links'' below).</ref><ref name="davis2007">Charles C. Davis, Maribeth Latvis, Daniel L. Nickrent, Kenneth J. Wurdack, and David A. Baum. 2007. "Floral Gigantism in Rafflesiaceae." ''Science'' '''315'''(5820):1812. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> [[Pandaceae]], Phyllanthaceae, [[Picrodendraceae]], [[Putranjivaceae]], [[Peraceae]], and [[Centroplacaceae]] have been removed from it.<ref name="apweb"/>
 
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The obsolete, older concept of Euphorbiaceae, known as Euphorbiaceae [[sensu lato]], is sometimes still used for continuity and convenience.<ref name="keyseuphorbs">Petra Hoffmann, Don Kirkup, Aimee Galster, Gill Challen, and Alan Radcliffe-Smith. 2005 onward. Interactive Key to the Genera of Euphorbiaceae sensu lato. In: Index of /herbarium/keys. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> It was the subject of a book and two papers which stood as the standard works on Phyllanthaceae until that family was revised by Hoffmann and co-authors in 2006.<ref name="webster1994a" /><ref name="radcliffe-smith2001">Alan Radcliffe-Smith. 2001. ''Genera Euphorbiacearum.'' Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, England.</ref><ref name="webster1994b">{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2399909 | last1 = Webster | first1 = Grady L. | year = 1994 | title = Synopsis of the genera and suprageneric taxa of Euphorbiaceae | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 81 | issue = 1| pages = 33–144 | jstor=2399909}}</ref>
 
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=== Classification ===
 
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{{main|List of Phyllanthaceae genera}}[[File:Starr 020108-0011 Flueggea virosa.jpg|thumb|250px|Flueggea virosa]]
 
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[[File:Baccaurea brevipes.jpg|thumb|250px|Baccaurea brevipes]]
 
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[[File:Baccaurea dulcis seeds.jpg|thumb|250px|Baccaurea seeds]]
 
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[[File:Starr 030612-0049 Breynia disticha.jpg|thumb|250px|Leaves of Breynia disticha]]
 
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[[File:Securinega suffruticosa.JPG|thumb|250px|Securinega suffruticosa]]
 
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[[File:Richeria grandis Vahl 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Richeria grandis]]
 
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[[File:Cleistanthus collinus (Garari) in Narsapur forest, AP W IMG 0165.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Cleistanthus collinus]]'']]
 
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[[File:Otaheite gooseberry.JPG|thumb|250px|''[[Phyllanthus acidus]]'' plant with fruit]]
 
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In the past, the genera ''[[Centroplacus]]'', ''[[Paradrypetes]]'', and ''Phyllanoa'' had been placed in Phyllanthaceae, but these are now excluded from the family. ''Centroplacus'' is now in the family [[Centroplacaceae]].<ref name="apweb"/> ''Paradrypetes'' is in [[Rhizophoraceae]].<ref name="wurdack2009"/> ''Phyllanoa'' is known only from a single specimen. In 1996, this was examined and found to be a species of ''[[Rinorea]]'' ([[Violaceae]]).<ref name="hayden1996">{{Cite journal |author1=W. John Hayden  |author2=Sheila M. Hayden  |lastauthoramp=yes | year = 1996 | title = Two enigmatic biovulate Euphorbiaceae from the Neotropics: relationships of ''Chonocentron'' and the identity of ''Phyllanoa'' | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 83 | issue = 6 | pages = 162 | doi=10.2307/2445447}}</ref>
 
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The family Phyllanthaceae is divided into two subfamilies: Antidesmatoideae and Phyllanthoideae. Antidesmatoideae is divided into six tribes and Phyllanthoideae is divided into four. The tribe Antidesmateae of Antidesmatoideae, and the tribes Bridelieae and Wielandieae of Phyllanthoideae are further divided into subtribes. The following classification table is from the 2006 revision of Phyllanthaceae.
 
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Incertae sedis: ''Chonocentrum''
 
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Subfamily [[Antidesmatoideae]] 6 tribes
 
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: Tribe [[Bischofieae]] 1 genus
 
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::: ''[[Bischofia]]''
 
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: Tribe [[Uapaceae]] 1 genus
 
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::: ''[[Uapaca]]''
 
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: Tribe [[Spondiantheae]] 1 genus
 
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::: ''[[Spondianthus]]''
 
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: Tribe [[Scepeae]] 8 genera
 
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::: ''[[Aporosa]]''
 
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::: ''[[Ashtonia]]''
 
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::: ''[[Baccaurea]]''
 
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::: ''[[Distichirrhops]]''
 
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::: ''[[Maesobotrya]]''
 
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::: ''[[Nothobaccaurea]]''
 
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::: ''[[Protomegabaria]]''
 
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::: ''[[Richeria]]''
 
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: Tribe [[Jablonskieae]] 2 genera
 
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::: ''[[Jablonskia]]''
 
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::: ''[[Celianella]]''
 
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: Tribe [[Antidesmateae]] 5 subtribes
 
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:: Subtribe [[Hieronyminae]] 1 genus
 
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::: ''[[Hieronyma]]''
 
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:: Subtribe [[Leptonematinae]] 1 genus
 
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::: ''[[Leptonema]]''
 
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:: Subtribe [[Martretiinae]] 2 genera
 
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::: ''[[Martretia]]''
 
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::: ''[[Apodiscus]]''
 
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:: Subtribe [[Hymenocardiinae]] 2 genera
 
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::: ''[[Hymenocardia]]''
 
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::: ''[[Didymocistus]]''
 
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:: Subtribe [[Antidesmatinae]] 2 genera
 
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::: ''[[Antidesma]]''
 
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::: ''[[Thecacoris]]''
 
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Subfamily [[Phyllanthoideae]] 4 tribes
 
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: Tribe [[Bridelieae]] 5 subtribes
 
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:: Subtribe [[Securineginae]] 2 genera
 
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::: ''[[Securinega]]''
 
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::: ''[[Lachnostylis]]''
 
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:: Subtribe [[Saviinae]] 5 genera
 
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::: ''[[Savia (plant)|Savia]]''
 
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::: ''[[Croizatia]]''
 
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::: ''[[Discocarpus]]''
 
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::: ''[[Gonatogyne]]''
 
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::: ''[[Tacarcuna]]''
 
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:: Subtribe [[Pseudolachnostylidinae]] 4 genera [[File:Cleistanthus collinus (Garari) in Narsapur forest, AP W IMG 0165.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Cleistanthus collinus]]'']]
 
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::: ''[[Pseudolachnostylis]]''
 
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::: ''[[Bridelia]]''
 
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::: ''[[Cleistanthus]]''
 
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::: ''[[Pentabrachion]]''
 
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:: Subtribe [[Keayodendrinae]] 1 genus
 
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::: ''[[Keayodendron]]''
 
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:: Subtribe [[Amanoinae]] 1 genus
 
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::: ''[[Amanoa]]''
 
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: Tribe [[Phyllantheae]] 5 genera
 
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::: ''[[Phyllanthus]]''
 
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::: ''[[Flueggea]]''
 
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::: ''[[Lingelsheimia]]''
 
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::: ''[[Margaritaria]]''
 
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::: ''[[Plagiocladus]]''
 
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: Tribe [[Wielandieae]] 2 subtribes
 
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:: Subtribe [[Astrocasiinae]] 3 genera
 
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::: ''[[Astrocasia]]''
 
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::: ''[[Chascotheca]]''
 
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::: ''[[Heywoodia]]''
 
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:: Subtribe [[Wielandiinae]] 3 genera
 
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::: ''[[Wielandia]]''
 
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::: ''[[Chorisandrachne]]''
 
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::: ''[[Dicoelia]]''
 
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: Tribe [[Poranthereae]] 8 genera
 
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::: ''[[Poranthera]]''
 
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::: ''[[Actephila]]''
 
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::: ''[[Andrachne]]''
 
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::: ''[[Leptopus]]''
 
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::: ''[[Meineckia]]''
 
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::: ''[[Oreoporanthera]]''
 
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::: ''[[Zimmermannia]]''
 
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::: ''[[Zimmermanniopsis]]''
 
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==== Genera ====
 
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The list of 54 genera below is from the 2006 revision of Phyllanthaceae by Petra Hoffmann and co-workers.<ref name=hoffmann2006>{{cite journal | last1 = Hoffmann | first1 = Petra | last2 = Kathriarachchi | first2 = Hashendra S. | last3 = Wurdack | first3 = Kenneth J. | year = 2006 | title = A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae | url = | journal = Kew Bulletin | volume = 61 | issue = 1| pages = 37–53 }}</ref> In their treatment, ''[[Blotia]]'' and ''[[Petalodiscus]]'' were sunk into ''[[Wielandia]]'' and ''[[Richeriella]]'' into ''[[Flueggea]]'', while ''[[Breynia]]'', ''[[Glochidion]]'', ''[[Reverchonia]]'', and ''[[Sauropus]]'' were subsumed into ''[[Phyllanthus]]''. Genera previously considered as the tribe [[Drypeteae]] are now placed in the separate family [[Putranjivaceae]].
 
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{| border="0"
 
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| valign="top" |
 
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* ''[[Actephila]]''
 
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* ''[[Amanoa]]''
 
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* ''[[Andrachne]]''
 
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* ''[[Antidesma]]''
 
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* ''[[Apodiscus]]''
 
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* ''[[Aporosa]]''
 
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* ''[[Ashtonia]]''
 
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* ''[[Astrocasia]]''
 
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* ''[[Baccaurea]]''
 
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* ''[[Bischofia]]''
 
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* ''[[Bridelia]]''
 
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| valign="top" |
 
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* ''[[Celianella]]''
 
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* ''[[Chascotheca]]''
 
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* ''[[Chonocentrum]]''
 
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* ''[[Chorisandrachne]]''
 
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* ''[[Cleistanthus]]''
 
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* ''[[Croizatia]]''
 
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* ''[[Dicoelia]]''
 
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* ''[[Didymocistus]]''
 
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* ''[[Discocarpus]]''
 
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* ''[[Distichirrhops]]''
 
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* ''[[Flueggea]]''
 
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| valign="top" |
 
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* ''[[Gonatogyne]]''
 
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* ''[[Heywoodia]]''
 
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* ''[[Hieronyma]]''
 
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* ''[[Hymenocardia]]''
 
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* ''[[Jablonskia]]''
 
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* ''[[Keayodendron]]''
 
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* ''[[Lachnostylis]]''
 
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* ''[[Leptonema]]''
 
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* ''[[Leptopus]]''
 
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* ''[[Lingelsheimia]]''
 
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* ''[[Maesobotrya]]''
 
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| valign="top" |
 
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* ''[[Margaritaria]]''
 
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* ''[[Martretia]]''
 
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* ''[[Meineckia]]''
 
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* ''[[Nothobaccaurea]]''
 
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* ''[[Oreoporanthera]]''
 
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* ''[[Pentabrachion]]''
 
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* ''[[Phyllanthus]]''
 
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* ''[[Plagiocladus]]''
 
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* ''[[Poranthera]]''
 
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* ''[[Protomegabaria]]''
 
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* ''[[Pseudolachnostylis]]''
 
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| valign="top" |
 
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* ''[[Richeria]]''
 
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* ''[[Savia (plant)|Savia]]''
 
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* ''[[Securinega]]''
 
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* ''[[Spondianthus]]''
 
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* ''[[Tacarcuna]]''
 
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* ''[[Thecacoris]]''
 
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* ''[[Uapaca]]''
 
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* ''[[Wielandia]]''
 
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* ''[[Zimmermannia]]''
 
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* ''[[Zimmermanniopsis]]''
 
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|}
 
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=== Phylogeny ===
 
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The revision of Phyllanthaceae by Hoffmann and co-authors was based on two [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies that were published in 2005.<ref name=k/><ref name="samuel2005"/> Since the revision, phylogenetic studies have been done on some of the tribes.<ref name="kathri2006"/><ref name="vorontsova2007">Maria S. Vorontsova, Petra Hoffmann, Olivier Maurin, and Mark W. Chase. 2007. "Phylogenetics of tribe Poranthereae (Phyllanthaceae)." American Journal of Botany '''94(12):2026-2040.</ref>
 
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The phylogenetic tree shown below is based on the results of several studies.<ref name="kathri2006"/><ref name="hoffmann2008"/><ref name="vorontsova2008"/><ref name="hoffmann2006"/> Fifty-one genera are represented. ''Chonocentrum''(Phyllanthaceae, [[incertae sedis]]), and three members of the tribe Scepeae (''Ashtonia'', ''Distichirrhops'', and ''Nothobaccaurea'') have not yet been sampled for DNA. ''Chonocentrum'' is known from only a single specimen collected in the 1850s.<ref name="hayden1996"/>
 
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In the phylogeny shown below, statistical support for the clades was measured by [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap percentage]]. All branches shown below have [[maximum parsimony]] bootstrap support of at least 70%.
 
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{{clade | style=font-size:75%;line-height:100%
 
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|label1=Antidesmatoideae&nbsp;
 
−
|1={{clade
 
−
  |label1=Bischofieae&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
−
  |1=''[[Bischofia]]''
 
−
  |2={{clade
 
−
      |label1=Uapaceae&nbsp;
 
−
      |1=''[[Uapaca]]''
 
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      |label2=Spondiantheae&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
−
      |2=''[[Spondianthus]]''
 
−
      |label3=Scepeae&nbsp;
 
−
      |3={{clade
 
−
        |1=''[[Protomagabaria]]''
 
−
        |2={{clade
 
−
            |1=''[[Richeria]]''
 
−
            |2={{clade
 
−
              |1=''[[Aporosa]]''
 
−
              |2={{clade
 
−
                  |1=''[[Maesobotrya]]''
 
−
                  |2=''[[Baccaurea]]''
 
−
                  }}
 
−
              }}
 
−
            }}
 
−
        }}
 
−
      |label4=Jablonskieae&nbsp;
 
−
      |4={{clade
 
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        |1=''[[Jablonskia]]''
 
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        |2=''[[Celianella]]''
 
−
        }}
 
−
      |label5=Antidesmateae&nbsp;
 
−
      |5={{clade
 
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        |1=''[[Hieronyma]]''
 
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        |2=''[[Leptonema]]''
 
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        |3={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Martretia]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Apodiscus]]''
 
−
            }}
 
−
        |4={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Hymenocardia]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Didymocistus]]''
 
−
            }}
 
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        |5={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Thecacoris]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Antidesma]]''
 
−
            }}
 
−
        }}
 
−
      }}
 
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  }}
 
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|label2=Phyllanthoideae&nbsp;
 
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|2={{clade
 
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  |label1=Bridelieae&nbsp;
 
−
  |1={{clade
 
−
      |1={{clade
 
−
        |1=''[[Securinega]]''
 
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        |2=''[[Lachnostylis]]''
 
−
        }}
 
−
      |2={{clade
 
−
        |1={{clade
 
−
            |1={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Gonatogyne]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Savia (plant)|Savia]]''
 
−
              }}
 
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            |2={{clade
 
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              |1=''[[Tacarcuna]]''
 
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              |2=''[[Discocarpus]]''
 
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              |3=''[[Croizatia]]''
 
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              }}
 
−
            }}
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Cleistanthus]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Pseudolachnostylis]]''
 
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            |3=''[[Pentabrachion]]''
 
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            |4=''[[Bridelia]]''
 
−
            }}
 
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        |3=''[[Keayodendron]]''
 
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        |4=''[[Amanoa]]''
 
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        }}
 
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      }}
 
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  |label2=Phyllantheae&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
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  |2={{clade
 
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      |1=''[[Plagiocladus]]''
 
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      |2=''[[Margaritaria]]''
 
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      |3={{clade
 
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        |1=''[[Lingelsheimia]]''
 
−
        |2={{clade
 
−
            |1={{clade
 
−
              |1=''[[Heterosavia]]''
 
−
              |2=''[[Flueggea]]''
 
−
              }}
 
−
            |2=''[[Phyllanthus]]''
 
−
            }}
 
−
        }}
 
−
      }}
 
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  |label3=Wielandieae&nbsp;
 
−
  |3={{clade
 
−
      |1={{clade
 
−
        |1=''[[Heywoodia]]''
 
−
        |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Chascotheca]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Astrocasia]]''
 
−
            }}
 
−
        }}
 
−
      |2={{clade
 
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        |1=''[[Wielandia]]''
 
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        |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Dicoelia]]''
 
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            |2=''[[Chorisandrachne]]''
 
−
            }}
 
−
        }}
 
−
      }}
 
−
  |label4=Poranthereae&nbsp;
 
−
  |4={{clade
 
−
      |1=''[[Andrachne]]''
 
−
      |2=''[[Meineckia]]''
 
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      |3={{clade
 
−
        |1=''[[Notoleptopus]]''
 
−
        |2={{clade
 
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            |1=''[[Pseudophyllanthus]]''
 
−
            |2=''[[Poranthera]]''
 
−
            }}
 
−
        }}
 
−
      |4={{clade
 
−
        |1=''[[Phyllanthopsis]]''
 
−
        |2={{clade
 
−
            |1=''[[Actephila]]''
 
−
            |2=''[[Leptopus]]''
 
−
            }}
 
−
        }}
 
−
      }}
 
−
  }}
 
−
}}
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{commons category}}
 
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*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=233880 Phyllanthaceae] NCBI Taxonomy browser
 
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* Wurdack and Davis on Malpighiales {{doi|10.3732/ajb.0800207}} {{PMID|21628300}}
 
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* Molecular Phylogenetics of Phyllanthaceae {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.002}}
 
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* Pruesapan on tribe Phyllantheae {{doi|10.1093/aob/mcn193}}
 
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/malpighialesweb.htm#Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthaceae] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] At: [http://www.mobot.org Missouri Botanical Garden Website]
 
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* Tokuoka on Euphorbiaceae {{doi|10.1007/s10265-007-0090-3}} {{PMID|17530165}}
 
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* [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1135260/DC1 Supporting Online Material] for Davis on Rafflesiaceae {{doi|10.1126/science.1135260}}
 
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* [http://www.kew.org/herbarium/keys/euphorbs Key to Euphorbiaceae sensu lato] At: [http://www.kew.org/herbarium/keys Index of /herbarium/keys]
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Phyllanthaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Malpighiales families]]
 

Latest revision as of 15:42, 9 September 2017

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