Difference between revisions of "Gesneriaceae"

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{{taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Gesneriaceae]]
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|name = Gesneriaceae
 
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|image = PikiWiki Israel 32204 Saintpaulia Ionantha.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''[[Saintpaulia ionantha]]'' ([[African violet]]) - a common household plant and a member of the family
 
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|regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
 
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
 
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
 
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|ordo = [[Lamiales]]
 
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|familia = '''Gesneriaceae'''
 
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|familia_authority = [[Louis Claude Richard|Rich.]] & [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] ex [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|DC]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/pdf | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera
 
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|subdivision = See text.
 
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|}}
 
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[[File:Haberlea rhodopensis0.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Haberlea rhodopensis]]'' flowers]]
 
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[[File:Corytoplectus capitatus.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Corytoplectus capitatus]]'' is a large plant with fruit that are black berries.]]
 
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[[File:Ramonda myconi MHNT.BOT.2011.18.7.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Ramonda myconi]]'' fruit are dry dehiscent capsules.]]
 
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'''Gesneriaceae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press }}</ref> in the [[Old World]] and [[New World]] tropics and subtropics, with a very small number extending to temperate areas.  Many species have colorful and showy flowers and are cultivated as ornamental plants.
 
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Most species are perennial [[herb]]s or [[subshrub]]s but a few are woody shrubs or small [[tree]]s.      The [[phyllotaxy]] is usually opposite and [[decussate]], but leaves have a spiral or alternate arrangement in some groups.  As with other members of the [[Lamiales]] the flowers have a (usually) [[zygomorphic]] corolla whose petals are fused into a tube and there is no one character that separates a gesneriad from any other member of Lamiales.  Gesneriads differ from related families of the Lamiales in having an unusual inflorescence structure, the "pair-flowered cyme", but some gesneriads lack this characteristic, and some other Lamiales ([[Calceolariaceae]] and some [[Scrophulariaceae]]) share it.  The ovary can be superior, half-inferior or fully inferior, and the fruit a dry or fleshy capsule or a [[berry (botany)|berry]].  The [[seed]]s are always small and numerous.  Gesneriaceae have traditionally been separated from Scrophulariaceae by having a unilocular rather than bilocular ovary, with parietal rather than axile placentation.
 
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On the basis of both morphological and biogeographical differences the family is divided into two major subfamilies: subfamily Cyrtandroideae in the [[Old World]] and subfamily Gesnerioideae in the [[New World]].  The biggest and most widespread genus is ''[[Cyrtandra (plant)|Cyrtandra]]'', with about 600 species widely distributed in [[Southeast Asia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], and the islands of the [[Pacific]] as far away as the [[Hawaiian Islands]].
 
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Several molecular systematic studies have shown that Gesneriaceae are not closely related to any other family of the Lamiales, but more recently a sister-group relationship with Calceolariaceae has been suggested.  Other studies have suggested that two genera generally placed in other families, ''[[Sanango]]'' and ''[[Peltanthera]]'', are more closely related to Gesneriaceae than to any other members of the Lamiales but there is as yet no consensus on whether those genera should be included in the family.
 
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The genus ''[[Rehmannia]]'' has sometimes been included in Gesneriaceae but is now referred to the family [[Orobanchaceae]].
 
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Several genera in the family have become popular as houseplants.  The most familiar members of the family to gardeners are the [[African Violet]]s in the genus ''[[Saintpaulia]]''.  Gesneriads are divided culturally into three groups on the basis of whether, and how, their stems are modified into storage organs: [[Rhizome|rhizomatous]], [[tuber]]ous, and "fibrous-rooted", meaning those that lack such storage structures (although all gesneriads have fibrous roots).
 
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Botanists who have made significant contributions to the systematics of the family are [[George Bentham]], [[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|Robert Brown]], [[B.L. Burtt]], [[C.B. Clarke]], [[Olive Mary Hilliard]], [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]], [[William Jackson Hooker]], [[Karl Fritsch]], [[Elmer Drew Merrill]], [[Harold E. Moore, Jr.]], [[John L. Clark]], [[Conrad Vernon Morton]], [[Henry Nicholas Ridley]], [[Laurence Skog]], [[W.T. Wang]], [[Anton Weber]], and [[Hans Wiehler]].  Several researchers are currently working on this group and the generic classification has been changing rapidly.
 
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The family name is based on the genus ''Gesneria'', which honors [[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[humanism|humanist]] [[Conrad Gessner]].
 
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The [[Gesneriad Society]], Inc. is an international horticultural society devoted to the promotion, cultivation, and study of Gesneriaceae.
 
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==Selected genera==
 
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[[Image:KlugiaWynaad.jpg|thumb|''[[Rhynchoglossum notonianum]]'']]
 
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{{columns-list|5|
 
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*''[[Achimenes]]''
 
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*''[[Aeschynanthus]]''
 
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*''[[Agalmyla]]''
 
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*''[[Alloplectus]]''
 
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*''[[Alsobia]]''
 
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*''[[Amalophyllon]]''
 
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*''[[Ancylostemon]]''
 
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*''[[Anna (plant)|Anna]]''
 
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*''[[Anodiscus]]''
 
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*''[[Asteranthera]]''
 
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*''[[Besleria]]''
 
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*''[[Boea]]''
 
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*''[[Briggsia]]''
 
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*''[[Bucinellina]]''
 
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*''[[Capanea]]''
 
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*''[[Chirita]]''
 
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*''[[Chiritopsis]]''
 
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*''[[Chrysothemis (plant)|Chrysothemis]]''
 
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*''[[Codonanthe]]''
 
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*''[[Codonoboea]]''
 
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*''[[Columnea]]'' (Flying Goldfish Plant)
 
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*''[[Conandron]]''
 
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*''[[Corallodiscus]]''
 
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*''[[Coronanthera]]''
 
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*''[[Corytoplectus]]''
 
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*''[[Crantzia]]'' - often included in ''[[Alloplectus]]''
 
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*''[[Cyrtandra (plant)|Cyrtandra]]''
 
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*''[[Depanthus]]''
 
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*''[[Deinostigma]]''
 
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*''[[Diastema (plant)|Diastema]]''
 
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*''[[Didissandra]]''
 
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*''[[Didymocarpus]]''
 
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*''[[Drymonia (plant)|Drymonia]]''<!-- Biotropica34:68. OrnitolColomb3:7. -->
 
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*''[[Episcia]]'' (Flame Violet)
 
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*''[[Eucodonia]]''
 
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*''[[Fieldia (plant)|Fieldia]]''
 
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*''[[Gasteranthus]]''
 
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*''[[Gesneria]]''
 
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*''[[Glossoloma]]'' - often included in ''[[Alloplectus]]''
 
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*''[[Gloxinella]]''
 
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*''[[Gloxinia (genus)|Gloxinia]]''
 
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*''[[Gloxiniopsis]]''
 
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*''[[Haberlea]]''
 
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*''[[Hemiboea]]''
 
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*''[[Henckelia]]''
 
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*''[[Isometrum]]''
 
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*''[[Jancaea]]''
 
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*''[[Koellikeria]]''
 
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*''[[Kohleria]]''
 
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*''[[Lenbrassia]]''
 
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*''[[Loxocarpus]]''
 
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*''[[Loxostigma]]''
 
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*''[[Lysionotus]]''
 
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*''[[Mandirola]]''
 
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*''[[Microchirita]]''
 
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*''[[Mitraria]]''
 
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*''[[Monophyllaea]]''
 
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*''[[Monopyle]]''
 
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*''[[Nautilocalyx]]''
 
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*''[[Negria]]''
 
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*''[[Nematanthus]]'' (Goldfish Plant)
 
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*''[[Neomortonia]]''
 
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*''[[Niphaea]]''
 
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*''[[Nomopyle]]''
 
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*''[[Opithandra]]''
 
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*''[[Oreocharis (genus)|Oreocharis]]''
 
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*''[[Paliavana]]''
 
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*''[[Paraboea]]''
 
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*''[[Pearcea]]''
 
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*''[[Petrocosmea]]''
 
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*''[[Phinaea]]''
 
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*''[[Primulina]]''
 
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*''[[Ramonda (plant)|Ramonda]]''
 
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*''[[Raphiocarpus]]''
 
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*''[[Rhabdothamnus]]''
 
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*''[[Rhynchoglossum]]''
 
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*''[[Rhytidophyllum]]''
 
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*''[[Sarmienta]]''
 
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*''[[Saintpaulia]]'' (African Violet)
 
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*''[[Seemannia]]''
 
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*''[[Sinningia]]''
 
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*''[[Smithiantha]]'' (Temple Bells)
 
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*''[[Solenophora]]''<!-- Biotropica34:68. --><!-- "Solanophora" is lapsus -->
 
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*''[[Sphaerorrhiza]]''
 
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*''[[Stauranthera]]''
 
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*''[[Streptocarpus]]'' (Cape Primrose)
 
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*''[[Titanotrichum]]''
 
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*''[[Tremacron]]''
 
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}}
 
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== References ==
 
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{{commons category}}
 
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{{reflist}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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*[http://persoon.si.edu/gesneriaceae/checklist/ World Checklist of Gesneriaceae]
 
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*[http://www.genera-gesneriaceae.at/ Genera of Gesneriaceae]
 
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*[http://gesneriads.ca/ Gesneriad Reference Web]
 
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*[http://www.gesneriads.ca/Articles/Weber%20-%20Scientific%20Overview/Gesneriaceae_Article_Weber.htm Gesneriaceae:  A Scientific Overview, by Prof. Anton Weber] (on the Gesneriad Reference Web)
 
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*[http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume18/GESNERIACEAE.published.pdf Gesneriaceae] in [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/ Flora of China]
 
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*[http://www.gesneriadsociety.org/ The Gesneriad Society] (formerly the American Gloxinia and Gesneriad Society)
 
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*[http://persoon.si.edu/gesneriaceae/bibliography/ Annotated Bibliography of the Gesneriaceae]
 
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*[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/2/296 Phylogenetic relationships in the Gesnerioideae (Gesneriaceae) based on nrDNA ITS and cpDNA trnL-F and trnE-T spacer region sequences] (link to abstract)
 
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*[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/92/6/1017/ Evolution of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) in the Pacific Ocean: the origin of a supertramp clade]
 
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*[http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/emuwebnswlive/objects/common/webmedia.php?irn=39062&reftable=ebibliography Weber, A. 2004. Gesneriaceae and Scrophulariaceae: Robert Brown and now. ''Telopea'' 10(2): 543-571.]
 
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*[http://www.gesneriaceae.eu/ Gesneriaceae: All you need to know about gesneriads.]
 
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[[Category:Gesneriaceae| ]]
 
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[[Category:Lamiales families]]
 

Latest revision as of 13:46, 9 September 2017

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