Difference between revisions of "Laurales"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Laurales]]
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|taxon = Laurales
 
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|image =  Laurus nobilis MHNT Fleurs.jpg
 
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|image_caption = ''[[Laurus nobilis]]'' flowers and leaves
 
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|authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] ''ex'' [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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|subdivision_ranks = Families
 
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|subdivision = [[Atherospermataceae]]<br>
 
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[[Calycanthaceae]]<br>
 
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[[Gomortegaceae]]<br>
 
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[[Hernandiaceae]]<br>
 
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[[Lauraceae]]<br>
 
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[[Monimiaceae]]<br>
 
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[[Siparunaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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The '''Laurales''' are an order of [[flowering plant]]s. They are [[magnoliid]]s, related to the [[Magnoliales]].
 
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The order includes about 2500-2800 species from 85-90 genera, which comprise seven families of [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s. Most of the species are tropical and subtropical, though a few genera reach the temperate zone.  The best known species in this order are those of the [[Lauraceae]] (for example [[bay laurel]], [[cinnamon]], [[avocado]], and ''[[Sassafras]]''), and the ornamental shrub ''[[Calycanthus]]'' of the Calycanthaceae.
 
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The earliest lauraceous [[fossil]]s are from the early [[Cretaceous]]. It is possible that the ancient origin of this order is one of the reasons for its highly diverged morphology. Indeed, presently no single morphological property is known, which would unify all the members of Laurales. The presently accepted classification is based on molecular and genetic analysis.
 
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==Classification==
 
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The first botanist to think of the Laurales as a natural group was H. Hallier in 1905. He viewed them as being derived from the [[Magnoliales]]. During some or all of the 20th century, the Laurales generally included ''[[Amborella]]'' and the plants now classified in [[Austrobaileyales]] and [[Chloranthaceae]].  They were not removed until the advent of molecular data in the late 20th century; their previous inclusion made it harder to determine the relationships within the Laurales and between the Laurales and other groups.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = American Journal of Botany | year = 1999 | volume = 86 | pages = 1301–1315 | title = Circumscription and phylogeny of the Laurales: evidence from molecular and morphological data | author = Susanne S. Renner | doi = 10.2307/2656778 | issue = 9 | postscript = <!--None--> | pmid=10487818 | jstor=2656778}} [http://www.umsl.edu/~biosrenn/Laurales%20AJB%20paper.pdf Full text (pdf)].
 
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</ref>
 
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The following families are included in the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] system ([[APG III system|APG III]]):<ref name=APGIII2009/>
 
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{| style="text-align:left; padding:2.5px; background:#eef"
 
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|-
 
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| style="background:#fff; padding:2.5px" |order '''Laurales'''
 
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: family [[Atherospermataceae]]
 
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: family [[Calycanthaceae]]
 
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: family [[Gomortegaceae]]
 
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: family [[Hernandiaceae]]
 
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: family [[Lauraceae]]
 
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: family [[Monimiaceae]]
 
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: family [[Siparunaceae]]
 
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|{{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
 
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|label1=[[Magnoliids]]
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1=[[Canellales]]
 
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|2=[[Piperales]]
 
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}}
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|label1='''Laurales'''
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1=[[Calycanthaceae]]
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1=[[Siparunaceae]]
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|1=[[Atherospermataceae]]
 
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|2=[[Gomortegaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|1=[[Hernandiaceae]]
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|1=[[Monimiaceae]]
 
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|2=[[Lauraceae]]
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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|2=[[Magnoliales]]
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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|-style="font-size:90%;"
 
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| colspan=2 | The current composition and [[phylogenetics|phylogeny]] of the Laurales.<ref name="APG2">{{cite journal | journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=141 | pages=399–436 | author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group | year=2003 | title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II | url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/full/ | doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x | issue=4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Soltis | first1=P. S. |authorlink = Pamela S. Soltis |last2=Soltis |first2=D. E. |authorlink2=Douglas E. Soltis | year=2004 | title=The origin and diversification of Angiosperms | journal= American Journal of Botany | volume=91 | pages=1614–1626 |url= http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/10/1614 | doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1614 | issue=10 | pmid=21652312}}</ref> 
 
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|}
 
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Under the older [[Cronquist system]], the Laurales included a slightly different set of families (current placement, where different, in brackets):
 
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* Family [[Amborella]]ceae (Family [[Amborella]]ceae, unplaced)
 
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* Family [[Calycanthaceae]]
 
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* Family [[Gomortegaceae]]
 
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* Family [[Hernandiaceae]]
 
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* Family [[Idiospermaceae]] (= Calycanthaceae ''pro parte'')
 
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* Family [[Lauraceae]]
 
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* Family [[Monimiaceae]] (Cronquist included Atherospermataceae and Siparunaceae in Monimiaceae)
 
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* Family [[Trimeniaceae]] ([[Austrobaileyales]])
 
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==References==
 
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{{Commons category}}
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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* [[Karl Julius Perleb|K.J. Perleb]] (1826). ''Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs'' p.&nbsp;174. Magner, [[Freiburg|Freiburg im Breisgau]], Deutschland.
 
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* Renner, Susanne S. (May  2001) '''Laurales'''. In: ''Nature Encyclopedia of Life Sciences''. London: Nature Publishing Group. {{doi|10.1038/npg.els.0003695}}, [http://www.umsl.edu/~biosrenn/Laurales.ELS.pdf Full text (pdf)].
 
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Endress | first1 = P.K. | last2 = Igersheim | first2 = A. | year = 1997 | title = Gynoecium diversity and systematics of the Laurales | url = | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 125 | issue = 2| pages = 93–168 | doi = 10.1006/bojl.1997.0113 }}
 
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[[Category:Laurales| ]]
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
 

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