Difference between revisions of "Magnoliales"

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{{Automatic taxobox
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#redirect [[:Category:Magnoliales]]
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| taxon = Magnoliales
 
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| image =Magnolia_wieseneri.jpg
 
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| image_width = 250px
 
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| image_caption = a ''Magnolia'' flower, showing all the parts
 
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| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] ''ex'' [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Families
 
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| subdivision =
 
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[[Annonaceae]]<br/>
 
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[[Degeneriaceae]]<br/>
 
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[[Eupomatiaceae]]<br/>
 
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[[Himantandraceae]]<br/>
 
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[[Magnoliaceae]]<br/>
 
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[[Myristicaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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[[File:Myristica fragrans trunk W IMG 2464.jpg|thumb|240px|''[[Myristica fragrans]]'' tree from ''[[Myristicaceae]]'' in [[Goa]], [[India]]. ]]
 
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The '''Magnoliales''' comprise an order of [[flowering plant]]s.
 
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==Classification==
 
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The Magnoliales include six families:
 
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* [[Annonaceae]] (custard apple family, over 2000 species of [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s, and [[liana]]s; mostly tropical but some temperate)
 
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* [[Degeneriaceae]] (two species of trees found on Pacific islands)
 
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* [[Eupomatiaceae]] (two species of trees and shrubs found in [[New Guinea]] and eastern [[Australia]])
 
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* [[Himantandraceae]] (two species of trees and shrubs, found in tropical areas in [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Australia]])
 
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* [[Magnoliaceae]] (about 225 species including magnolias and [[Liriodendron|tulip tree]]s)
 
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* [[Myristicaceae]] (several hundred species including [[Nutmeg]])
 
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===APG system===
 
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The [[APG system]] (1998), [[APG II system]] (2003), and [[APG III system]] (2009) place this order in the clade [[magnoliids]], circumscribed as follows:<ref name=APGIII2009/>
 
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{| style="text-align:left; padding:2.5px; background:#eef"
 
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|-
 
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| style="background:#fff; padding:2.5px" |order '''Magnoliales'''
 
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: family [[Annonaceae]]
 
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: family [[Degeneriaceae]]
 
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: family [[Eupomatiaceae]]
 
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: family [[Himantandraceae]]
 
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: family [[Magnoliaceae]]
 
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: family [[Myristicaceae]]
 
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|{{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
 
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|label1=[[Magnoliids]]
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1=[[Canellales]]
 
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|2=[[Piperales]]
 
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}}
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|label1='''Magnoliales'''
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|1=[[Myristicaceae]]
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|1=[[Magnoliaceae]]
 
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|2={{clade
 
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|1=[[Degeneriaceae]]
 
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|2=[[Himantandraceae]]
 
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}}
 
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|3={{clade
 
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|1=[[Eupomatiaceae]]
 
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|2=[[Annonaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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|2=[[Laurales]]
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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|-style="font-size:90%;"
 
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| colspan=2 | The current composition and [[phylogenetics|phylogeny]] of the Magnoliales.<ref name="APG2">{{cite journal | journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=141 | pages=399–436 | author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group | year=2003 | title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II | url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x/full/ | doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x | issue=4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Soltis | first=P. S. |authorlink = Pamela S. Soltis|author2=D. E. Soltis |authorlink2=Douglas E. Soltis | year=2004 | title=The origin and diversification of Angiosperms | journal= American Journal of Botany | volume=91 | pages=1614–1626 |url= http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/10/1614 | doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1614 | issue=10 | pmid=21652312}}</ref> 
 
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|}
 
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In these systems, published by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG]], the Magnoliales are a basal group, excluded from the [[eudicots]].
 
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===Earlier systems===
 
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The [[Cronquist system]] (1981) placed the order in the subclass [[Magnoliids|Magnoliidae]] of class [[Magnoliopsida]] (=dicotyledons) and used this circumscription:
 
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* order Magnoliales
 
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** family [[Annonaceae]]
 
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** family [[Austrobaileyaceae]]
 
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** family [[Canellaceae]]
 
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** family [[Degeneriaceae]]
 
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** family [[Eupomatiaceae]]
 
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** family [[Himantandraceae]]
 
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** family [[Lactoridaceae]]
 
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** family [[Magnoliaceae]]
 
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** family [[Myristicaceae]]
 
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** family [[Winteraceae]]
 
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The [[Thorne system (1992)]] placed the order in superorder [[Magnolianae]], subclass [[Magnoliids|Magnoliidae]] (= dicotyledons), in the class [[Magnoliopsida]] (= angiosperms) and used this circumscription (including the plants placed in order [[Laurales]] and [[Piperales]] by other systems):
 
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* order Magnoliales
 
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** family [[Amborella]]ceae
 
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** family Annonaceae
 
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** family [[Aristolochiaceae]]
 
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** family Austrobaileyaceae
 
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** family [[Calycanthaceae]]
 
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** family Canellaceae
 
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** family [[Chloranthaceae]]
 
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** family [[Degeneriaceae]]
 
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** family Eupomatiaceae
 
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** family [[Gomortegaceae]]
 
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** family [[Hernandiaceae]]
 
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** family Himantandraceae
 
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** family [[Illicium|Illiciaceae]]
 
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** family Lactoridaceae
 
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** family [[Lauraceae]]
 
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** family Magnoliaceae
 
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** family [[Monimiaceae]]
 
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** family Myristicaceae
 
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** family [[Piperaceae]]
 
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** family [[Saururaceae]]
 
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** family [[Schisandraceae]]
 
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** family [[Trimeniaceae]]
 
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** family Winteraceae
 
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The [[Engler system]], in its update of 1964, placed the order in subclassis [[Archychlamydeae]] in class [[Dicotyledoneae]] (=dicotyledons) and used this circumscription:  
 
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* order Magnoliales
 
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** family Amborellaceae
 
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** family Annonaceae
 
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** family Austrobaileyaceae
 
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** family Calycanthaceae
 
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** family Canellaceae
 
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** family [[Cercidiphyllum|Cercidiphyllaceae]]
 
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** family Degeneriaceae
 
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** family Eupomatiaceae
 
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** family [[Euptelea]]ceae
 
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** family Gomortegaceae
 
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** family Hernandiaceae
 
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** family Himantandraceae
 
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** family Illiciaceae
 
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** family Lauraceae
 
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** family Magnoliaceae
 
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** family Monimiaceae
 
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** family Myristicaceae
 
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** family Schisandraceae
 
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** family Trimeniaceae
 
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** family [[Tetracentron|Tetracentraceae]]
 
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** family [[Trochodendron|Trochodendraceae]]
 
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** family Winteraceae
 
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The [[Wettstein system]], latest version published in 1935, did not use this name although it had an order with a similar circumscription with the name [[Polycarpicae]]. This was placed in the [[Dialypetalae]] in subclass [[Choripetalae]] of class [[Dicotyledones]]. (See also [[Sympetalae]]).
 
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From the above it will be clear that the plants included in this order by APG have always been seen as related. They have always been placed in the order Magnoliales (or a predecessor). The difference is that earlier systems have also included other plants, which have been moved to neighbouring orders (in the [[magnoliids]]) by APG.
 
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==References==
 
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{{commons category}}
 
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{{wikispecies}}
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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[[Category:Magnoliales| ]]
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
 

Latest revision as of 20:08, 8 September 2017

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