Difference between revisions of "Pandanales"

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{{expand Spanish|Pandanales|date=January 2016}}
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#redirect [[:Category:Pandanales]]
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{{Automatic taxobox
 
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| taxon = Pandanales
 
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| image = Starr 030807-0128 Carludovica palmata.jpg
 
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| image_caption = ''[[Carludovica palmata]]''
 
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| fossil_range = Mid [[Cretaceous]] – Recent {{fossilrange|114|0|earliest=130}}
 
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| authority = [[Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)|R.Br.]] ''ex'' [[Friedrich von Berchtold|Bercht.]] & [[Jan Svatopluk Presl|J.Presl]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract | format= PDF |accessdate=2013-07-06 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref>
 
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| subdivision_ranks = Families
 
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| subdivision = *[[Cyclanthaceae]]
 
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*[[Pandanaceae]]
 
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*[[Stemonaceae]]
 
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*[[Triuridaceae]]
 
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*[[Velloziaceae]]
 
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| type_species=''[[Pandanus tectorius]]'' <small>Parkinson</small>
 
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}}
 
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'''Pandanales''' ('''pandans''' or '''screw-pines''') is the [[botanical name]] for an [[Order (biology)|order]] of [[flowering plants]] placed in the [[Monocotyledon|monocot]] [[clade]] in the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] and [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Web]] [[List of systems of plant classification|systems]]. Within the monocots Pandanales are grouped in the [[lilioid monocots]] where they are in a [[sister group]] relationship with the [[Dioscoreales]]. Historically the order has consisted of a number of different [[family (biology)|families]] in different systems but modern classification of the order is based primarily on [[molecular phylogenetics]] despite diverse [[plant morphology|morphology]] which previously placed many of the families in other groupings based on apparent similarity. Members of the order have a subtropical distribution and includes palms, [[trees]], [[shrubs]], and [[vines]] as well as [[herbaceous]] plants. The order consists of 5 families, 36 genera and about 1,300 [[species]].
 
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==Description ==
 
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[[Image:Talbotia elegans0.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Talbotia elegans]]'']]
 
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Pandanales are highly diverse including large [[arboraceous]] plants of [[tropical rainforests]] and [[coastal]] areas, climbing [[vines]] and [[lianas]], as well as very small [[achlorophyllous]] (mycoheterotrophic) and [[saprophytic]] [[herbaceous]] [[forest floor]] species. This has made it difficult to reliably define [[synapomorphies]], but the loss of [[trimery]] distinguishes many of them from other lilioid monocots.{{sfn|Rudall|Bateman|2006}}
 
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The Pandanales order is distinctive with its highly variable and hardly definable floral morphology,{{sfn|Rudall|Bateman|2006}} especially the number of [[stamens]] and their structure so as many other characteristics. In some of the members, even different interpretations exist about the composition and organization of the reproductive structures. The structure of the [[inflorescence]] also varies.
 
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The order includes plants with traits that seem atypical when compared to other groups of [[monocots]]. A good example is the female reproductive organ and its position relative to other parts of the [[flower]]. Some of the species included in the families [[Pandanaceae]] and [[Stemonaceae]] show flowers formed from only one [[carpel]], while in the [[Triuridaceae]], a family that lacks [[chlorophyll]], the carpels are free from each other. In fact, the Triuridaceae hold the most doubtful flower morphology from the whole order.
 
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==Taxonomy ==
 
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===History ===
 
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The components of the order ''sensu'' APG have been difficult to place consistently, and historically have been associated with a number of other groupings.{{sfn|Rudall|Bateman|2006}} The [[Bentham & Hooker system]] (1883) had a similar order under the name Nudifloreae, incorporating:
 
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* Pandaneae
 
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* Cyclanthaceae
 
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* Typhaceae
 
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* [[Araceae|Aroideae]]
 
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* [[Lemnaceae]]
 
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The [[Wettstein system]] (1935) placed the order in class Monocotyledones and used a different circumscription, incorporating:
 
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* [[Pandanaceae]]
 
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* [[Sparganiaceae]]
 
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* [[Typhaceae]]
 
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The [[Cronquist system]] (1981) placed the order in subclass [[Arecidae]] in class [[Liliopsida]] [=monocotyledons] with only one family:
 
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* [[Pandanaceae]]
 
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In the classification system of [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]] the Pandanales were in the [[superorder]] Pandaniflorae (also called Pandananae) with the single family Pandanaceae.
 
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=== Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ===
 
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The [[APG III system]] (2009) places the Pandanales in the [[monocots]]. Both the APG III and [[APG II system|APG II]] systems include five families in this order.<ref name=APGIII2009/>
 
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Since the morphology of the order varies on such scale, its classification and phylogeny are based on genetic analyses.
 
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Inside the order, some doubt remains about the position of the entirely mycoheterotrophic family Triuridaceae, since it is the only one on which genetic analyses are not applied. With high probability,  the family may be sister to the [[Velloziaceae]], but similarities with the [[Zingiberaceae]] family (which is a part of a whole different order – [[Zingiberales]]) do not exclude the chance for a different phylogeny. The Velloziaceae family on its own is placed at the base of the tree. The [[Pandanaceae]] and [[Cyclanthaceae]] are sister groups, and they form a clade which on its own is sister to the [[Stemonaceae]] (a family composed of two more clades).
 
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=== Evolution ===
 
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The order [[Dioscoreales]] holds sister relationship with Pandanales by diverging from them around 121 millions of years ago in the mid-[[Cretaceous]]. The formation of the [[crown group]]s took place with a difference of 2 millions of years between the orders - 116 Mya for the Dioscoreales and 114 Mya for the Pandanales.
 
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However, the [[stem group]] of the Pandanales is much older and goes back to 130 Mya in the early [[Cretaceous]].<ref>[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/8/178/table/T1 Merckx. Diversification of myco-heterotrophic angiosperms: Evidence from Burmanniaceae. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008]</ref>
 
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=== Phylogeny ===
 
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{{clade
 
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|1={{clade
 
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|label1=
 
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|1=[[Dioscoreales]]
 
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|label2='''Pandanales'''
 
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|2={{Clade
 
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|label1=
 
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|1=[[Velloziaceae]]
 
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|label2=
 
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|2=[[Triuridaceae]]
 
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|label3=
 
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|3={{clade
 
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|label1=
 
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|1=[[Stemonaceae]]
 
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|4={{clade
 
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|label1=
 
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|1= [[Pandanaceae]]
 
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|label2=
 
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|2= [[Cyclanthaceae]]
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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}}
 
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=== Subdivision ===
 
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The composition of the order in APG III and APG II were slightly from that in the 1998 [[APG system]], which used the circumscription<ref name=APGIII2009/>
 
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* [[Cyclanthaceae]]
 
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* [[Pandanaceae]]
 
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* [[Stemonaceae]]
 
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* [[Velloziaceae]]
 
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APG III includes the following families;
 
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* [[Cyclanthaceae]]
 
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* [[Pandanaceae]]
 
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* [[Stemonaceae]]
 
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* [[Triuridaceae]]
 
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* [[Velloziaceae]]
 
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==Distribution==
 
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The order contains members mainly distributed in all the [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] regions of the world, both New and Old World (including [[Africa]], [[South America]], [[Australia]] and [[Asia]]).{{sfn|Rudall|Bateman|2006}} Also, a species is present in [[China]].
 
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== Ecology==
 
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[[Image:Starr 080917-9948 Freycinetia arborea.jpg|thumb|''[[Freycinetia arborea]]'' - member of the [[Pandanaceae]]]]
 
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The species are members of various ecological groups, including tropical shrubs, lianas and trees, [[xerophytic]] plants, [[mycoheterotrophy|mycoheterotrophs]], as well as different [[herbaceous]] representatives.
 
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== Uses ==
 
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Several species in this order produce strap-like [[Leaf|leaves]] used for basketry and mats; ''[[Pandanus]]'' (Pandanaceae) is used across [[Oceania]] for thatch, basketry, and to make cloth, and ''[[Carludovica palmata]]'' (Cyclanthaceae) leaves are made into [[Panama hat]]s. Other members as ''[[Stemona]]'' are present in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] and possess medical properties. Some species are used as [[insecticide]]s. Some species of ''Pandanus'' are used as ornamentals.
 
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== References ==
 
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{{Reflist}}
 
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== Bibliography ==
 
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{{refbegin}}
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Rudall|first1=Paula J.|last2=Bateman|first2=Richard M.|authorlink1=Paula Rudall|title=Morphological Phylogenetic Analysis of Pandanales: Testing Contrasting Hypotheses of Floral Evolution|journal=Systematic Botany|date=1 April 2006|volume=31|issue=2|pages=223–238|doi=10.1600/036364406777585766|ref=harv}}
 
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* {{cite journal|last1=Rudall|first1=Paula J.|last2=Cunniff|first2=Jennifer|last3=Wilkin|first3=Paul|last4=Caddick|first4=Lizabeth R.|authorlink1=Paula Rudall|title=Evolution of Dimery, Pentamery and the Monocarpellary Condition in the Monocot Family Stemonaceae (Pandanales)|journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]]|date=1 August 2005|volume=54|issue=3|pages=701–711|doi=10.2307/25065427}}
 
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{{refend}}
 
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== External links ==
 
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* [http://www.binco.eu/burmannia/Vincent_Merckx/Publications_files/Monocots%202010%20Merckx.pdf Merckx V. Cretaceous Origins of Myco-Heterotrophic Lineages in Dioscoreales. 2010 ]
 
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* [http://www.kew.org/science/directory/projects/SystEvolPandanales.html Systematics and Evolution of Pandanales. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]
 
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* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/pandanalesweb.htm#Pandanales Angiosperm Phylogeny Web: Pandanales]
 
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* [http://www.britannica.com/plant/Pandanales Berry, PE. Pandanales. Encyclopædia Britannica 2016]
 
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{{Wikispecies}}
 
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{{Commons category}}
 
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{{taxonbar}}
 
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{{monocotyledons}}
 
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[[Category:Pandanales| ]]
 
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[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
 
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[[Category:Aptian first appearances]]
 
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[[Category:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances]]
 

Latest revision as of 19:54, 8 September 2017

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